NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                        UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                             FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

                                      _____________

                                       No. 16-3762
                                      _____________


               VINCENT LUPPINO; CLIFF STERN; NOEL J. SPIEGEL,
                individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated,
                                                                             Appellants

                                             v.

                                 MERCEDES BENZ USA



                     On Appeal from the United States District Court
                              for the District of New Jersey
                               (D.N.J. No.: 2-09-cv-05582)
                        District Judge: Honorable Jose L. Linares


                    Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
                                    April 27, 2017

             Before: McKEE, VANASKIE, and RENDELL, Circuit Judges


                            (Opinion filed: December 5, 2017)



                                      O P I N I O N*
                                      ____________

*
 This disposition is not an opinion of the full court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
RENDELL, Circuit Judge:

       Plaintiffs Vincent Luppino, Cliff Stern, and Noel J. Spiegel brought a class action

against Mercedes-Benz, USA, LLC (“MBUSA”), alleging that the wheels on the putative

class vehicles are overly susceptible to cracking along the radius of the wheel rim, and

claiming a right to damages based on breach of warranty and consumer fraud. The

District Court, presented with motions for class certification and for summary judgment,

denied class certification, denied Plaintiffs’ motion for partial summary judgment, and

granted summary judgment in MBUSA’s favor. It is from these orders that Plaintiffs

appeal. For the reasons that follow, we will affirm.1


                         I. Factual & Procedural Background2

       Plaintiffs are New Jersey residents who purchased or leased at least one of

MBUSA’s vehicles. They allege that the vehicles’ wheels are overly susceptible to radial

cracking, especially when paired with low-profile tires. They allege that MBUSA was

aware of the defects and discussed them internally, but continued to advertise the strength

of their vehicles and wheels.

       Plaintiffs further aver that MBUSA’s vehicles are all sold with the same warranty,

which states:

1
  The District Court had jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d). We have
jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
2
  Because we write solely for the benefit of the parties, we confine our discussion of the
facts to those salient to this appeal.


                                             2
                Merecedes-Benz USA, LLC (MBUSA) warrants to the
                original and each subsequent owner of a new Mercedes-Benz
                passenger car that any authorized Mercedes-Benz Center will
                make any repairs or replacements necessary, to correct
                defects in material or workmanship arising during the
                warranty period.

Nonetheless, MBUSA allegedly has a uniform policy of denying warranty coverage when

its wheels fail. The warranty does not disclaim damage to the wheels caused by impact,

including impact from road hazards, or conditions such as potholes.

         On November 2, 2009, Plaintiffs filed a complaint alleging that MBUSA’s

vehicles were defective, that MBUSA publicly disseminated false and misleading

information as to the quality and durability of the rims and failed to disclose the alleged

defect to consumers, and that MBUSA failed to honor their warranties.3 Plaintiffs

asserted claims of breach of express and implied warranty, violation of the federal

Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act, and breach of the New Jersey Consumer Fraud Act.

Following discovery, MBUSA filed Daubert motions to exclude the testimony of all of

Plaintiffs’ experts. For their part, Plaintiffs filed a Daubert motion to exclude the

testimony of one of Defendant’s experts. The District Court excluded a narrow portion

of one of Plaintiffs’ expert’s testimony and denied the remaining Daubert motions. The

Court concluded that Plaintiffs’ expert opinions were admissible.

         Plaintiffs then moved for class certification on July 30, 2015, seeking certification

as to the issue of whether the wheels suffer from a design defect. The putative class

consisted of “all persons and entities in the United States who purchased or leased a

3
    The operative complaint is now the Corrected Sixth Amended Complaint.

                                               3
Mercedes-Benz passenger vehicle, Model Year 2006 to present, in any state (or, in the

alternative, a New Jersey class), equipped with 17, 18, or 19-inch wheels.” The District

Court denied the motion.

       First, the Court found the class was not ascertainable, because the evidence would

likely not show “whether a putative class member had his or her wheel replaced with

non-original equipment wheels or wheels otherwise falling outside of the class.” A-27.

Second, the Court concluded that Plaintiffs failed to satisfy commonality and

predominance, as they did not show that the design of the wheel, as opposed to driver

use, caused the radial cracks. Lastly, the Court found that the issue of whether there is a

design defect was not suitable for certification under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure

23(c)(4) because it would not fairly and efficiently advance the resolution of the class

members’ claims.

       MBUSA moved for summary judgment with respect to the class representatives’

individual claims. Thereafter, Plaintiffs moved for partial summary judgment on two

issues: (1) that MBUSA’s express warranty covers design and manufacturing defects; and

(2) that the warranty does not exclude damage to wheels resulting from impact with

potholes, obstacles in the roadway, or other common road conditions or hazards. The

District Court granted MBUSA’s motion and denied Plaintiffs’ motion. Plaintiffs timely

appealed from these orders as well as the District Court’s order granting summary

judgment on the representative plaintiffs’ claims.




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                                  II. Standard of Review

       We review a class certification order for abuse of discretion. In re Modafinil

Antitrust Litig., 

, 249 (3d Cir. 2016). We review grants of summary

judgment de novo. Montone v. City of Jersey City, 

, 189 (3d Cir. 2013).

                                       III. Discussion

                                     A. Class Certification

       Plaintiffs appeal the District Court’s denial of Rule 23(b)(3) class certification.

Specifically, Plaintiffs reject the District Court’s findings that (1) the class was not

sufficiently ascertainable, and (2) the class lacked commonality and predominance.

Plaintiffs also appeal the District Court’s denial of 23(c)(4) issue class certification. We

review class certification decisions “for abuse of discretion, which occurs if the district

court’s decision rests upon a clearly erroneous finding of fact, an errant conclusion of law

or an improper application of law to fact.” Carrera v. Bayer Corp., 

, 305 (3d

Cir. 2013) (quoting In re Hydrogen Peroxide Antitrust Litig., 

, 312 (3d Cir.

2008)) (internal quotation marks omitted). Because the District Court did not abuse its

discretion in concluding that the plaintiffs do not satisfy 23(a) commonality and

predominance, we need not discuss the District Court’s conclusions on ascertainability,

and we will affirm the denial of class certification.

       To be certified, a putative class must satisfy Federal Rule 23(a)’s four

requirements: numerosity, commonality, typicality, and adequacy of representation. See

Amchem Prods., Inc. v. Windsor, 

, 613 (1997). In addition, a class action

must be maintainable under Rule 23(b)(1), (2), or (3). In re Hydrogen Peroxide, 

; Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b). A plaintiff having satisfied Rule 23(a) and (b)’s

requirements may seek certification under Rule 23(c)(4) as to particular issues. Comcast

Corp. v. Behrend, 

, 1437 n.* (2013). Failure to meet any of Rule 23(a)

and (b)’s requirements precludes class certification. In re LifeUSA Holding Inc., 

, 147 (3d Cir. 2001). Here, Plaintiffs sought certification of a 23(c)(4) issue

class with respect to the issue of liability alone. Given the class certification’s (b)(3)

defects, described below, we need not address the District Court’s conclusion that a (c)(4)

class was not certifiable.

       Rule 23(b)(3)’s stricter predominance requirement incorporates Rule 23(a)’s

commonality requirement, and so we permit courts to jointly analyze the two. See, e.g.,

Danvers Motor Co. v. Ford Motor Co., 

, 148 (3d Cir. 2008). Under the

predominance inquiry, plaintiffs must prove by a preponderance of evidence that

“questions of law or fact common to class members predominate over any questions

affecting only individual members.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(3). When there is competing

expert testimony, a court’s analysis may require weighing this testimony. See In re

Hydrogen 

.

       Here, the District Court properly considered Plaintiffs’ documentary proof,

including MBUSA’s potentially damaging internal statements that seemed to

acknowledge the wheels had problems. Then, the Court considered expert testimony’s

credibility and its impact on common evidence. At an earlier phase, the Court had ruled

both Plaintiffs’ and MBUSA’s expert testimony to be admissible, notwithstanding

Daubert challenges from both sides. But at the class certification stage, the Court

                                               6
concluded that “Plaintiffs would not be able to offer common evidence from which a

reasonable jury could find the existence of a design defect.” A-49.

       Central to the District Court’s decision on this point was Plaintiffs’ admission that

the alleged defect implicated various components of a vehicle’s systems, not only the

wheels. Plaintiffs aver that the Court abused its discretion in concluding that the vehicle

systems were important in assessing the alleged design defect. But we agree with the

District Court that Plaintiffs have failed to provide any evidence suggesting that the

vehicle systems’ impact on the issue was negligible. While they put forth expert

testimony that the radial cracking resulted from a design defect, rather than driver error,

their experts could not establish common evidence of a uniform defect across systems.

Thus, the District Court did not abuse its discretion in finding that Plaintiffs had not

submitted “common proof of a defect as to the class as a whole,” A-40, and therefore

could not meet the commonality and predominance requisites for class certification. And

having failed commonality and predominance, we agree with the District Court that the

putative class could not be certified.

                                    B. Summary Judgment

       Having declined to certify the putative class, the District Court granted Mercedes’s

motion for summary judgment on the representative plaintiffs’ claims, and denied

Plaintiffs’ motion for partial summary judgment. Plaintiffs appeal both decisions. We

review de novo. Marten v. Godwin, 

, 295 (3d Cir. 2007).

       Summary judgment is appropriate where the moving party is entitled to judgment

as a matter of law, and there are no genuine disputes as to any material facts. See, e.g.,

                                              7
Hampton v. Borough of Tinton Falls Police Dep’t, 

, 112 (3d Cir. 1996). In

reviewing a motion for summary judgment, we view the evidence in the light most

favorable to the non-moving party. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 

, 322–23

(1986). We refrain from making credibility determinations or weighing the evidence.

Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 

, 255 (1986). We will affirm the District

Court’s summary judgment orders.

       The three named plaintiffs alleged their wheels were defective. Thus, the District

Court applied our precedent requiring expert testimony in products liability cases “where

a defect is alleged.” Oddi v. Ford Motor Co., 

, 159 (3d Cir. 2000). All of

Plaintiffs’ claims—breach of express and implied warranty, breach of the Magnuson-

Moss Warranty Act, and violation of the NJCFA—rested on their ability to prove that a

defect caused their wheels to crack. The District Court reviewed the parties’ competing

experts and properly determined that, based on the record, the plaintiffs could not prove a

design defect in the wheels. The parties’ experts agreed that the design defect implicated

the vehicle systems, and not just the vehicle wheels. We agree with the District Court

that the three remaining plaintiffs had no evidence that any defect in their wheels caused

their wheels to crack, as they presented no information on the systems onto which each

wheel was placed.

       Plaintiffs make much of the fact that the District Court had admitted its experts’

opinions under Daubert, but then did not credit their testimony enough to proceed past

summary judgment. But in the summary judgment context, the Court was not weighing

expert testimony. Rather, it correctly stated that “Plaintiffs would need to offer expert

                                             8
testimony to support their theory of a design defect.” A-13. And the Plaintiffs did not

offer such testimony.

       Because the District Court correctly granted MBUSA’s motion for summary

judgment, it also properly denied Plaintiffs’ motion for partial summary judgment on the

scope of their express warranty as moot. See N.J. Turnpike Auth. v. Jersey Central

Power & Light, 

, 30 (3d Cir. 1985) (stating that courts have no duty “to give

opinions upon moot questions or abstract propositions, or to declare principles or rules of

law which cannot affect the matter in issue in the case before it”) (quoting Mills v. Green,

, 653 (1895)).

                                            IV.

       Accordingly, we will affirm the District Court’s denial of class certification and its

summary judgment orders.




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