CLD-248                                                        NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                    ___________

                                       No. 14-3274
                                       ___________

                                   ALLEN MORSLEY,
                                                Appellant
                                         v.

                                 WARDEN CANAAN USP
                          ____________________________________

                     On Appeal from the United States District Court
                         for the Middle District of Pennsylvania
                              (D.C. Civ. No.1-11-cv-01246)
                        District Judge: Honorable Yvette Kane
                      ____________________________________

        Submitted for Possible Dismissal Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)
        or Summary Action Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 27.4 and I.O.P. 10.6
                                   June 25, 2015
       Before: FUENTES, GREENAWAY, JR. and VANASKIE, Circuit Judges

                             (Opinion filed: September 2, 2015)
                                         _________

                                        OPINION*
                                        _________

PER CURIAM

       Allen Morsley appeals the District Court’s order denying his petition filed

pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2241. For the reasons below, we will summarily affirm the

District Court’s order.
       In 1993, Morsley was convicted in the District Court for the Eastern District of

North Carolina of, inter alia, a drug trafficking conspiracy and the use and carrying of a

firearm during and in relation to the drug trafficking offense and aiding and abetting

thereof. See 18 U.S.C. §§ 2 and 924(c). He was sentenced to life in prison on the drug

trafficking charge and a consecutive sentence of five years on the firearm charge. After

an unsuccessful direct appeal and multiple collateral proceedings, Morsley filed a § 2241

petition in the District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania where he was

confined. The District Court considered the merits of Morsley’s claims and denied the

petition. Morsley filed a notice of appeal. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291

and exercise plenary review over the District Court’s legal conclusions. Cradle v. U.S. ex

rel. Miner, 

, 538 (3d Cir. 2002).

       Morsley argues that his conviction for using and carrying a firearm during and in

relation to the drug trafficking offense was invalidated by the Supreme Court’s decision

in Watson v. United States, 

(2007). In Watson, the Supreme Court held that

one who receives a gun in a trade for drugs does not “use” a firearm within the meaning

of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c). 

. Morsley argues that his § 924(c)

conviction was based on such a bartering transaction, and he is actually innocent of the

firearm charge.1


*
  This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
1
  Morsley appears to assert in his § 2241 petition that the Court of Appeals relied on his
attempt to trade drugs for a gun as the basis for affirming his conviction on the firearm
                                             2
       The District Court determined that Morsley could raise this claim via a § 2241

petition because Watson was an intervening change in substantive law which may deem

his conduct no longer criminal and Morsley had no earlier opportunity to raise the claim.

In re Dorsainvil, 

, 251 (3d Cir. 1997). We agree. However, we also agree

with the District Court that Morsley’s claim fails on the merits.

       To support his claim of actual innocence, Morsley must establish that it is more

likely than not that no reasonable juror would have convicted him of using and carrying a

firearm in relation to the drug trafficking offense. See Bousley v. United States, 

, 623-24 (1998); see also United States v. Tyler, 

, 246 (3d Cir. 2013)

(Bousley standard applies to innocence claims brought under § 2241). “Use” of a firearm

includes brandishing and displaying a firearm. Bailey v. United States, 

,

148 (1995). “Use” also includes “a reference to a firearm calculated to bring about a

change in the circumstances of the [drug trafficking] offense” as well as “the silent but

obvious and forceful presence of a gun on a table.” 

of the firearm charge, the Government cited to the testimony of Joseph

Bostic III. He testified that in 1992 he rode around with Morsley to get money from

people and give them powder cocaine and crack cocaine. This lasted about a year. When

Bostic chose to stop going on these trips, Morsley and two others showed up at Bostic’s



count. Pet. at 3. However, the Court pointed to that testimony in affirming Morsley’s
challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence for the conspiracy charge; Morsley did not
challenge the sufficiency of the evidence for the firearm charge on appeal. United States
v. Morsley, 

, 919 (4th Cir. 1995).
                                             3
house with guns and threatened him to try to convince him to continue. When Morsley’s

trial attorney unsuccessfully moved for judgment of acquittal on the firearm count, the

prosecutor pointed to the attempted trade of drugs for a gun by Morsley but also referred

to Bostic’s testimony. In its closing, the prosecutor relied on the Bostic testimony as the

basis for the firearm charge. Given Bostic’s testimony that Morsley threatened him with

a gun to convince him to continue aiding him with his drug trafficking, Morsley cannot

show that no reasonable juror would have convicted him of using and carrying the

firearm in relation to the drug trafficking offense. 

; 

(“use” includes displaying firearm).

       Morsley appears to argue that he is entitled to a new trial because it is not clear

whether the jury convicted him of the firearm charge based on the attempted barter

transaction, his aiding and abetting a co-conspirator’s use and carrying, or Bostic’s

testimony. When the evidence is insufficient to support a conviction on one legal theory

but sufficient on another theory, we will assume that the jury convicted the defendant on

the factually sufficient theory. 

. However, if one of the theories is

legally invalid, the conviction should be vacated and remanded for a new trial. 

theory is invalid if the indictment or jury instructions are based on an erroneous

interpretation of law. 

is no legal theory in the firearm count of the

indictment or the excerpt of the relevant jury instructions provided by Morsley that is




                                              4
invalidated by the Supreme Court’s decision in Watson.2 The jury instructions did not

specifically address the attempted trade of drugs for a gun. Thus, Morsley is not entitled

to a new trial on the firearm count.

       Summary action is appropriate if there is no substantial question presented in the

appeal. See Third Circuit LAR 27.4. For the above reasons, as well as those set forth by

the District Court, we will summarily affirm the District Court’s order. See Third Circuit

I.O.P. 10.6.




2
 While Morsley argues that his jury instructions are invalid under Bailey, we previously
held that because Morsley failed to raise a Bailey claim in his motion filed pursuant to 28
U.S.C. § 2255, he could not use a § 2241 petition to raise such a claim. See C.A. No. 04-
2249. Thus, we confine our analysis to the impact of Watson on the firearm count.
                                             5