NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                          FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                               ___________

                                   No. 15-3345
                                   ___________

       *ESTATE OF JOSEPH FABICS; PAUL DEAN; **MOSES WILLIAMS;
          UNITA PERY-OKONNY; ELLEN HEINE; ROBERT T. DOW;
            TOM COMBS; THEODORO PAGAN; SUSAN MILLER;
             PETER MARTENS; JOHN AND JANE DOE 1 TO 10;
               ABC COMPANIES AND/OR ENTITIES 1 TO 10

                                         v.

             CITY OF NEW BRUNSWICK AND ITS AGENTS;
         TOWNSHIP OF NORTH BRUNSWICK AND ITS AGENTS;
                CITY OF GARFIELD AND ITS AGENTS;
   THE COMMISSIONER OF THE DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNITY AFFAIRS;
                    JOHN AND JANE DOE 1 TO 10;
              ABC COMPANIES AND/OR ENTITIES 1 TO 10


                         Paul Dean; Unita Peri-Okonny;
                         Ellen Heine; Robert T. Dow; Tom Combs;
                         Theodoro Pagan; Susan Miller; Peter Martens,
                                             Appellants

* Amended pursuant to Court Order dated April 12, 2016
** Amended pursuant to Clerk Order dated May 13, 2016




                    ____________________________________

                   On Appeal from the United States District Court
                             for the District of New Jersey
                            (D.C. Civil No. 3-13-cv-06025)
                    District Judge: Honorable Anne E. Thompson
                    ____________________________________
                    Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                 November 14, 2016
              Before: AMBRO, KRAUSE and NYGAARD, Circuit Judges


                           (Opinion filed: December 20, 2016)
                                      ___________

                                        OPINION*
                                       ___________

PER CURIAM



       Appellants, various homeowners in New Brunswick and Garfield, New Jersey,

appeal pro se from the District Court’s order denying leave to amend their complaint filed

under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. We will affirm.

       On October 2, 2013, Appellants filed a pro se twelve-count complaint against the

City of New Brunswick and its agents (“New Brunswick”), the Township of North

Brunswick and its agents (“North Brunswick”), the City of Garfield and its agents

(“Garfield”), and the Commissioner of the Department of Community Affairs (the

“Commissioner”). Appellants claimed violation of their First, Fourth, Fifth, Eighth, and

Fourteenth Amendment rights arising from allegedly unconstitutional inspections of their




*
 This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
                                              2
property, in addition to the enforcement of certain municipal health and safety codes and

municipal rent control laws.1

        Appellants subsequently filed a motion to amend the complaint, but did not attach

a proposed amended complaint as required by local rule. About a month later, without

seeking leave to do so, Appellants filed a proposed amended complaint that added a

number of parties. The District Court denied the motion to amend the complaint without

prejudice, and stated that it would disregard the proposed amended complaint, which had

been filed without the Court’s permission. The order also noted that “Plaintiffs may file

another Motion to Amend in accordance with the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure Local

Rules,” but that “[o]therwise, going forward, the operative Complaint” would be the one

initially filed.

        Rather than filing a conforming motion to amend, Appellants filed a separate

complaint at 14-2202 (the “2014 Action”),2 and then requested the Court to consolidate

the 2014 Action with this action. Defendants Garfield and New Brunswick then

separately filed motions to dismiss this action under Rule 12(b)(6). In a November 13,

2014, letter order, the District Court denied Appellants’ motion to consolidate, finding

the complaint filed in the 2014 Action to be “nearly identical to the Amended Complaint

that this Court advised the parties that it would disregard.” The Court also granted

1
  The Appellants style the action in their brief as a Ҥ 1983 claim [seeking] to review the
inspection process in the State of New Jersey as it relates to municipalities . . .”
2
  The District Court dismissed the 2014 Action with prejudice as duplicative of this
action, and we found that “[it] did not abuse its discretion in doing so.” Fabics v. City of
New Brunswick, 

, 199 (3d Cir. 2015).
                                               3
Garfield and New Brunswick’s motions to dismiss, but without prejudice to Appellants’

filing an amended complaint “in accordance with Federal Rules” within thirty days.

Appellants moved for reconsideration of this order on November 24, 2014, and then on

December 15, 2014, filed a motion to amend their complaint, attaching a proposed

amended complaint.

       On September 3, 2015, the District Court denied Appellants’ motion for

reconsideration, and also denied their motion to amend, finding that “because the

proposed amended complaint fails to provide [a] sufficient factual basis for claims under

§ 1983 against the individual municipalities, amendment would be futile.” The Court

directed the clerk to close the case, and this timely appeal ensued.

       We must first determine whether the District Court’s September 3, 2015, order is a

final order under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.3 In Borelli v. City of Reading, 

(3d Cir.

1976), the district court had dismissed plaintiff’s complaint without prejudice, and rather

than seeking to amend, plaintiff filed a notice of appeal. We dismissed the appeal and

observed that “[g]enerally, an order which dismisses a complaint without prejudice is

neither final nor appealable because the deficiency may be corrected by the plaintiff

without affecting the cause of action. Only if the plaintiff cannot amend or declares his

intention to stand on his complaint does the order become final and appealable.” 

Our decision rested, at least in part, on “an implicit invitation to amplify the


3
 We requested briefing on this question, and both Appellants and Appellees filed briefs
arguing that the District Court’s order is final and appealable.
                                               4
complaint [] found in the phrase ‘without prejudice,’” and we also noted that “it may be

difficult to determine whether the district court thought an amendment was possible and

whether the plaintiff is willing or able to amend.” 

n.1.

       In this case, the District Court did not invite further amendment of the complaint,4

and it quite clearly believed that amendment was futile. Moreover, we have little

difficulty concluding that Appellants are both unwilling and unable to amend their

complaint. The District Court provided Appellants several opportunities to amend their

complaint to conform with the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, but instead of amending

their complaint in any meaningful way to address the deficiencies, Appellants repeatedly

filed substantially similar versions of the original, deficient complaint.5 Thus, unlike

Borelli, it appears that we are “confronted with a situation where it is not possible to

amend the complaint in any relevant respect,” 

and for this reason we will

accept jurisdiction and decide this appeal on its merits. See also Fay v. Quinlan, 

(9th Cir. 1991) (exercising jurisdiction over district court’s dismissal of complaint

without prejudice where “pro se litigant . . . responded twice to the court’s orders to

amend his complaint[,] [and] it does not appear that an amendment could cure the major

defect”).



4
  The Court’s order provided: “Plaintiffs’ Motion to Amend is DENIED. Accordingly,
this case is closed.”
5
  Appellants’ position before this court – that the District Court’s order is final and
appealable – also supports the conclusion that they intend to stand on their deficient
complaint.
                                              5
       We review the District Court’s dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6) using the same test

that the District Court should have applied and ask whether it has “sufficient factual

matter; accepted as true; to state a claim to relief that is plausible on [its] face.” Fantone

v. Latini, 

, 186, 193 (3d Cir. 2015) (citing Ashcroft v. Iqbal; 

,

678 (2009)). We review the District Court’s denial of leave to amend on the basis of

futility for abuse of discretion. Great W. Mining & Mineral Co. v. Fox Rothschild LLP,

, 175 (3d Cir. 2010). We also review the Court’s denial of a motion for

reconsideration for abuse of discretion, but review underlying legal determinations de

novo and factual determinations for clear error. Max's Seafood Café v. Quinteros, 

, 673 (3d Cir. 1999).

        Upon review of the record, and holding Appellants’ original and proposed

amended complaints to less stringent standards in light of their pro se status, see Erickson

v. Pardus, 

, 94 (2007), we find that the District Court properly dismissed the

original complaint under Rule 12(b)(6),6 and did not abuse its discretion in denying

Appellants leave to amend it, because both complaints fail to state a claim upon which

relief can be granted.7 See Great W. Mining & Mineral 

(“[T]here is

[no abuse of discretion] where pleading deficiencies would not have been remedied by

6
  The District Court also found that the complaint did not meet Rule 8’s pleading
requirements. Because we find that it failed to state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6), we need
not address whether it was sufficiently pled under Rule 8.
7
  The proposed amended complaint contains slightly more elaborate factual allegations
than the original, but both fail for the same reason – they do not identify any official
municipal policy or custom, or ascertainable conduct of the Commissioner, to which their
alleged harms might plausibly be traced.
                                               6
proposed amendments.”). Where, as here, “a suit against a municipality is based on

§ 1983, the municipality can only be liable when the alleged constitutional transgression

implements or executes a policy, regulation or decision officially adopted by the

governing body or informally adopted by custom.” Beck v. City of Pittsburgh, 

, 971 (3d Cir. 1996). And to state a viable claim in this context, Appellants must not

only identify a municipal custom or policy that caused their injury, but also “specify what

exactly that custom or policy was.” McTernan v. City of York, PA, 

, 658

(3d Cir. 2009).

       As Appellants acknowledge in their brief, “[t]his case is based on a 4[2] U.S.C.

§ 1983 claim and it seeks to review the inspection process in the State of New Jersey as it

relates to the municipalities.”8 Though their complaints cite unspecified “common

practices by the State of New Jersey and municipalities,” neither identifies any particular

official municipal custom or policy to which their alleged harms might plausibly be

traced. The complaints are similarly defective as to the Commissioner because neither

identifies any particular instances of conduct to which the alleged constitutional harms

might be traced.9 See Rode v. Dellarciprete, 

, 1207 (3d Cir. 1988) (“A


8
  The complaint also names unspecified agents of the various municipalities, but these
agents are sued only in their official capacities. And “an official-capacity suit is, in all
respects other than name, to be treated as a suit against the entity.” Kentucky v. Graham,

, 166 (1985).
9
  The complaints contain no particular allegations against the Commissioner, and
reference him only in the “wherefore” clauses of several counts, indicating that he directs
standards and enforcement of ordinances. But respondeat superior is not available in
§ 1983 actions. 

(2009).
                                               7
defendant in a civil rights action must have personal involvement in the alleged

wrongs.”).

       As the District Court accurately observed, Appellants’ complaints “generally

proceed[] by explaining a municipal ordinance and how it is wrong,” often describing

what appears to be hypothetical misconduct by state agents in enforcing these

ordinances.10 But, in failing to trace the alleged constitutional violations to an official

custom or policy of the municipality, or ascertainable conduct of the Commissioner,

Appellants fail to state a claim against these defendants under Rule 12(b)(6). See, e.g.,

McGovern v. City of Philadelphia, 

, 121 (3d Cir. 2009) (“Because

McGovern’s complaint fails to allege that the City’s employees acted pursuant to an

official policy or custom, the District Court properly dismissed his claim.”).

       In their motion for reconsideration, Appellants sought reconsideration of the

Court’s November 13, 2014 letter order, contending that it (1) improperly dismissed

Garfield as a defendant because its motion to dismiss had been administratively

terminated, (2) improperly dismissed the Commissioner because he had not yet answered

or moved to dismiss the complaint, and (3) improperly administratively terminated the

2014 action as duplicative of this action. Because we find that the District Court properly

dismissed the original complaint in its entirety based on its non-compliance with Rule

12(b)(6), dismissal of the entire action was warranted regardless of who had answered or

10
  For example, Appellants allege that “[i]nspectors . . . force their way into a home to
perform an inspection, without a search warrant or consent of the terrified homeowner,”
but fail to identify any actual instances of this conduct.
                                                8
moved to dismiss the complaint.11 And we have already determined that the District

Court acted within its discretion in dismissing the 2014 Action as duplicative of this

action. See Fabics v. City of New Brunswick, 

, 198-99 (3d Cir. 2015)

(“[A] court faced with a second, duplicative complaint could stay the second action,

consolidate it with the first, or dismiss the second complaint without prejudice. Here, the

District Court dismissed the second complaint with prejudice, but we hold, nonetheless,

that the District Court did not abuse its discretion in doing so.”) (internal citations

omitted). Accordingly, we will affirm the order of the District Court denying

reconsideration and leave to amend.




11
   “[A] court may sua sponte raise the issue of the deficiency of a pleading under Rule
12(b)(6) provided that the litigant has the opportunity to address the issue either orally or
in writing.” Roman v. Jeffes, 

, 196 (3d Cir. 1990).
                                              9