ALD-211                                                 NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                 ___________

                                       No. 18-1402
                                       ___________

                                ALIREZA BAKHTIARI,
                                            Appellant

                                             v.

                              WARDEN MCKEAN FCI
                       ____________________________________

                    On Appeal from the United States District Court
                         for the Western District of Pennsylvania
                           (D.C. Civil Action No. 16-cv-00116)
                   District Judge: Honorable Barbara Jacobs Rothstein
                      ____________________________________

                      Submitted on a Motion for Summary Action
                  Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 27.4 and I.O.P. 10.6
                                    May 17, 2018
              Before: MCKEE, VANASKIE and SCIRICA, Circuit Judges

                              (Opinion filed June 25, 2018)
                                      _________

                                        OPINION*
                                        _________

PER CURIAM


*
 This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
       Alireza Bakhtiari filed a petition under 28 U.S.C. § 2241 in the United States

District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania,1 challenging his 2012 conviction

for obstruction of justice under 18 U.S.C. § 1512(c)(2).2 See United States v. Bakhtiari,

, 1059 (8th Cir. 2013) (per curiam).3 His petition claimed that he was

actually innocent of the offense to which he had pleaded guilty. The District Court

dismissed his petition for lack of jurisdiction, and Bakhtiari timely appealed. As no

substantial question is raised by this appeal, we will grant the Appellee’s motion to

summarily affirm the District Court’s judgment. See 3d Cir. L.A.R. 27.4; I.O.P. 10.6.

       As Bakhtiari acknowledges, a motion filed under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 is the

presumptive means by which a federal prisoner can collaterally attack the validity of his

conviction or sentence. See Okereke v. United States, 

, 120 (3d Cir. 2002).

Hence, a federal prisoner may challenge the validity of his conviction or sentence via a

§ 2241 petition only if he establishes that a § 2255 motion would be “inadequate or

ineffective to test the legality of his detention.” 28 U.S.C. § 2255(e); Cradle v. United

States ex rel. Miner, 

, 538 (3d Cir. 2002) (per curiam). To date, we have


1
 At the time of filing the petition, Bakhtiari was confined in a prison within the Western
District of Pennsylvania.
2
 The statute provides: “(c) Whoever corruptly-- . . . (2) otherwise obstructs, influences,
or impedes any official proceeding, or attempts to do so, shall be fined under this title or
imprisoned not more than 20 years, or both.” 18 U.S.C. § 1512(c), (c)(2).
3
  Bakhtiari has since completed his prison term and he is now subject to supervised
release.
                                             2
applied the “inadequate or ineffective” savings clause exception only when “an

intervening change in statutory interpretation runs the risk that an individual was

convicted of conduct that is not a crime, and that change in the law applies retroactively

in cases on collateral review.” See Bruce v. Warden Lewisburg USP, 

, 179

(3d Cir. 2017) (citing In re Dorsainvil, 

, 251-52 (3d Cir. 1997)).

       Bakhtiari argues that he can meet that exception—that he is actually innocent of

the offense of his conviction due to three intervening cases: Elonis v. United States, 

(2015), Burrage v. United States, 

(2014), and United States v.

Petruk, 

(8th Cir. 2015). But we agree with the District Court that none of

those three decisions decriminalized the actions underlying Bakhtiari’s conviction.

       First, Bakhtiari argues that after Elonis, his conduct did not constitute a “threat.”

But Elonis addressed the mental state the Government was required to prove to obtain a

conviction under 18 U.S.C. § 875(c); the decision did not otherwise define what

constitutes a “threat.” See 

. And although Bakhtiari was

initially charged with a violation of § 875(c), the Government dismissed that charge

pursuant to its plea agreement with him—Elonis did not involve or address what the

Government must show to obtain a conviction under Bakhtiari’s statute of conviction,

§ 1512(c)(2). In any event, Bakhtiari explicitly admitted to the requisite mental state for

the offense of his conviction. See Guilty Plea Agreement, Dkt. #4-5, at 4, 5.




                                              3
       Bakhtiari cites a second Supreme Court case, Burrage, in which the Court

addressed the type of causation necessary to apply the enhanced penalty under 21 U.S.C.

§ 841(b)(1)(C) on an individual who distributes a controlled substance that causes death

or serious bodily. 

. But Burrage was issued before the appeal

in Bakhtiari’s § 2255 motion became final. As Bakhtiari could have raised his arguments

based on that case in his § 2255 proceedings, § 2255 was not “inadequate or ineffective”

for bringing his claim.4

       Finally, Bakhtiari cites an Eighth Circuit case, Petruk, in which the Court held

“that a successful prosecution under § 1512(c)(2) requires proof beyond a reasonable

doubt that the defendant contemplated a particular, foreseeable proceeding, and that the

contemplated proceeding constituted an ‘official proceeding,’ which is defined under

§ 1515(a)(1)(A) to include a proceeding before a federal judge, court, or grand jury, but

not a state proceeding.” 

. However, Petruk did not decriminalize

Bakhtiari’s conduct.5 First, the proceedings in Bakhtiari’s case were both federal


4
 Indeed, Bakhtiari stated in his objections to the Magistrate Judge’s Report and
Recommendation that he did raise the arguments in his § 2255 proceedings. See Dkt.
#23 at 8-9; 

(“Section 2255 is not inadequate or ineffective merely
because the sentencing court does not grant relief, the one-year statute of limitations has
expired, or the petitioner is unable to meet the stringent gatekeeping requirements of the
amended § 2255.”). In any event, we are unaware of any court that has extended the
holding in Burrage to require a “but-for” causation jury instruction in the context of
§ 1512(c)(2).
5
  Given this conclusion, we need not decide whether a change in circuit court decisional
law alone would allow a movant to meet the savings clause exception. See United States
                                            4
proceedings, and second, Bakhtiari admitted that he intended to influence the official

proceedings.6

         Because the cases cited by Bakhtiari did not decriminalize his conduct, he failed to

show that his case falls under the innocence exception that we recognized in Dorsainvil.

And Bakhtiari has not offered any other basis, nor are we aware of any, for finding that

§ 2255 is “inadequate or ineffective” for raising his claims. The District Court thus

properly dismissed his § 2241 petition. See 

.

         For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the District Court’s judgment.




v. Tyler, 

, 246 (3d Cir. 2013) (savings clause may apply if “the petitioner is
actually innocent, that is [if] the petitioner’s conduct had been rendered non-criminal due
to the Supreme Court decision as well as our own precedent construing the Supreme
Court’s decision”).
6
    For example, the Guilty Plea Agreement states:

         The defendant took these actions with an improper purpose and to engage
         in conduct knowingly and dishonestly with the specific intent to subvert,
         impede or obstruct the official proceeding; The defendant intended the
         natural and probable consequence of these actions, i.e. that the attorney
         defending against his pro se lawsuit would be frightened, intimidated, and
         chilled in his advocacy against the defendant, and potentially deterred from
         discovering evidence that the defendant had forged the documents on which
         the lawsuit was based-thus interfering with the due administration of
         justice.

Dkt. #4-5 at 4.

                                              5