Opinions of the United
2008 Decisions                                                                                                             States Court of Appeals
                                                                                                                              for the Third Circuit


1-30-2008

USA v. Barnes
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential

Docket No. 06-4680




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                                                               NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT


                                     No. 06-4680


                          UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

                                          v.

                               DARRYL K. BARNES,
                                         Appellant


                     Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
                           (D.C. Criminal No. 05-cr-00134)
                      District Judge: Honorable John R. Padova


                      Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                  January 29, 2008

            Before: SCIRICA, Chief Judge, and RENDELL, Circuit Judges
                        and THOMPSON, *District Judge.

                               (Filed: January 30, 2008)


                             OPINION OF THE COURT




*Honorable Anne E. Thompson, Senior Judge of the United States District Court for the
District of New Jersey, sitting by designation.
RENDELL, Circuit Judge.

       Darryl K. Barnes appeals from his conviction for possession with intent to

distribute cocaine base (“crack”) and possession with intent to distribute cocaine in

violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1); possession of a firearm in furtherance of a drug

trafficking crime in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1); and possession of a firearm by a

convicted felony in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g). He also appeals his sentence of 25

years’ imprisonment. For the reasons that follow, we will affirm Barnes’ conviction and

the sentence imposed by the District Court.

       Barnes appeals his conviction based on the District Court’s denials of his pre- and

post-trial suppression motions. He claims that his possession of the narcotics was not

sufficiently established, raising three arguments: (1) that there was no evidence that

Barnes occupied and/or had exclusive control of the property where the items were found;

(2) that there was no evidence that Barnes was in actual or constructive possession of the

narcotics; and (3) that the evidence only established Barnes’ presence at the scene. In

reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, “[w]e must view the evidence in the light most

favorable to the Government and sustain the verdict if any rational juror could have found

the elements of a crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” United States v. Cartwright, 

, 286 (3d Cir. 2004).

       To show that Barnes’ constructively possessed the narcotics, the government was

required to prove “both ‘dominion and control’ over an object and knowledge of that



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object’s existence.” United States v. Jenkins, 

, 817-18 (3d Cir. 1996). The

government need not have shown that Barnes had exclusive access to the drugs. United

States v. Davis, 

, 1035 (3d Cir. 1972). In this case, there was sufficient

evidence adduced at trial to establish constructive possession. Barnes was observed

pushing his hand into a crack in the couch from which a packet of crack was recovered,

he admitted to residing in the home, crack was recovered in plain view in the kitchen,

Barnes stated that he had just finished “cooking more product upstairs in the kitchen.”

and a key to a safe containing drugs, money, and a firearm was found in a man’s shirt at a

time when Barnes was the only male on the premises. At trial, Barnes had the

opportunity to argue that others had access to and could have been responsible for the

drugs; the jury however rejected this argument. Viewing the evidence in the light most

favorable to the government, we cannot conclude that constructive possession was not

established.

       Barnes further contends that the District Court erred in admitting his statement to

the police that he had just finished “cooking more product upstairs in the kitchen” as the

police failed to provide Miranda warnings. However, Barnes’ statement was not the

product of police interrogation and was volunteered after the police had recovered

cocaine, cash, and a firearm from a safe without any police questioning or its functional

equivalent. Rhode Island v. Innis, 

, 299-302 (1980). Barnes does not allege

any police coercion, nor is there any on the record. The statement, therefore, was



                                             3
properly admitted, even absent a Miranda warning. Miranda v. Arizona, 

,

478 (1966).

       Last, Barnes appeals his sentence, arguing that the disparity in the Guideline range

between crack and cocaine offenses resulted in an unreasonable sentence and violated the

Sixth Amendment. This claim is without merit. Barnes’ sentence of 25 years’

imprisonment was the result, not of the Guidelines range calculated by the District Court,

but of the minimum sentence set by the statutes of conviction. Because Barnes has a

previous conviction for a felony narcotics offense and the present offense involves in

excess of 50 grams of cocaine base, 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A)(iii) mandates a minimum

sentence of 20 years’ imprisonment. Barnes’ conviction for possession of a firearm in

furtherance of a drug trafficking crime carries a mandatory consecutive sentence of five

years’ imprisonment. 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1). Consequently, the minimum sentence the

District Court could have imposed was 25 years. See United States v. Gunter, 

, 248 (3d Cir. 2006).

       For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the conviction and sentence imposed in

the Judgment and Commitment Order of the District Court.




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