Opinions of the United
2008 Decisions                                                                                                             States Court of Appeals
                                                                                                                              for the Third Circuit


10-10-2008

Nixon v. Norfolk S Corp
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential

Docket No. 07-4729




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Recommended Citation
"Nixon v. Norfolk S Corp" (2008). 2008 Decisions. Paper 374.
http://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/thirdcircuit_2008/374


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                                                   NOT PRECEDENTIAL

         UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
              FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                   ____________

                        No. 07-4729
                       ____________

                      ROBIN NIXON,

                              Appellant

                              v.

       NORFOLK SOUTHERN CORPORATION;
   NORFOLK SOUTHERN RAILWAY COMPANY, INC.




                       ____________

       On Appeal from the United States District Court
           for the Western District of Pennsylvania
                   (D.C. No. 05-cv-00101)
       District Judge: Honorable Maurice B. Cohill, Jr.
                        ____________

         Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                     October 3, 2008

Before: FISHER, CHAGARES and HARDIMAN, Circuit Judges.

                  (Filed: October 10, 2008)
                                       ____________

                                OPINION OF THE COURT
                                     ____________




HARDIMAN, Circuit Judge.

       Robin Nixon appeals the District Court’s grant of summary judgment to Norfolk

Southern Corporation and Norfolk Southern Railway Company, Inc. We will affirm.

       Because we write for the parties, who are familiar with the case, we very briefly

outline the seminal facts.

       On April 27, 1997, Nixon’s left foot was severed after he grabbed hold of a

passing Norfolk Southern railcar while riding his bicycle in Erie, Pennsylvania. Twelve

years old at the time, Nixon was cautioned by his father not to go north of West 21st

Street because of concerns about traffic and the Norfolk Southern railway, which ran

along a right-of-way in the middle of West 19th Street. Nixon’s father did not

specifically warn him of the dangers of riding his bicycle near the railroad tracks or near a

moving train, however.

       Nixon claims that Norfolk Southern is liable under § 339 of the Restatement

(Second) of Torts, which was adopted as Pennsylvania law in Bartleson v. Glen Alden

Coal Co., 

, 849 (Pa. 1949). Under § 339, a possessor of land is subject to

“liability for physical harm to children trespassing thereon caused by an artificial

condition upon the land” if five requirements are met. R ESTATEMENT (S ECOND) OF

                                              2
T ORTS § 339 (1965). The District Court held that Nixon did not satisfy the third

requirement, which is implicated when “children because of their youth do not discover

the condition or realize the risk involved in intermeddling with it or in coming within the

area made dangerous by it.” 

       In so holding, the District Court indicated that “a moving train is not a subtle or

hidden danger and its potential for causing serious bodily injury or death to anyone in its

path is readily apparent, even to young children.” Nixon v. Norfolk S. Corp., No. 05-101,

, at *5 (W.D. Pa. Nov. 21, 2007) (quoting McKinney v. Hartz & Restle

Realtors, Inc., 

, 389 (Ohio 1987)). “Nothing could be more pregnant with

warning of danger than the noise and appearance of a huge, rumbling string of railroad

cars.” 

(quoting Herrara v. S. Pac. Ry. Co., 

, 449 (1961)).

In further support of its holding, the District Court reviewed commentary to § 339, noting

that a landowner’s duty “does not extend to those conditions the existence of which is

obvious even to children and the risk of which should be realized by them.” 1 

(quoting R ESTATEMENT (S ECOND) OF T ORTS § 339 cmt. i).




       1
          The District Court also invoked other parts of the commentary to § 339, noting
that the risks posed by a moving train “may reasonably be expected to be fully understood
and appreciated by any child of an age to be allowed at large,” R ESTATEMENT (S ECOND)
OF T ORTS § 339 cmt. j (1965), and that a possessor of land is “not require[d] to keep his
land free from conditions which even young children are likely to observe and the full
extent of the risk involved in which they are likely to realize.” 

                                              3
       Nixon argues that the question of “[w]hether [a] child appreciates the risk involved

in coming into a dangerous area is generally for the jury,” citing the Pennsylvania

Supreme Court’s decision in Peterson v. Palley Mfg. Co., 

, 865 (Pa. 1948).

Nixon claims that “there was ample evidence of record for a reasonable finder of fact to

conclude that [he] did not appreciate the risk involved in coming into the dangerous area

created by the moving train.” In particular, Nixon highlights his own testimony, in which

he claims that he was unaware of the risk involved because nobody had ever told him to

stay away from moving trains. As the District Court correctly noted, however:

“[w]hether Nixon was ever warned to stay away from moving trains is immaterial

because the risk of a moving train is so obvious that, ordinarily, he is deemed to

appreciate the risk as a matter of law.” Nixon, 

, at *9.

       Nixon also cites the testimony of Norfolk Southern Trainmaster David Morgan,

who indicated that “some children” are “as capable as an adult when it comes to

understanding the dangers alongside a railway” and that his own children “may be more

aware of the dangers than other kids.” Once again, the District Court correctly noted that

“none of [Morgan’s] testimony is pertinent to whether a moving train is a dangerous

condition that may reasonably be expected to be fully understood and appreciated by any

child of an age to be allowed at large.” Nixon, 

, at *8 (citing

R ESTATEMENT (S ECOND) OF T ORTS § 339 cmt. j).




                                             4
       Nixon claims that the District Court’s grant of summary judgment is tantamount to

an “absolute rule which protects railroads.” But Comment j explicitly provides that such

a rule is not absolute because § 339 may not apply if there is “some other factor creating a

special risk that the child will not avoid the danger, such as the fact that the condition is

so hidden as not to be readily visible, or a distracting influence which makes it likely that

the child will not discover or appreciate it.” On the undisputed facts of this case — which

involve a twelve-year-old taking the initiative to grab hold of a moving train — the

District Court did not err in concluding that the Comment j exception does not apply.2

       For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the judgment of the District Court.




       2
          Nixon suggests that the fact that the railroad tracks ran alongside West 19th
Street “would make children feel safer to be alongside the train.” The mere proximity of
railroad tracks to a public street does not rise to the level of a “special risk that the child
will not avoid the danger” sufficient to trigger the Comment j exception.

                                               5