NOT PRECEDENTIAL
                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                _______________

                                      No. 16-3066
                                    _______________

              ESTATE OF JUAN BONILLA, JR.; EVERLIDIS BONILLA,
       individually & as Personal Representative for the Estate of Juan Bonilla, Jr.

                                             v.

     CITY OF YORK, PENNSYLVANIA; YORK CITY POLICE DEPARTMENT;
    OFFICER CHRISTOPHER ROOSEN; TOWNSHIP OF WEST MANCHESTER;
           WEST MANCHESTER TOWNSHIP POLICE DEPARTMENT;
                      OFFICER MICHAEL JORDAN

             EVERLIDIS BONILLA, individually & as Personal Representative
                         for the Estate of Juan Bonilla, Jr.,
                                                         Appellant

                                    _______________

                     On Appeal from the United States District Court
                         for the Middle District of Pennsylvania
                              (D.C. Civil No. 1-14-cv-02238)
                      District Judge: Honorable Sylvia H. Rambo
                                    _______________

                   Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
                                  February 7, 2017

               Before: McKEE, COWEN, and FUENTES, Circuit Judges

                               (Opinion Filed: June 6, 2017)
                                       _________

                                        OPINION*
                                        _________

*
 This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent
FUENTES, Circuit Judge.

       The plaintiff-appellants, the estate of the deceased Juan Bonilla, Jr. and his

personal representative, brought this 42 U.S.C. § 1983 lawsuit against the defendant-

appellees, the City of York, the Township of West Manchester, and two police officers,1

alleging that the defendants wrongfully used deadly force against the decedent. The

District Court granted summary judgment to the defendants, finding that the police

officers’ use of deadly force to subdue the decedent, who had fired shots in a crowded

nightclub, was reasonable. The plaintiffs appealed, arguing that genuine issues of

material fact remain as to the sequence of events that led to the fatal shooting. Because

we conclude that, taking the facts in the light most favorable to the plaintiffs, the officers

used reasonable force, we will affirm the District Court’s judgment.

                                                  I.

       On November 24, 2012, at around 2 a.m., Bonilla opened fire in a nightclub

known as “Ada’s” in York, Pennsylvania. Officers Roosen and Jordan were the first to

respond to police dispatch calls and arrived at the scene shortly thereafter. As a result of

Bonilla’s gunfire, patrons of Ada’s began to stream out of the nightclub and into the

parking lot outside to retrieve their cars and escape from the scene. Bonilla also exited

the club at this time and continued to fire gunshots outside Ada’s, with the intent of

hitting a specific individual who was running south through the parking lot.



1
 One of the police officers worked for the York City Police Department and the other
worked for the West Manchester Police Department. J.A. 4-5.
                                              2
         What occurred next is subject to some dispute. The officers claim that they

observed Bonilla running southward after a minivan that was driving out of the parking

lot and shooting at it. Fearing for the immediate safety of those in the minivan, Officer

Roosen began to shoot at Bonilla’s back in order to subdue him. Bonilla was apparently

struck by Officer Roosen’s bullets, and, as a result, he stumbled to the left, threw his arms

up, and dropped his gun. Officer Roosen testified that he stopped shooting at Bonilla

once he saw Bonilla drop his gun, since he was no longer a threat. Officer Jordan

apparently did not see that Bonilla had dropped his gun because his line of vision was

obscured by a van. He continued to pursue Bonilla when Bonilla fell, face down, on the

grassy median in the middle of the parking lot, with his hands pinned underneath his

body. Officer Jordan continued to command him to “show me your hands.”2 Bonilla

rose slightly off the ground at this command, and yelled, in an agitated fashion, “yo, yo,

really,” before falling back down.3 Officer Jordan yelled at him again to raise his hands,

and when he failed to do so a second time, Officer Jordan shot at his torso. Officer

Jordan appeared to have missed this shot. Bonilla then extracted his arms from

underneath him. Seeing that Bonilla was unarmed at this time, Officer Jordan walked

over to his person and called for emergency medical services. Ultimately, Bonilla died

on the scene.

         The plaintiffs, on the other hand, contend that Bonilla did not use his weapon once

he moved to the southern portion of the parking lot and that he did not shoot at any


2
    J.A. 90.
3
    J.A. 188; J.A. 281.
                                              3
minivans, but was merely running next to one. According to one club-goer, the officers

commanded Bonilla to drop his gun. Bonilla complied with this command, dropped his

gun, and turned around to face the officers. Nonetheless, the officers shot at him even as

he began to walk towards the officers, “as if he were surrendering.”4 The eyewitness also

claimed that there were no vans in the parking lot that could have obscured Officer

Jordan’s view of Bonilla.

       On the day of the incident, the Pennsylvania State Police began an investigation of

Bonilla’s death.    The investigation concluded that Bonilla suffered two gunshot

wounds—one through his chest entering from the back and the other in his left thigh

entering from the front. The gunshot to the back and chest was the cause of death. A

ballistic report found that the fatal shot was not discharged from Officer Jordan’s gun.

       Nearly two years after this incident, on November 21, 2014, the plaintiffs brought

ten claims under Section 1983 against the defendants. The complaint alleges unlawful

use of deadly force, in violation of the Fourth Amendment, and state law claims for

assault and battery, wrongful death, and survival action against the two officers. It also

alleges that the City of York and the West Manchester Township violated the Fourth

Amendment by failing to properly train the officers on the use of deadly force.5 After ten

months of discovery, the defendants separately moved for summary judgment. The

plaintiffs opposed the summary judgment motions and also moved for leave to file an

amended complaint. The District Court granted the defendants’ summary judgment

4
 J.A. 372.
5
 The complaint also named the York City Police Department and the West Manchester
Police Department as defendants, but they were dismissed.
                                             4
motions and denied the plaintiffs’ motion for leave to amend the complaint.6 Pending

before the Court is the plaintiffs’ appeal of these two rulings.7

                                             II.

       On appeal, the plaintiffs argue that the District Court made two errors: that it

should not have granted summary judgment to the defendants based on the record and

that it should have permitted the plaintiffs to amend their complaint. We will address

each of these challenges in turn.

       The crux of the plaintiffs’ claims is that the two police officers used excessive

force in subduing Bonilla, in violation of both the Fourth Amendment and Pennsylvania

state law. The primary inquiry in excessive force cases is determining whether “the

officers’ actions are ‘objectively reasonable’ in light of the facts and circumstances



6
  The District Court, in the same opinion, also decided on two motions in limine and a
Daubert motion. None of these are appealed.
7
  The District Court had jurisdiction over this case under 28 U.S.C. § 1331. We have
jurisdiction to hear this appeal under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. “[O]ur review of a grant of
summary judgment is plenary, and in making that review we use the same standard as a
district court: whether there are genuine issues of material fact precluding entry of
summary judgment.” Acumed LLC v. Advanced Surgical Servs., Inc., 

, 211
(3d Cir. 2009). “A fact is ‘material’ if it could affect the outcome, and an issue of
material fact is ‘genuine’ if the evidence is sufficient to permit a reasonable jury to return
a verdict for the non-moving party.” Johnson v. City of Phila., 

, 349 n.30
(3d Cir. 2016) (citing Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 

, 248 (1986); Celotex
Corp. v. Catrett, 

, 322-23 (1986)).
“[W]e review a Rule 15 motion for leave to amend a complaint for abuse of discretion . .
. . Under such a review, we are cognizant of Rule 15’s admonition that leave to amend
should be freely given ‘when justice so requires.’” U.S. ex rel. Customs Fraud
Investigations, LLC v. Victaulic Co., 

, 248-49 (3d Cir. 2016) (quoting Fed.
R. Civ. P. 15(a)(2)). A court abuses its discretion if its ruling is based on “an erroneous
view of the law.” 

(quoting Highmark, Inc. v. Allcare Health Mgmt. Sys., Inc.,

, 1748, n.2 (2014)).
                                              5
confronting them, without regard to their underlying intent or motivations.”8 Therefore,

the plaintiffs’ Fourth Amendment and state law claims rise and fall together.

       Factors that we consider when determining whether such force is reasonable

include “the severity of the crime at issue, whether the suspect poses an immediate threat

to the safety of the officers or others, [] whether he is actively resisting arrest or

attempting to evade arrest by flight,”9 “the duration of the action, whether the action takes

place in the context of effecting an arrest, the possibility that the suspect may be armed,

and the number of persons with whom the police officers must contend at one time.”10

Furthermore, “[t]he ‘reasonableness’ of a particular use of force must be judged from the

perspective of a reasonable officer on the scene, rather than with the 20/20 vision of

hindsight.”11 The court must make “allowance for the fact that police officers are often

forced to make split-second judgments—in circumstances that are tense, uncertain, and

rapidly evolving—about the amount of force that is necessary in a particular situation.” 12

        Applying this standard, the District Court found that the deadly force used by the

two officers was reasonable. The incident occurred in the middle of the night, outside a

nightclub that was known for being particularly dangerous, and Bonilla was an active

shooter in pursuit of his victim and shooting into a parking lot, where about twenty to

8
  Graham v. Connor, 

, 397 (1989); Renk v. City of Pittsburgh, 

,
293 (Pa. 1994) (“A police officer may use reasonable force to prevent interference with
the exercise of his authority or the performance of his duty. . . . The reasonableness of the
force used in making the arrest determines whether the police officer’s conduct
constitutes an assault and battery.”).
9
  

.
10
   Kopec v. Tate, 

, 777 (3d Cir. 2004).
11
   

.
12
   

                                                6
thirty patrons of the nightclub were getting into cars in order to flee the scene. The

officers fired at Bonilla precisely because they knew that he was could, and in fact tried

to, harm bystanders at the scene.

       The plaintiffs counter that at least two factual disputes exist such that summary

judgment was improvidently granted. We disagree. First, plaintiffs argue that the fatal

shot to the chest could have been fired by Officer Jordan after Bonilla dropped his gun

and had fallen onto the grassy median. However, the plaintiffs offer no evidence to rebut

the convincing evidence produced by the defendants that the fatal shot to the chest could

not have been fired from Officer Jordan’s gun. During autopsy, a deformed bullet was

recovered from the front of Bonilla’s sweatshirt. That bullet was tested and determined

that it could not have been discharged from Officer Jordan’s gun. No other bullets were

recovered from either Bonilla’s person or the grassy median. From this, the District

Court concluded that Officer Jordan could not have been responsible for the fatal shot.

The plaintiffs offer no rebuttal evidence except supposition that the bullet recovered from

Bonilla’s sweatshirt was not the fatal bullet—without demonstrating how else it could

have gotten onto the sweatshirt or where else the fatal bullet could be found.

       The plaintiffs’ unsupported speculation here is insufficient to create a genuine

issue of material fact. As we have said previously, “summary judgment is essentially

‘put up or shut up’ time for the non-moving party: [it] must rebut the motion with facts in

the record and cannot rest solely on assertions made in the pleadings, legal memoranda,




                                              7
or oral argument.” 13 Accordingly, we do not find that the plaintiffs have raised a genuine

issue of material fact as to whether the fatal shot was fired while Bonilla was unarmed

and laying on the grassy median.

       Second, the plaintiffs argue that the District Court erred by failing to take into

account the deposition testimony of an eyewitness, who testified that Bonilla was shot

after he had already dropped his gun and began walking, with his hands raised, toward

Officer Roosen. The District Court found that the deposition testimony of this

eyewitness failed to create a genuine issue of material fact because her “testimony is so

inconsistent as to be wholly unreliable.”14 Indeed, at one point the eyewitness testified

that she saw Bonilla “turn[] around, put his gun down and was walking towards the

police officer,” with his hands raised, when the “police officer shot him in the left leg,”15

and Bonilla fell immediately onto his left knee on the grassy median.16 Yet, she admitted

that when she first spoke to the police investigator—over a year and a half before the

deposition—she told the investigator she was unable to recall at that time if the officer

shot Bonilla before or after he dropped his gun and put his hands up because “so much

[was] going on.”17



13
   Berckeley Inv. Group, Ltd. v. Colkitt, 

, 201 (3d Cir. 2006); see also Fed.
R. Civ. P. 56(c) (“A party asserting that a fact cannot be or is genuinely disputed must
support the assertion by citing to particular parts of materials in the record, including
depositions, documents, electronically stored information, affidavits or declarations,
stipulations . . ., admissions, interrogatory answers, or other materials . . . .”).
14
   J.A. 1147.
15
   J.A. 702.
16
   J.A. 706.
17
   J.A. 715.
                                              8
         Even crediting this eyewitness testimony, however, we cannot find that it creates

any genuine issue of material fact as to whether the police officers used reasonable force

when they shot at Bonilla. The eyewitness testimony, if we are to believe it in its

entirely, establishes the following facts: Bonilla was running south across the parking lot,

with his back to the officers, until he decided to heed the officers’ command to drop his

gun. He stopped, tossed his gun, and put his hands up and turned around to face the

officers as if to surrender himself. At around this time the officers continued to shoot at

him until he was hit and stumbled onto the grassy median. The eyewitness testimony,

however, does not establish the sequence of events. She could not recall if Bonilla was

shot first or if he surrendered first. This testimony is, at best, no more than a “scintilla of

evidence,” which is “insufficient” to survive summary judgment.18

         But even if we were to believe, though the eyewitness testimony alone does not

support it, that the officers shot at Bonilla after he was unarmed, we still cannot find that

a reasonable juror would think the officers’ actions were unreasonable. We know from

the autopsy report that the fatal shot to the chest entered from the back, and the shot to

the leg entered from the front. Thus, in the scenario most favorable to the plaintiffs,

Bonilla was fatally shot after he tossed his gun and put his hands up but before he had

time to turn around. This, in and of itself, does not render the officers’ actions

unreasonable. Viewing the facts, as we must, from the perspective of the officers on the

scene at the time, Bonilla was an active shooter who not only fired at people inside the

club but continued to shoot at bystanders outside of the club. In fact, he was still running

18
     Liberty 

.
                                               9
after his victim across the parking lot as the police officers closed in on him. The officers

may have continued to shoot at him in the seconds after he decided to surrender and turn

around. However, given the circumstances at the time—the early hour, the dark light, the

number of bystanders, and the danger presented by Bonilla—we believe it reasonable that

the officers did not wait to see if Bonilla actually heeded their commands before they

stopped shooting. As the eyewitness herself testified, there was a lot of “commotion” at

the time, and she herself could not remember the exact sequence of events—whether

Bonilla dropped his gun first or whether he was shot first.19 This is precisely the difficult

situation in which the Supreme Court has admonished us to make “allowance for the fact

that police officers are often forced to make split-second judgments—in circumstances

that are tense, uncertain, and rapidly evolving—about the amount of force that is

necessary in a particular situation.” 20 Consequently, we agree with the District Court

that this eyewitness testimony did not create a genuine issue of material fact.21

       For the same reason, we will also affirm the District Court’s decision to deny the

plaintiffs’ motion for leave to amend the complaint to add an allegation that the officers

used excessive force when they shot Bonilla in the left leg. While permission to amend

should be freely given, the District Court may deny a motion for leave to amend if “the




19
   J.A. 719; J.A. 715; J.A. 721-22.
20
   

.
21
   Since we find that the police officers did not violate the Fourth Amendment, the
plaintiffs’ Monell claims against the City of York and West Manchester Township, based
on their failure to adequately train the two officers on the proper use of deadly force,
must also be dismissed.
                                             10
amendment would be futile.”22 As we explained, under the circumstances and from the

perspective of a reasonable officer on the scene at the time, the officers were not

unreasonable to have shot Bonilla in the leg, even if he had been unarmed at the time.

Thus, we find no abuse of discretion in the District Court’s denial of the plaintiffs’

motion for leave to amend.

                                             III.

       For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm District Court’s grant of summary

judgment.




22
 Customs Fraud 

(quoting U.S. ex rel. Schumann v.
Astrazeneca Pharm. L.P., 

, 849 (3d Cir. 2014)).

                                             11