.                                                               NOT PRECEDENTIAL

        UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT


                                 NOS. 08-2351 and 08-3902


                                   ANDRI SUBRATA,
                                                Petitioner
                                          v.

                ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES,
                                                    Respondent


                          On Petition for Review of an Order
                         of the Board of Immigration Appeals
                                 (No. A079-474-816)
                      Immigration Judge: Hon. Walter A. Durling


                                   Argued April 13, 2010

      Before: SLOVITER and NYGAARD, Circuit Judges, and RESTANI * , Judge

                                   (Filed: April 30, 2010)


Victor P. Filippini, Esq. (Argued)
Robert W. Vyverberg, Jr., Esq.
Holland & Night
131 South Dearborn Street
30 th Floor
Chicago, IL 60603

      Attorneys for Petitioner


                  *
                      Hon. Jane A. Restani, Chief Judge, United States Court
            of International Trade, sitting by designation.
Edward J. Duffy, Esq.
R. Alexander Goring, Esq. (Argued)
United States Department of Justice
Office of Immigration Litigation, Civil Division
Washington, D.C. 20044

       Attorneys for Respondent




                                        OPINION




SLOVITER, Circuit Judge.

       Before us is the petition of Andri Subrata for review of two decisions of the Board

of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”): one reversing the decision of the Immigration Judge

(“IJ”) to defer Subrata’s removal under the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”) and the

other denying Subrata’s motion to reopen.

                                            I.

       Subrata, an ethnically-Chinese Christian who is a native and citizen of

predominantly-Muslim Indonesia, was granted asylum in 2002. After he was convicted

of an aggravated felony drug trafficking offense three years later, the Department of

Homeland Security (“DHS”) filed a motion to terminate Subrata’s asylum status, which

was granted by an IJ in Baltimore, Maryland. Subrata filed an application for

withholding of removal on the ground that his offense was not a “particularly serious

crime” under INA § 241(b)(3). He also sought relief under the CAT.



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       Following a hearing at which Subrata testified that he feared he would be detained

and tortured if he were removed to Indonesia, the IJ ordered him removed because his

criminal conviction was for a “particularly serious crime.” App. at 8. Nevertheless, the IJ

granted deferral of removal under the CAT, finding that Subrata was likely to be detained,

interrogated, and tortured upon return to Indonesia because of his status as a criminal

deportee.

       The IJ reasoned that it would be “ignoring common sense to find” that Indonesia

was unlikely to detain and interrogate Subrata upon his arrival in Indonesia. App. at 13.

He added that “Indonesia has a sordid past” with regard to “persecuting, torturing and

committing serious human rights violations. . . .” App. at 13. Therefore, the IJ found that

Subrata “met his burden of proof of encountering likely prospective and intentional

infliction of severe pain or suffering upon his removal to Indonesia. . . .” App. at 15

(referring to the definition of “torture” in 8 C.F.R. § 1208.18(a)(1)).

       DHS appealed the IJ’s order granting Subrata deferral of removal under the CAT.

The BIA “conclude[d] that the [IJ] erred in finding that [Subrata] would be detained, and

more likely than not would be tortured upon return to Indonesia.” App. at 6. In addition,

the BIA noted that, although it did not view the IJ’s ruling as one of fact, it “would find

the [IJ]’s ruling to be clearly erroneous.” App. at 5 n.1.1



                    1
                     We have jurisdiction to review the BIA’s order of removal
             under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(1). Section 1252(a)(4) provides us with
             exclusive jurisdiction over claims under the CAT. The BIA’s

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                                              II.

       Subrata’s principal contention is that the BIA “[e]ngag[ed] in improper de novo

review of the [IJ’s] factual findings” that Subrata would likely be detained and tortured

upon removal to Indonesia. Pet’r’s Br. at 17. In Kaplun v. Attorney General, decided

after briefing in this case, we held that when the BIA reviews an IJ’s determination

regarding whether torture is likely if an alien is removed to his or her country of origin, it

must compartmentalize the “two distinct parts to the mixed question. . . .” See        F.3d

   , 

, at *9 (3d Cir. 2010). The two parts are: “(1) what is likely to

happen to the petitioner if removed; and (2) does what is likely to happen amount to the

legal definition of torture?” 

first question is factual, the IJ’s

determination as to what is likely to happen to the petitioner if removed is subject to clear

error review by the BIA. 

Even so, “whether imprisonment, beating, and

extortion are severe enough to rise to the level of torture is a legal question.” 

As such, the IJ’s determination pertaining to that question may be reviewed de novo. 

BIA’s statement that its standard of review with regard to the IJ’s

likelihood-of-torture finding was “a prediction that [it] review[s] de novo” is incorrect

under Kaplun, that decision does not require us to grant Subrata’s petition for review.

App. at 5 n.1. This is because the BIA also noted that it would find the IJ’s ruling to be



             determinations regarding the likelihood of future persecution or
             torture are reviewed for substantial evidence. Wang v. Ashcroft,
             

, 350 (3d Cir. 2004).

                                               4
clearly erroneous, and that is the standard required by Kaplun. Therefore, we need not

remand for reconsideration in light of Kaplun.

       Aside from Subrata’s own testimony that “he will be viewed as a traitor by the

Indonesian government because he was granted asylum in the United States,” which even

the IJ acknowledged “lack[ed] corroboration” in the record, App. at 10, the IJ’s findings

were based on “background evidence” provided by Subrata, App. at 11. Such evidence

included State Department Country Reports suggesting that Indonesia generally has a

troubling history with regard to human rights violations. However, the IJ pointed out that

more recent evidence was “somewhat more reassuring,” as it suggested that Indonesia

“has been making strides to ameliorate past human rights violations. . . .” App. at 13.

The IJ’s determination that Subrata would likely be detained and tortured simply because

of his criminal deportee status had no support in the record. None of the documents

provided by Subrata supported the finding that he was personally at risk of detention or

torture. Inasmuch as “[t]he burden of proof is on [Subrata] . . . to establish that it is more

likely than not that he . . . would be tortured if removed,” 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(c)(2)

(emphasis added), we agree with the BIA that the IJ’s determination was plain error.

Thus, Subrata’s principal argument fails for insufficient evidence.

       Finally, we have no reason to overturn the BIA’s denial of Subrata’s motion to

reopen. Motions to reopen are granted only under compelling circumstances and we

review the denial of a motion to reopen for abuse of discretion. Guo v. Ashcroft, 

556, 561-62 (3d Cir. 2004) (citing INS v. Doherty, 

, 323 (1992)). Although

Subrata submitted additional documentary evidence reflecting Indonesia’s human rights

abuses, the BIA correctly found that such evidence was “cumulative to [Subrata’s]

original claim and does not show materially changed circumstances in Indonesia.” App.

at 64. In its merits opinion, the BIA assumed that torture was widespread in Indonesia

but was not persuaded that Subrata himself faced detention or torture. The evidence

Subrata submitted in support of his motion to reopen does not undermine that reasoning.

                                           III.

      For the above-stated reasons, we will deny review of the BIA’s orders.




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