NOT PRECEDENTIAL
                  UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                       FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                            _____________

                           Nos. 07-3445/09-1892
                             _____________

                              MEI YAN CHEN,
                                    Petitioner,

                                      v.

                       ATTORNEY GENERAL USA,
                                 Respondent.
                           _______________

                   On Petition for Review of an Order of the
                     United States Department of Justice
                       Board of Immigration Appeals
                             (BIA 1:A97-442-006)
                 Immigration Judge: Hon. Charles Honeyman
                              _______________

                                   Argued
                                July 12, 2010

      Before: RENDELL, JORDAN, and GREENAWAY, JR., Circuit Judges.

                         (Filed September 10, 2010)
                              _______________

Norman K.W. Wong [ARGUED]
90 Bowery - #301
New York, NY 10013
     Counsel for Petitioner
Sharon M. Clay
Richard M. Evans
Andrew J. Oliveira
Eric W. Marsteller [ARGUED]
United States Department of Justice
Office of Immigration Litigation, Civil Div.
P.O. Box 878
Ben Franklin Station
Washington, DC 20044
       Counsel for Respondent
                                   _______________

                               OPINION OF THE COURT
                                   _______________

JORDAN, Circuit Judge.

       Mei Yan Chen appeals an order of the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”)

reversing the grant of asylum entered by the immigration judge (“IJ”). Chen contends

that the BIA applied an incorrect standard of review when evaluating the merits of the

IJ’s disposition and that it improperly discounted the credibility of her expert witness.

Though we find no merit in the latter contention, we agree that the BIA applied an

improper standard of review, and we will therefore grant the petition for review and

remand this case to the BIA for further consideration.

I.     Factual Background

       Mei Yan Chen is a citizen and native of China, whose home village is located in

the city of Fuzhou, Fujian Province. In late 2003, unmarried and at the age of 22, she

became pregnant. The pregnancy allegedly placed her in violation of the family-planning

regulations of Fujian Province, which prohibit births by unmarried women. According to


                                              2
Chen, Fuzhou family-planning officials repeatedly attempted to arrest her in order to

compel her to abort the pregnancy. After avoiding family-planning officials for several

days, she and her boyfriend, who is the father of her child, decided to flee China.

       The two were separated while making the journey to the United States, and Chen

arrived alone at Liberty International Airport in Newark, New Jersey, without valid entry

documentation. On March 1, 2004, she was served with a Notice to Appear. She then

filed an application for asylum, withholding of removal, and relief under the Convention

Against Torture (“CAT”) on the ground that she had violated Chinese family-planning

policies by conceiving a child out of wedlock, and that she would be “forced to have an

abortion, IUD insertion and even sterilization” under those policies if she returned to

China. (R. at 839.)1 She gave birth to a son on June 5, 2004.

       On January 17, 2006, an immigration judge (“IJ”) conducted a hearing on the

petition, during which Chen testified that she fears that she “will get put in jail and also

[be] sterilized because [she] wasn’t married” when she conceived a child. (R. at 154.)

She further explained that she views sterilization as likely because “[n]ormally [family-

planning authorities] will sterilize you because you already violate[d] family-planning

policy. For sure you’re going to have to use the I.U.D.” (Id. at 155.) Chen submitted as

evidence two affidavits prepared by John Shields Aird, a retired demographer whose



  1
    Because this is the second time Chen’s case has been before us, there are two separate
versions of the administrative record associated with it. Unless otherwise indicated, all
citations refer to the record appearing in No. 07-3445.
                                              3
career involved the study of Chinese population control policies. In the affidavits, Aird

concluded that “Chen may well be at risk for a forced sterilization because she gave birth

out of wedlock ... .” (Id. at 266 ¶ 12.) In support of that conclusion, Aird submitted over

130 exhibits, most of which are news articles dating from the 1980s and 1990s describing

Chinese family-planning policies and efforts to enforce them.

       The IJ granted Chen’s asylum application, concluding that she possessed a well-

founded fear of persecution, based on Aird’s affidavits and on the 2003 and 2004 editions

of the State Department’s Country Report on Human Rights Practices for China (“the

2003 and 2004 Country Reports”). Both of those State Department reports indicate that

an alien in Chen’s situation would likely be required to pay a fine, known as a social

compensation fee, if she were to return to China, and the IJ concluded that the fine might

be severe enough to constitute persecution.2 The IJ denied Chen’s request for

withholding of removal and for relief under the CAT on the grounds that she had not

proven by a preponderance of the evidence a likelihood of persecution or torture.

       The BIA reversed the IJ’s asylum holding without specifying what standard of

review it had applied to the IJ’s decision. The BIA rejected Aird’s affidavits as

competent evidence because they were not based on Aird’s personal knowledge, relied


  2
    The imposition of social compensation fees may qualify as persecution if it “would
result in such a substantial economic deprivation that it would constitute persecution.”
In re T-Z-, 24 I. & N. Dec. 163, 168-69 (B.I.A. 2007); see also Li v. Att’y Gen., 

, 167 (3d Cir. 2005) (holding that a fine may qualify as persecution if “the alien can
show that he or she was subjected to a deliberate imposition of substantial economic
disadvantage because of a protected ground” (internal quotation omitted)).
                                             4
upon outdated information, and contradicted more recent reports prepared by the State

Department. In particular, the BIA observed that Aird’s affidavits conflict with the 2005

version of the State Department Country Report (“the 2005 Country Report”), which

indicates that the Chinese government “formally prohibits the use of physical coercion to

compel persons to submit to abortion or sterilization.” (R. at 2 (quoting the 2005 Country

Report at § 1.f).) The BIA also referenced the 2005 version of the State Department’s

Profile of Asylum Claims and Country Conditions (“the 2005 Asylum Profile”), which

indicates that the State Department is unaware of “any cases in which returnees from the

United States were forced to undergo sterilization procedures on their return.” (Id.

(quoting the 2005 Asylum Profile at § IV.C).) Based upon the 2005 Country Report and

the 2005 Asylum Profile, neither of which were considered by the IJ, the BIA found that

Chen lacked a well-founded fear of persecution in the form of mandatory sterilization or

economic harm if she were repatriated, and it concluded that, without such a fear, she was

ineligible for asylum, withholding of removal, or relief under the CAT.

       The BIA entered a final order of removal, and Chen sought review in our court.

On January 22, 2008, the government asked that we remand Chen’s case to enable the

BIA “to clarify what standard of review the [BIA] is to employ when reviewing whether

an alien established a well-founded fear of persecution.” (R. in No. 09-1892, at 17.) We

granted the motion, and, on remand, the BIA explained its standard of review as follows:

       We review the findings of fact, including the determination of credibility,
       made by the Immigration Judge under a “clearly erroneous” standard. See 8
       C.F.R. § 1003.1(d)(3)(i). We review all other issues, including whether the

                                             5
       parties have met the relevant burden of proof, and issues of discretion,
       under a de novo standard. See 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(d)(3)(ii).

(Id. at 3.) The BIA found that it had acted in accordance with that standard of review

when issuing its previous decision, and it incorporated that decision into its opinion on

remand without further consideration of the merits. Chen then filed the petition for

review that is presently before us.

II.    Discussion3

       On appeal, Chen claims that the BIA erred in reversing the IJ’s grant of asylum

because it applied an incorrect standard of review. To obtain asylum, an alien must show

that he either suffered past persecution or has a well-founded fear of future persecution on

the basis of a statutorily protected ground, namely, race, religion, nationality, political

opinion, or membership in a particular social group. 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A);

Chavarria v. Gonzalez, 

, 516 (3d Cir. 2006). A person who is forced to

undergo an abortion or a sterilization, or who has been persecuted for refusing to comply

with a coercive population control policy, is deemed to have been persecuted based on

political opinion. 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(B). In this case, past persecution is not at issue.


  3
   We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(1) to review a final order of removal
issued by the BIA. The BIA’s ruling on an asylum petition is “conclusive unless
manifestly contrary to the law and an abuse of discretion.” 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(D).
We review the factual basis underlying the BIA’s decision for substantial evidence.
Espinosa-Cortez v. Att’y Gen., 

, 106 (3d Cir. 2010). We review the BIA’s
legal conclusions de novo, but we accord deference under Chevron v. National Resources
Defense Counsel, Inc., 

(1984), to the agency’s interpretation of statutes and
regulations within its enforcement jurisdiction. Wang v. Ashcroft, 

, 349
(3d Cir. 2004).
                                               6
Rather, Chen’s right to asylum turns only upon whether she has a well-founded fear of

persecution in the form of sterilization if she returns to China.

       To establish a well-founded fear of persecution, an alien must demonstrate that,

first, he has a subjective fear of persecution motivated by a statutorily protected ground;

second, there is an objectively reasonable possibility that he will suffer persecution if

returned to his native country; and third, he “is unable or unwilling to return to, or avail

himself ... of the protection of, that country because of such fear.” 8 C.F.R.

§ 1208.13(b)(2)(i). When reviewing an IJ’s grant of asylum, the BIA is prohibited from

“engag[ing] in de novo review of findings of fact determined by an immigration judge,” 8

C.F.R. § 1003.1(d)(3)(i), but it reviews “questions of law ... and all other issues ... de

novo,” 

       Chen claims that the BIA violated those standards of review. According to Chen,

the IJ’s conclusions that she faced a reasonable possibility of sterilization upon return to

China, and that she thus had a well-founded fear of persecution, both constitute findings

of fact that the BIA was required to accept unless they were clearly erroneous. Chen also

claims that the BIA erred because it discarded those findings based on the 2005 Country

Report and the 2005 Asylum Profile, without explaining why the findings were incorrect.

The government replies that whether an alien has a well-founded fear, including the

inquiries into whether the fear is subjectively genuine and objectively reasonable, requires

application of a “legal standard ... to the immigration judge’s factual findings, and [is]

thus reviewed by the Board de novo.” (Gov’t Supp. Br. at 2.) The government does not

                                               7
respond to Chen’s contention that the IJ’s prediction of future events constitutes fact-

finding that the BIA must accept unless clearly erroneous.

       In Huang v. Attorney General, No. 09-2437, precedential slip op. (3d Cir. Aug 8,

2010), we addressed the same arguments that Chen raises here. We concluded in Huang

that an IJ’s predictions about what events may occur when an alien is repatriated

constitute findings of fact that the BIA must review under the clearly erroneous standard.

III.A.1.a., slip op. at 18 Thus, in Chen’s case, the BIA erred when it failed

to apply that standard to the IJ’s conclusion that Chen would face “a combination of

economic harm and harm relating to the probability of sterilization” if she were

repatriated. (R. at 65.) We will therefore vacate the final order of removal and remand

for the BIA to consider whether the IJ’s findings are clearly erroneous and, if they are not,

how they may affect the objective reasonableness of Chen’s asserted fear of persecution.

       Because that inquiry will require the BIA to reevaluate whether Chen has a well-

founded fear of persecution, we will briefly discuss the standards of review the BIA must

apply to that analysis. In Huang, we noted that the well-founded fear inquiry requires

proof that the alien harbors subjective fear of persecution, that the fear is objectively

reasonable, and that the alien will be unable or unwilling to request protection from law

enforcement authorities. Huang, at Section III.A.1.b., slip op. at 19. We said that, while

the first and third elements of the inquiry constitute factual issues subject to clearly

erroneous review, the second element – objective reasonableness – is a mixed factual and

legal question subject to clearly erroneous review as to the facts and de novo review as to

                                               8
the law. See 

III.A.1.b., slip op. at 21-24. The factual component of that

analysis may depend on disputed facts, which the IJ must resolve, but the BIA retains the

authority to say, regardless of the IJ’s view, whether a reasonable person would fear

persecution under the circumstances of a particular alien’s case. 

III.A.1.b.,

slip op. at 29. We further cautioned that, when reviewing an IJ’s asylum determination,

the BIA’s analysis “must reflect a meaningful consideration of the record as a whole. It is

not enough for the BIA to select a few facts and state, based on them, that it disagrees

with the IJ’s conclusion.” 

III.A.1.b., slip op. at 29. Instead, the BIA must

set forth its reasoning with enough specificity to show that it has reviewed the totality of

the record and “to inform the parties and us why it reached its conclusion.” 

III.A.1.b., slip op. at 29.

       The BIA did not review Chen’s case in accordance with those standards. In

granting Chen asylum, the IJ relied on Aird’s affidavits, Chen’s testimony, and the 2003

and 2004 Country Reports for China. The BIA, however, did not discuss Chen’s

testimony or the 2003 and 2004 Country Reports, and, instead, it relied on the 2005

Country Report and the 2005 Asylum Profile, neither of which the IJ considered.4 Yet


  4
    Chen claims that the BIA violated her due process rights by taking administrative
notice of the 2005 Country Report without giving her an opportunity to respond to it. We
have never precedentially addressed what, if any, process an alien must receive when the
BIA takes administrative notice of new evidence on appeal. However, to prevail on an
alleged due process violation in the removal context, “the alien must show substantial
prejudice” resulting from the violation. Singh v. Gonzales, 

, 541 (3d Cir.
2006). At oral argument, Chen’s counsel conceded that “the 2005 [Country] Report
actually reports the same or more or less the same country conditions” as earlier versions
                                              9
even those reports suggest that “[i]t continued to be illegal in almost all provinces for a

single woman to have a child,” (2005 Country Report § 1.f), that “[r]eports of forced

sterilizations ... continued to be documented in rural areas,” (id.), and that “coercion

through public and other pressure has been used” to compel women to undergo a abortion

and sterilization procedures, (2005 Asylum Profile § IV.B). The BIA’s decision does not

reflect any consideration of evidence supporting Chen’s petition and hence is the type of

selective review that we held improper in Huang. See Huang, Section III.A.2., slip op. at

31-32 (holding that the BIA may not ignore evidence favorable to the alien, and that it

may not reject an asylum claim by choosing a few pieces of evidence and concluding that

the alien’s petition fails because the selected evidence does not show a right to relief).

       Again, as in Huang, we are not saying that the BIA is required to mention every

piece of evidence a petitioner proffers. Instead, our point is that the 2003, 2004, and 2005

State Department reports collectively provide evidence to support Chen’s asylum claim,

and the BIA should not have simply ignored evidence that is favorable to her case.

Instead, the BIA must “show that it reviewed the record and considered the evidence

upon which the IJ relied, and it must explain why the record warrants a different

conclusion than the one reached by the IJ.” Huang, Section III.A.1.b., slip. op. at 29.




of the report. When asked by the court to describe “how the consideration of [the 2005
Country Report] resulted in something practically different than was before the IJ in the
2004 Report,” counsel could identify no way in which Chen was prejudiced by the BIA’s
action. Thus, assuming without deciding that Chen was deprived of a due process right to
respond to 2005 Country Report, the absence of prejudice renders the error harmless.
                                             10
Because such a review did not occur in this case, we will grant the petition for review,

vacate the final order of removal, and remand for further proceedings.

       On remand, the BIA should review the record and issue a disposition showing that

it has considered the evidence both weighing for and against Chen’s asylum claim. The

BIA must accept the IJ’s factual findings, unless it determines that those findings are

clearly erroneous.5 (R. at 87.) The BIA may, however, review de novo whether the




  5
   While the BIA must accept the IJ’s factual findings, it may reach a different legal
conclusion based on those findings. Thus, the BIA may conclude that, even though an IJ
found a particular event to be possible, that event is not sufficiently plausible or the harm
from it sufficiently severe that a reasonable person in the alien’s circumstances would
fear it. See Huang, Section III.A.1.b., slip. op. at 20 n.7.
                                             11
events as forecasted by the IJ qualify as persecution and whether Chen’s evidence6

supports an objectively reasonable fear of persecution based on those events.7

III.   Conclusion

       In sum, we will vacate the final order of removal and remand Chen’s petition for

the BIA to reevaluate her claim to relief in accordance with the standards of review set

forth in Huang.




  6
    Chen faults the BIA for rejecting Aird’s affidavits on the grounds that, according to
the BIA, those affidavits lack a basis in Aird’s personal knowledge, rely on outdated
sources, and fail to provide specific examples of individuals who have been sterilized.
We reject Chen’s argument because the BIA may review de novo whether evidence
submitted by an alien accurately represents the current realities in the alien’s home
country. See Yu v. Att’y Gen., 

, 348-49 (3d Cir. 2008) (concluding that the
BIA was entitled to reject out-of-date evidence as a basis for an asylum claim when the
record contained more recent evidence that contradicted the outdated information). When
an alien relies on evidence like Aird’s affidavits, which are not based on firsthand
observations and rely on information that is several decades old, the BIA may conclude
that other evidence, such as the State Department reports, which are compiled based on
recent firsthand observations of U.S. diplomats stationed abroad, provide a more reliable
description of country conditions. See 

BIA’s conclusion that State
Department reports provided more reliable evidence than an affidavit prepared by Aird
because Aird’s information was several decades old). Thus, the BIA acted within its
discretion when it concluded that outdated materials would not raise a fear of persecution
in a reasonable alien.
  7
    Chen requested withholding of removal and relief under the CAT for essentially the
same reasons that she seeks asylum. The BIA did not address those issues independent of
asylum, and, on appeal, the parties have not argued that they rest on factual grounds
different from the asylum claim. On this record, we are ill-equipped to address the
withholding or removal and CAT issues separately and will therefore return them to the
BIA for consideration in light of this opinion and of its review of Chen’s asylum claim on
remand.
                                            12