NOT PRECEDENTIAL

         UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

                                       ________

                                      No. 11-2042
                                      _________


                              STANLEY N. OZOROSKI,
                                             Appellant
                                       v.

                             DR. FREDERICK R. MAUE,
          Chief of Clinical Services, Individually and in his official capacity;
                       WEXFORD HEALTH SOURCES, INC.;
        PRISON HEALTH SERVICES, Individually and in its official capacity;
         DR. ADAM A. EDELMAN, Individually and in his official capacity;
       MARVA CERULLO, Health Care Administrator SCI Mahanoy, individually;
               CECILIA VALASQUEZ, Director of Guadenzia DRC;
          GAUDENZIA-DRC, All Defendants Jointly and Severally Liable;
          CHERYL CANTEY,Head Medical Supervisor of Gaudenzia DRC

                                       ________

                    On Appeal from the United States District Court
                         for the Middle District of Pennsylvania
                                (D.C. No. 1-08-cv-00082)
                    District Judge: Honorable Christopher C. Conner

                                        _______

                      Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                 December 12, 2011

                    Before: SLOVITER, VANASKIE, Circuit Judges
                             and STENGEL,* District Judge


   *
    Hon. Lawrence F. Stengel, United States District Court for the Eastern District of
Pennsylvania, sitting by designation.
                                 (Filed: January 4, 2012)
                                          ______

                                         OPINION
                                          ______

SLOVITER, Circuit Judge.

       Stanley Ozoroski appeals from the District Court’s grant of summary judgment

against him on his claims that the Appellees denied him access to necessary medical

treatment in violation of his Eighth Amendment rights.1

                                             I.

       Because we write primarily for the parties, our recitation of the facts and

procedural history is brief. Ozoroski, an inmate in the Pennsylvania state correctional

system, suffered a small bowel perforation2 during a hernia repair operation in 1993. As

a result, Ozoroski underwent multiple corrective surgeries shortly thereafter. Despite

ongoing treatment, however, Ozoroski continued to experience abdominal problems and

developed an enterocutaneous fistula.3


   1
     The District Court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331 and 1343(a)(3) and (4).
We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We exercise plenary review of the District
Court’s grant of summary judgment, and we apply the same standard applicable in the
District Court found in Fed. R. Civ. P. 56. See Doe v. C.A.R.S. Prot. Plus, Inc., 

, 362 (3d Cir. 2008).
   2
     A small bowel perforation is an abnormal opening in the proximal portion of the
intestine distal to the stomach. See STEDMAN’S MEDICAL DICTIONARY 247, 1456 (28th
ed. 2006).
   3
     An enterocutaneous fistula is an abnormal passage connecting the intestine and skin
of the abdomen. STEDMAN’S MEDICAL DICTIONARY 735-36 (28th ed. 2006).
       Although Ozoroski requested additional surgery to address his abdominal issues,

the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections (“DOC”) ultimately chose to pursue a non-

surgical course of treatment. In fact, while in DOC custody, Ozoroski was treated and

evaluated by more than 20 physicians. While some physicians recommended surgery as

a potential way to repair Ozoroski’s abdomen, others believed that the risks of surgery

ultimately outweighed any potential benefits.4 The DOC therefore denied Ozoroski’s

repeated requests for surgery. Nevertheless, approximately 13 years after his initial

hernia operation, Ozoroski was released into the custody of Gaudenzia Drug

Rehabilitation Center5 (“Gaudenzia”) and, during his stay, he underwent surgery to repair

his abdomen.

       Subsequently, Ozoroski filed a complaint in federal court under 42 U.S.C. § 1983,

alleging that the prison health services and individual medical personnel deprived him of

necessary medical treatment during his incarceration at the state correctional institutions

at SCI-Rockview and SCI-Mahanoy respectively, and during his subsequent stay at

Gaudenzia. After several defendants were dismissed by the District Court, the Court

granted summary judgment for the remaining Defendants. Ozoroski timely appealed.

                                             II.

       Ozoroski claims that the District Court erred by finding that Dr. Frederick Maue,

Chief of Clinical Services of the Bureau of the Department of Corrections; Marva

   4
     As one physician stated, a surgical correction of Ozoroski’s condition would involve
“the possibility of severe lifetime disability, debility and even death.” App. at 151.
   5
    Although Ozoroski was transferred to the Gaudenzia Drug Rehabilitation Center, he
remained under the control of the DOC.
Cerullo, a healthcare administrator at SCI-Mahanoy; and Wexford Health Sources, Inc., a

corporation that previously contracted with the DOC to provide healthcare services to

inmates, were entitled to summary judgment under the applicable statute of limitations

because of the Continuing Violations Doctrine. We disagree.

        “The statute of limitations period for a § 1983 claim arising in Pennsylvania is

two years.” Kach v. Hose, 

, 634 (3d Cir. 2009). That period begins to run

“when the plaintiff knows or has reason to know of the injury which is the basis of the

section 1983 action.” Genty v. Resolution Trust Corp., 

, 919 (3d Cir. 1991).

The Continuing Violations Doctrine, however, is an “equitable exception to the timely

filing requirement,” which applies “when a defendant’s conduct is part of a continuing

practice” and is “more than the occurrence of isolated or sporadic acts.” Cowell v.

Palmer Twp., 

, 292 (3d Cir. 2001). Under the Doctrine, “an action is timely

so long as the last act evidencing the continuing practice falls within the limitations

period.” 

claims against Wexford, Dr. Maue and Cerullo do not fall within

the Continuing Violations exception. In particular, Wexford contracted with the DOC to

provide healthcare services to inmates from September 1996 to August 31, 2003.

Ozoroski, however, did not file the underlying action until January 14, 2008 – more than

four years later. Thus, even under the most expansive interpretation of the Continuing

Violations Doctrine, it would not apply to the claims against Wexford, since the

corporation had no authority to provide Ozoroski with medical care during the two-year

limitations period.
       Further, the Doctrine does not extend to Ozoroski’s claims against Dr. Maue or

Cerullo because their alleged conduct was not connected to any “continuing practice” but

instead amounted to isolated incidents. In fact, Dr. Maue’s involvement in Ozoroski’s

treatment was limited to two letters dated November 10, 2003 and October 20, 2004,

which stated that it was his medical opinion and that of other physicians that surgery was

not in Ozoroski’s best interests. As the District Court appropriately reasoned, “[t]he two

letters amount to little more than discrete, isolated events not appropriately linked to

some larger scheme to deny Ozoroski’s medical care.” App. at 10. Ozoroski’s claims

against Cerullo rest on an equally isolated event – her refusal to permit an application for

pre-release to be filed on Ozoroski’s behalf. Furthermore, since Ozoroski filed a

grievance in connection with Cerullo’s refusal to file his pre-release application on

November 9, 2004, we find that her conduct was sufficiently permanent to “trigger

[Ozoroski’s] awareness of and duty to assert his . . . rights” during the limitations period.

. Nevertheless, he did not bring suit until more than three years

after Cerullo and Dr. Maue’s alleged conduct. Therefore, his claims against Cerullo and

Dr. Maue are also barred as untimely.

       Ozoroski also argues that the District Court erred by granting summary judgment

on his Eighth Amendment claims in favor of Prison Health Services, Inc. (“PHS”),

another healthcare provider contracted to provide healthcare services to DOC inmates;

Dr. Adam Edelman, director of PHS; Cecilia Velasquez, director of Gaudenzia; and

Cheryl Cantey, head medical supervisor of Gaudenzia.
       To establish Eighth Amendment liability against a private employer, such as PHS,

the prisoner must “provide evidence that there was a relevant PHS policy or custom . . .

that . . . caused the constitutional violation [he] allege[s].” Natale v. Camden Cnty. Corr.

Facility, 

, 584 (3d Cir. 2003). The District Court did not err in finding that

Ozoroski presented insufficient evidence to establish an Eighth Amendment violation.

As the District Court noted, his treating and consulting physicians had varying views on

whether surgery was appropriate to treat his condition. The record demonstrates that Dr.

Edelman exercised his professional judgment and we can find no evidence that he

consciously disregarded Ozoroski’s medical needs. Moreover, Ozoroski failed to show

that Velasqez or Cantey demonstrated deliberate indifference to his serious medical needs

once he reached Gaudenzia, where he continued to attend various medical appointments

and ultimately obtained surgery to repair his abdomen.

       Ozoroski contends that PHS maintained a policy and practice “of focusing on

medical costs instead of the patient’s best interest.” Appellant’s Br. at 28. In support of

his claims, he offers a peer review article, an online newspaper article noting that

Wexford terminated its contract due to soaring costs, and a 2008 PHS white paper

discussing the rising costs of providing healthcare services.6 These documents contain

only general information regarding the delivery of cost-effective healthcare and therefore

   6
     With regard to his claims against Wexford, Appellant also submitted copies of
Wexford’s website pages, which discuss Wexford’s goal of providing cost-effective
healthcare to its clients. Although we decide Appellant’s claims against Wexford on
statute of limitations grounds, we note that Appellant’s evidence also fails to establish
that Wexford maintained a policy or custom that caused the deprivation of Appellant’s
constitutional rights.
fail to create a material question as to whether PHS maintained a policy or custom that

caused the deprivation of Ozoroski’s constitutional rights.7

                                            III.

       For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the District Court’s entry of summary

judgment in all respects.




   7
     The parties dispute whether these documents constitute inadmissible hearsay
evidence. See Smith v. City of Allentown, 

, 693 (3d Cir. 2009) (“Hearsay
statements that would be inadmissible at trial may not be considered for purposes of
summary judgment.”). Even assuming arguendo that the documents are admissible, they
do not provide a basis for imposing Section 1983 liability.