NOT PRECEDENTIAL
                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT


                                No. 09-1297 & 09-1298


             THE ABI JAOUDI AND AZAR TRADING CORPORATION

                                            v.

                  CIGNA WORLDWIDE INSURANCE COMPANY;
                         SAMUEL M. LOHMAN, ESQ.

                    THE HONORABLE JOSIE SENESIE, COMMISSIONER OF
                    INSURANCE FOR THE REPUBLIC OF LIBERIA AND COURT
                    APPOINTED RECEIVER FOR THE LIBERIAN BRANCH OF
                    CIGNA WORLDWIDE INSURANCE COMPANY,
                                                 Appellant (09-1297)
                             (Pursuant to Rule 12(a), FRAP)

                                                 Samuel M. Lohman, Esq.
                                                      Appellant (09-1298)


                      Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
                        (D.C. Civil Action No. 2-91-cv-06785)
                       District Judge: Honorable John P. Fullam


                                 Argued March 9, 2010


                Before: AMBRO, SMITH and MICHEL,* Circuit Judges

                            (Opinion filed: August 20, 2010)


      *
        Honorable Paul R. Michel, Chief Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the
Federal Circuit, sitting by designation. Chief Judge Michel has since retired, and this
opinion has been approved by a quorum of the panel. See 28 U.S.C. § 46(d).
Henry F. Reichner, Esquire
Reed Smith LLP
1650 Market Street
2500 One Liberty Place
Philadelphia, PA 19103-7301

Paul E. Breene, Esquire
Reed Smith LLP
599 Lexington Avenue
New York, NY 10022

James C. Martin, Esquire (Argued)
Reed Smith LLP
225 Fifth Avenue
Pittsburgh, PA 15222

      Counsel for Appellant
      Josie Senesie

Michael Conley, Esquire
Anderson, Kill & Olick
1600 Market Street
Suite 2500
Philadelphia, PA 19103-0000

Mark Gottlieb, Esquire (Argued)
William H. Pillsbury, Esquire
Offit Kurman
1601 Cherry Street
Three Parkway, Suite 1300
Philadelphia, PA 19102

      Counsel for Appellant/Cross Appellee
      Samuel M Lohman, Esq.

Richard J. Bortnick, Esquire
Cozen & O’Connor
200 Four Falls Corporate Center
P.O. Box 800, Suite 400
West Conshohocken, PA 19428-0800



                                         2
Stephen A. Cozen, Esquire
Cozen & O’Connor
1900 Market Street, 3rd Floor
Philadelphia, PA 19103-0000

Donald F. Donovan, Esquire (Argued)
Robert D. Goodman, Equire
Matthew S. Hackell, Esquire
Donald W. Hawthorne, Esquire
William H. Taft, V, Esquire
Debevoise & Plimpton
919 Third Avenue, 41st Floor
New York, NY 10022-0000

Louis B. Kimmelman, Esquire
O’Melveny & Myers
153 East 53 rd Street
New York, NY 10022

Joshua E. Kurland, Esquire
United States Department of Justice
Civil Division, Commercial Litigation
1100 L Street, N.W.
Washington, DC 20530-0000

      Counsel for Appellee
      CIGNA Worldwide Insurance




                                OPINION OF THE COURT


AMBRO, Circuit Judge

      This case involves the scope of foreign official immunity in the contempt context.

Although the arguments advanced in the District Court, as well as those raised before us,

focused on the applicability of the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (“FSIA”), 28

                                            3
U.S.C. §§ 1330, 1602 et seq., that issue has since been settled by the Supreme Court in

Samantar v. Yousuf, --- U.S. ---, 

(2010). There, the Court held that the

FSIA does not apply to individual foreign officials, such as Josie Senesie. Samuel

Lohman, Senesie’s counsel in various actions relevant to this appeal, likewise cannot

invoke the FSIA because his only basis for doing so is his claim to be Senesie’s agent.

Nonetheless, Samantar suggests that other avenues of immunity may be available to the

appellants.

       For the reasons that follow, we vacate the District Court’s order and remand for

further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

                               I. Facts and Procedural History

       In 1984, CIGNA Worldwide Insurance Company (“CIGNA”) began conducting

business as an alien insurer in Liberia.1 In the 1990s, as Liberia was torn apart by civil

strife, CIGNA took steps to abandon its Liberian business operations. In July 1999, it

assigned its Liberia-related assets and liabilities to ACE Limited (“ACE”), a Cayman

Islands company.2 Almost two decades of litigation stemmed from these decisions,

beginning in 1991 and continuing to today.

A.     Previous Actions in the United States and Liberia



       1
        CIGNA characterized its Liberian operations as selling “property and casualty
insurance in the nation of Liberia through agreements with local managing agents.”
Appellee’s Br. 6.
       2
           ACE operates entirely outside of the United States and its assets are also located
abroad.

                                                4
       In 1991, Abi Jaoudi & Azar Trading Corp. (“AJA”), among others, brought an

action against CIGNA in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, alleging that CIGNA had

breached insurance contracts by denying AJA coverage for property damage resulting

from the Liberian Civil War. The issue before the District Court was “whether as a

matter of law th[e] [political] turbulence [in Liberia] rose to the level of insurrection as

defined in the war risk exclusion provisions contained in the insurance policies.” Younis

Bros. & Co. v. CIGNA Worldwide Ins. Co., 

, 1393 (E.D. Pa. 1995). A

jury found for the plaintiffs; however, the District Court entered a judgment

notwithstanding the verdict in favor of CIGNA. The plaintiffs appealed, and we affirmed.

See Younis Bros. & Co., Inc. v. CIGNA Worldwide Ins. Co., 

(3d Cir. 1996).

The Supreme Court denied the plaintiffs’ petition for certiorari.

       In May 1998, AJA brought a new action against CIGNA in the Civil Law Court of

Liberia, raising similar claims. CIGNA filed an answer in that matter and also entered

motions to dismiss and for summary judgment. Those motions—which argued that the

judgment of the District Court should be deemed res judicata in Liberian courts—failed.

CIGNA then instructed its counsel to refuse to participate in the Liberian trial, which

went forward without CIGNA. In October 2000, a jury found for the plaintiffs, imposing

a judgment of over $66 million against CIGNA.

       In April 2001, CIGNA sought an injunction in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania

precluding AJA from collecting on its Liberian judgment. The District Court issued an

injunction, which provided as follows:

                                               5
       Plaintiffs [AJA] and Younis Brothers & Co., Inc. are prohibited and
       enjoined from initiating, maintaining, continuing[,] or taking any actions
       that conflict with, constitute an attack upon, or seek to nullify this Court’s
       final order dated September 15, 1995, and the judgment entered pursuant
       thereto. Additionally, plaintiff [AJA] is prohibited and enjoined from
       taking any action to enforce in any jurisdiction the Liberian judgment
       against defendant CIGNA dated October 4, 2000.

Younis Bros. & Co., Inc. v. CIGNA Worldwide Ins. Co., 

, 747 (E.D.

Pa. 2001). In response, the Liberian court issued a similar order, enjoining the

enforcement of the District Court’s anti-suit injunction.

B.     Senesie and Lohman

       Neither of the appellants before us—Senesie or Lohman—was involved in the

actions noted above. Senesie is a Liberian citizen and was (when the current action

began) its Commissioner of Insurance.3 His actions in this case were all undertaken as a

receiver appointed by a Liberian Court.4 In April 2002, the Liberian government set up a



       3
          Senesie retired as Liberian Insurance Commissioner in October 2009. His
successor is Fodar Sesay, who automatically assumed Senesie’s responsibilities as
receiver over CIGNA’s Liberian operations. Sesay intends to continue the Cayman
Islands litigation against ACE referred to below and to pursue related claims against
CIGNA. Therefore, as the Liberian Insurance Commissioner’s counsel explained in a
letter to us, this change does “not affect the justiciability of the controversy and do[es] not
affect [our Court’s] jurisdiction over this appeal.”
       4
        Section 5.13 of the Liberian Insurance Law provides for the appointment of a
receiver over the Liberian operations of an alien insurer that has failed to comply with
Liberian law. Under this provision, “[t]he Minister of Justice, at the request of the
Commissioner [of Insurance], may apply to a court of competent jurisdiction on notice for
an order appointing the Commissioner as receiver and directing him to liquidate the
business of a domestic insurer or the Liberian branch of an alien insurer.” App. 804.
When serving as a receiver, the Commissioner remains under the supervision of the
Liberian Civil Law Court.

                                               6
Commission to investigate allegations of widespread violations of the Liberian Insurance

Law by various foreign insurers, including CIGNA. Five years later, Liberia’s Minister

of Justice petitioned the Liberian Civil Law Court to appoint Senesie as receiver over the

assets and affairs of CIGNA’s Liberian operations. The same day Senesie was appointed

as receiver, he retained Lohman as counsel. In his capacity as receiver, Senesie solicited

and received proofs of claim from various Liberian creditors. Twenty-three creditors

overall (including AJA) submitted proofs of claim against the Liberian operations of

CIGNA.

       AJA had previously retained Lohman as counsel, having done so in late 2003. A

United States citizen (and member of the Oregon Bar), Lohman (then residing in

Switzerland) assisted AJA in enforcing its Liberian judgment. In April 2006, he sent a

demand letter to CIGNA, identifying himself as AJA’s counsel and attempting to collect

on that judgment. In May 2006, CIGNA sent a return letter, rejecting Lohman’s demands

and referring him to the District Court’s order. Lohman responded by claiming that the

District Court’s order was “not enforceable in Liberia.” App. 338. He nonetheless made

no further demands on CIGNA.

       In August 2007, CIGNA’s Liberian liabilities were determined by an order of its

Civil Law Court. In July 2008, Senesie sought to recover CIGNA’s liabilities by bringing

an action in the Cayman Islands against ACE. Lohman assisted Senesie as counsel

during the Cayman Islands litigation. That action has since been stayed pending the

resolution of this case.

                                             7
C.       The Emergency Motion for Contempt and the District Court’s Order

         In November 2008, CIGNA filed in the District Court an emergency motion for

contempt against AJA, Senesie, and Lohman for violating that Court’s anti-suit

injunction. AJA did not participate in the civil contempt proceedings before the District

Court, while both Senesie and Lohman challenged CIGNA’s motion (in relevant part) on

jurisdictional grounds. The Court rejected the appellants’ jurisdictional challenge,

concluding that “both respondents [we]re properly before [it].” Abi Jaoudi & Azar

Trading Corp. v. CIGNA Worldwide Ins. Co., No. 91-6785, slip op. at 2 (E.D. Pa. Jan. 12,

2009).

         In its analysis, the District Court first considered whether it had personal

jurisdiction over Senesie and Lohman. It noted that, while our Circuit has not addressed

related issues “directly,” other Courts of Appeals have “held that minimum contacts exist

where one has actively aided and abetted a party in violating a court order.” 

With this in mind, the District Court explained that “[t]here is evidence that Mr.

Senesie, the Receiver, is acting to enforce, in part, the Liberian judgment that was the

express object of Judge O’Neill’s injunction.” 

purposes of

jurisdiction only,” it found “that Mr. Senesie may be considered an aider and abettor of

AJA.” 

similarly concluded that Lohman “may be haled into this Court,” as

he “is an active member of the Oregon bar” and “there is sufficient evidence that Mr.

Lohman may have been ‘aiding and abetting’ the alleged violation of Judge O’Neill’s

order.” 

District Court also rejected Senesie and Lohman’s jurisdictional challenge

under the FSIA. It disagreed with their contention “that the [FSIA] shield[ed] [them]

from this litigation.” 

so, it “assum[ed], without deciding, that the FSIA

applie[d] to individuals.” 

event, even if the FSIA applied here, “Senesie’s acts,

which could be performed by private parties, constitute[d] commercial activity that ha[d]

effects in the United States,” and thus triggered an exception to FSIA immunity. 

and Lohman appealed.

                        II. Jurisdiction and Standard of Review

       Ordinarily, we review only final decisions of the District Court. However, certain

interlocutory orders are immediately appealable under the collateral order doctrine. See

Cohen v. Beneficial Industrial Loan Corp., 

, 545-47 (1949). Under this

doctrine, a district court order will be deemed “final” if it “[1] conclusively determine[s]

the disputed question, [2] resolve[s] an important issue completely separate from the

merits of the action, and [3] [would] be effectively unreviewable on appeal from a final

judgment.” Johnson v. Jones, 

, 310 (1995) (internal quotation marks

omitted).

       With these requirements in mind, we have already recognized that a denial of a

motion to dismiss based on sovereign immunity under the FSIA satisfies the collateral

order doctrine. See Fed. Ins. Co. v. Richard I. Rubin & Co., Inc., 

, 1281-82

(3d Cir. 1993). Here, the District Court’s decision conclusively determined that Senesie

and Lohman were subject to suit in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. Even CIGNA

                                              9
conceded that “[t]he District Court’s denial of sovereign immunity is immediately

appealable under the collateral order doctrine.” Appellee’s Br. 22. We agree, and thus

have jurisdiction to consider the appellants’ challenge to the District Court’s FSIA ruling.

       The District Court’s determinations of law are subject to de novo review, while its

findings of fact are reviewed for “clear error.” See USX Corp. v. Adriatic Ins. Co., 

, 198-99 (3d Cir. 2003). “A determination of the existence of subject matter

jurisdiction under the FSIA is a legal question subject to plenary review.” Fed. Ins. 

.

                                       III. Discussion

       On appeal, Senesie and Lohman raise two challenges to the District Court’s order:

1) that the District Court erred in holding that the FSIA did not immunize them from suit;

and 2) that the Court lacked personal jurisdiction over them. We consider each argument

in turn.

A.     The FSIA

       The FSIA “establishes a comprehensive framework for determining whether a

court in this country, state or federal, may exercise jurisdiction over a foreign state.”

Republic of Argentina v. Weltover, Inc., 

, 610 (1992). Under that

framework, a “foreign state shall be immune from the jurisdiction of the courts of the

United States and of the States unless one of several statutorily defined exceptions

applies.” 

(emphasis in original) (internal quotation marks omitted). “The

most significant of the FSIA’s exceptions . . . is the ‘commercial’ exception of

                                              10
§ 1605(a)(2) . . . .” 

On appeal, Senesie and Lohman argue that the FSIA

should apply to them as individuals and thereby render them immune from suit.

However, this argument was recently foreclosed by the Supreme Court in Samantar.

       Mohamed Ali Samantar was previously a high-level official in the Somalian

government. Several natives of Somalia sought damages against him, claiming that they

(or members of their families) were either tortured or killed during the years that

Samantar served in the Somalian government. The “narrow” issue before the United

States Supreme Court was whether the FSIA “provide[d] [Samantar] with immunity from

suit based on actions taken in his official capacity.” 

.

       Prior to the Supreme Court’s decision in Samantar, the majority rule was that the

FSIA applied to such individuals. See, e.g., In re Terrorist Attacks on Sept. 11, 2001, 

, 83 (2d Cir. 2008); Keller v. Central Bank of Nigeria, 

, 815 (6th Cir.

2002); Byrd v. Corp. Forestal y Industrial de Olancho S.A., 

, 388 (5th Cir.

1999); El-Fadl v. Central Bank of Jordan, 

, 671 (D.C. Cir. 1996); Chuidian v.

Philippine Nat’l Bank, 

, 1103 (9th Cir. 1990). Only the Fourth and Seventh

Circuit Courts concluded otherwise. See, e.g., Yousuf v. Samantar, 

, 381

(4th Cir. 2009); Enahoro v. Abubakar, 

, 881-82 (7th Cir. 2005). We have

never opined on this important issue.

       In Samantar, the Supreme Court endorsed the minority rule, concluding that “the

FSIA does not govern [an individual’s] claim of immunity.” 

. This holding forecloses Senesie and Lohman’s argument on appeal. Nonetheless,

                                             11
as the Supreme Court suggested alternative paths to immunity in Samantar, we vacate the

District Court’s order and remand for further proceedings to allow the parties to address

those possible options. We outline them below.

       First, notwithstanding individual immunity under the FSIA now foreclosed by

Samantar, foreign officials may still seek common-law immunity: “Even if a suit is not

governed by the [FSIA], it may still be barred by foreign sovereign immunity under the

common law.” 

Court did not opine on “the precise scope” of this

immunity, 

leaving that issue open on remand

       Interestingly, the Supreme Court recognized the key role that the Executive Branch

of our Government has traditionally played in the foreign sovereign immunity context.

Prior to the enactment of the FSIA, “the [E]xecutive [B]ranch decided whether a foreign

nation was entitled to immunity.” 

. The standard procedure

“was that the State Department would provide the court with a ‘suggestion of immunity’



       5
        The Court also noted the possible connection between the FSIA analysis in
certain Circuits and the common-law immunity inquiry that courts should apply post-
Samantar:

       The [C]ourts of [A]ppeals have had to develop, in the complete absence of
       any statutory text, rules governing when an official is entitled to immunity
       under the FSIA. For example, Courts of Appeals have applied the rule that
       foreign sovereign immunity extends to an individual official “for acts
       committed in his official capacity” but not to “an official who acts beyond
       the scope of his authority.” That may be correct as a matter of common-law
       principles, but it does not derive from any clarification or codification by
       Congress.

n.17 (internal citation omitted).

                                            12
and the court would dismiss the suit.” 

the Supreme Court

acknowledged that “the [State] Department has from the time of the FSIA’s enactment

understood the Act to leave intact the Department’s role in official immunity 

n.19. The Government explained this process in its amicus brief in that

case:

        The Executive Branch traditionally provided the judiciary with suggestions
        of immunity, based on the Executive Branch’s judgments regarding
        customary international law and reciprocal practice. When the Executive
        Branch made no specific recommendation, the courts decided the immunity
        question in conformity to the principles the Executive Branch had
        previously articulated.

Brief for the United States as Amicus Curiae Supporting Affirmance at 9, Samantar, 

(No. 08-1555) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).6 With this

background in mind, a remand would permit the Executive Branch to offer its views (if

any) on the appellants’ immunity in the present case.

        Second, the Supreme Court explained that “not every suit can successfully be

pleaded against an individual official alone.” 

.

        Even when a plaintiff names only a foreign official, it may be the case that
        the foreign state itself, its political subdivision, or an agency or
        instrumentality is a required party, because that party has “an interest
        relating to the subject of the action” and “disposing of the action in the

        6
          As the Government noted in Samantar, “the scope of immunity for foreign
officials is not necessarily co-extensive with that of foreign states—and can diverge in
either direction.” Brief for the United 

. See, e.g., Greenspan v.
Crosbie, No. 74 Civ. 473, 

, at *1-*2 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 23, 1976) (accepting
the Executive Branch’s determination that foreign officials were immune from a fraud
suit even as it involved commercial activities taken on behalf of the state from which the
state itself may not be immune).

                                             13
       person’s absence may . . . as a practical matter impair or impede the
       person’s ability to protect the interest.”

R. Civ. P. 19(a)(1)(B)). The Court added that, “[i]f this is the case, and

the entity is immune from suit under the FSIA, the district court may have to dismiss the

suit, regardless of whether the official is immune or not under the common law.” 

Supreme Court also noted that “it may be the case that some actions

against an official in his official capacity should be treated as actions against the foreign

state itself, as the state is the real party in interest.” 

cited to Kentucky v.

Graham, 

, 166 (1985), which discussed the differences between personal-

capacity and official-capacity suits in the context of a dispute over attorneys’ fees in a §

1983 action.

       In this context, a remand is appropriate here to permit the District Court to

consider the effect of Samantar in the first instance. This will permit the parties to make

the related arguments and engage in discovery, if necessary. It will also allow the

Executive Branch to weigh in with its views (if any) on the appellants’ claims to

common-law immunity.

B.     Waiver

       CIGNA argues that Senesie and Lohman have waived their arguments under

common-law immunity, as they did not raise them before the District Court or in their

briefs before us. This is a plausible argument based on our standard waiver rule. “It is

well established that failure to raise an issue in the district court constitutes a waiver of



                                                14
the argument,” unless certain “extraordinary circumstances” exist to conclude otherwise.

Brenner v. Local 514, United Bhd. of Carpenters & Joiners of Am., 

, 1298

(3d Cir. 1991).

       With this waiver rule in mind, the appellants’ failure to raise common-law

immunity before the District Court or in their briefs to us is particularly concerning given

that the question of individual immunity under the FSIA was still an open question in our

Circuit. As such, we would expect a party to raise all available arguments—including

common-law immunity. This is precisely what Samantar did before the District Court.

Instead, Senesie’s counsel only raised common-law immunity at oral argument. See Oral

Arg. Tr. 10-11 (“Only if the FSIA immunity falls away, then there should be

consideration of common law immunity . . . . As far as I can tell[,] [courts still ask the

State Department for suggestions of immunity under the common law].”). CIGNA’s

counsel responded at oral argument by contending that “any suggestion that there is

common law immunity . . . has been long since waived.” 

Senesie and Lohman

did not respond to this waiver argument on rebuttal.

       Nonetheless, we have previously recognized the need for flexibility in applying the

waiver rule in similar situations. For instance, in Salvation Army v. Department of

Community Affairs of the State of New Jersey, the plaintiffs only included a “fleeting

assertion in the[ir] complaint that the Act [in question] interfere[d] with the freedom of

association rights of [the Salvation Army][,] [which] was never expanded upon.” 

, 196 (3d Cir. 1990). On appeal, the Salvation Army relied heavily on that

                                              15
argument, in light of new language in a then-recent Supreme Court opinion. When faced

with the issue of waiver, we acknowledged the standard rule, but added that “the Supreme

Court had emphasized that this practice should be applied flexibly,” id.,7 particularly

where “a previously ignored legal theory takes on new importance due to an intervening

development in the law.” 

teaching of [the new case], [the Salvation

Army] was quite reasonable in believing . . . that its freedom of association claim would

add little to its claim under the free exercise clause.” 

may be said of

Senesie and Lohman’s decision to devote their resources to the majority rule under the

FSIA rather than pursuing alternative arguments (including common-law immunity) that

have “take[n] on new importance” after Samantar.

       In addition, there are also sensitive separation-of-powers concerns that counsel

against finding waiver in this case. As the Government noted in Samantar, “[e]ven in an

ordinary [official immunity] case, . . . the Executive might find it appropriate to take into

account issues of reciprocity, customary international law and state practice, the

immunity of the state itself, and, when appropriate, domestic precedents.” Brief for the

       7
         We quoted the Supreme Court in Singleton v. Wulff, where the Court explained
its approach to waiver as follows:

       The matter of what questions may be taken up and resolved for the first
       time on appeal is one left primarily to the discretion of the courts of
       appeals, to be exercised on the facts of individual cases. We announce no
       general rule. Certainly there are circumstances in which a federal appellate
       court is justified in resolving an issue not passed on below, as where the
       proper resolution is beyond doubt or where injustice might otherwise result.

, 120-21 (1976) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).

                                              16
United 

. The Government added that “[s]uch judgments are

ordinarily committed to the Executive as an aspect of the Executive Branch’s prerogative

to conduct foreign affairs on behalf of the United States.” 

With these concerns

in mind, a finding of waiver would arguably invade a province reserved for the Executive

Branch.

       For these reasons, we conclude that waiver should not apply here. On remand, the

appellants may pursue common-law immunity arguments.

C.     Personal Jurisdiction

       Finally, the appellants argued that the District Court lacked personal jurisdiction

over them. Generally speaking, “the denial of a claim of lack of jurisdiction is not an

immediately appealable collateral order.” Van Cauwenberghe v. Biard, 

,

527 (1988). As such, we would only have jurisdiction over such a determination based

on the doctrine of pendent appellate jurisdiction.

       This doctrine “allows an appellate court in its discretion to exercise jurisdiction

over issues that are not independently appealable but that are intertwined with issues over

which the appellate court properly and independently exercises its jurisdiction.” E.I.

Dupont de Nemours & Co. v. Rhone Poulenc Fiber & Resin Intermediates, S.A.S., 

, 202-03 (3d Cir. 2001). Yet we have previously explained that pendent

appellate jurisdiction is “a discretionary, though ‘narrow[,]’” doctrine that “should be

used ‘sparingly,’ and only where there is sufficient overlap in the facts relevant to both

the appealable and nonappealable issues to warrant plenary review.” 

(quoting

                                             17
In re Montgomery County, 

, 375-76 (3d Cir. 2000)) (emphasis in original);

see also Price v. Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, 

, 199 (D.C.

Cir. 2004) (“The exercise of pendent appellate jurisdiction is often suggested,

occasionally tempting, but only rarely appropriate.”).

       In the end, we are only able to review the District Court’s personal jurisdiction

determination if we conclude that it is “inextricably intertwined” with the District Court’s

ruling on sovereign immunity or “necessary to ensure meaningful review of the

appealable order.” E.I. 

. The appellants argued on appeal that

the inquiry of whether their acts caused “direct effects” in the United States for purposes

of jurisdiction under the FSIA overlaps with the question of whether they have minimum

contacts with the United States sufficient to establish personal jurisdiction. Because we

are not applying the FSIA’s “direct effects” test in this appeal, we decline to exercise

pendent appellate jurisdiction over Senesie and Lohman’s personal jurisdiction challenge.

                                      *   *   *    *   *

       For these reasons, we vacate the District Court’s order and remand for further

proceedings consistent with this opinion.




                                              18