NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                  UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                       FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                            ___________

                                No. 17-2855
                                ___________

                        SAMUEL B. RANDOLPH, IV,
                                          Appellant

                                      v.

  JOHN WETZEL, Secretary of PA D.O.C.; JEFFREY BEARD; SHIRLEY MOORE-
 SMEAL; LOUIS FOLINO, Superintendent; MICHAEL WENEROWICZ, Superinten-
  dent; DEPUTY CAPOZZA, Deputy Superintendent; MR. LUDWIG, Unit Manager;
MAJOR FEILDS; MICHAEL GUYTON; CAPTAIN WALKER; CAPT. BRUMFIELD;
     CAPT. STRICKLAND; LT. DERRICK WHITE; LT. LOZAR; LT. ROBERT
KENNEDY; LT. SHAUMP; LT. BARKEFELT; LT. ASHLEY; DEPUTY LANE, Dep-
 uty Superintendent; MR. REGAN, Unit Manager; DEPUTY MARTIN; JAMES DAY;
 CAPTAIN CAMPBELL; CAPT. FLAIM; LT. ROTH; LT. TERRA; LT. VEROSKY;
  LT. PRICE; LT. VICTOR SANTOYO; LT. GREGO; SGT. LAHR; SGT. YUNKIN;
SGT. CHAPELLE; SGT. STANKOVICH; SGT. HOLSEY; MS. CUNNINGHAM; MS.
     WANNAMAKER; C.O. RUCKER; C.O. DAVIDSON; C.O. LACOTTA; C.O.
     RAMBLER; C.O. MILLER; MYRON STANISHEFSKI; SGT. KLINE; SGT.
 THOMAS; SGT. CURRAN; MS. COLEY; MS. S. CARTER; MS. H. POWLOWSKI;
C/O PENCE; C.O. SPEELMAN; C.O. COLGAN; C.O. SZALAZA; IRMA VIHLIDAL;
 JOSEPH KORSZNIAK; DR. BYANCHUK JIN; DR. HERBICK; DR. MCDONALD;
NURSE ED; NURSE SHARDAE; NURSE ARLENE; MS. KOCHI, Physician’s Asst.;
  DAN DAVIS; MARY CANINO; JOHN KUSHNER, Therapist; MS. SEBECK; DR.
  BLATT; DR. STEPHONIC; DR. FELIPE ARIAS; NURSE TOM; NURSE NEDRA
  GREGO; M. DIGGS, Physician’s Asst.; DORINA VARNER; WENDY SHAYLOR;
 MR. NUNEZ; NURSE BRUCE POKOL; C.O. MS. C.D. MILBOURNE, Sued in their
                          individual and official capacities
                     ____________________________________

                On Appeal from the United States District Court
                    for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
                    (D.C. Civil Action No. 2:11-cv-03396)
                District Judge: Honorable Eduardo C. Robreno
                 ____________________________________
                     Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                   February 25, 2019

            Before: CHAGARES, BIBAS and GREENBERG, Circuit Judges

                               (Opinion filed February 26, 2019)
                                         ___________

                                         OPINION*
                                        ___________


PER CURIAM

       Pennsylvania state prisoner Samuel B. Randolph, IV, appeals pro se from the Dis-

trict Court’s final judgment entered against him in this civil rights action. For the reasons

that follow, we will affirm.

                                              I.

       Because we write primarily for the parties, who are familiar with this case’s exten-

sive procedural history, we discuss that history only briefly. In mid-2011, Randolph com-

menced this action by filing a pro se complaint in the District Court. Randolph’s sweeping,

83-page complaint was brought against more than 70 defendants, all of whom appeared to

be either prison officials or medical personnel who worked at one of the two Pennsylvania

Department of Corrections prisons that housed Randolph between 2009 and 2011. Ran-

dolph’s claims alleged, inter alia, numerous violations of his constitutional rights stemming

from a host of events that allegedly took place during that time period.




*
 This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
                                              2
       At the end of 2012, after discovery had commenced and the defendants had moved

for summary judgment, Randolph moved the District Court for permission to file an

“Amended and Supplemental Complaint” pursuant to Federal Rules of Civil Procedure

15(a) and 15(d).1 This proposed pleading, a massive, 171-page document, sought to raise

more allegations and name dozens of additional defendants. In March 2013, the District

Court denied Randolph’s motion without prejudice to his ability to file a separate civil

action addressing claims arising after those presented in his original complaint.2

       Between December 2013 and June 2014, the District Court issued two decisions

granting summary judgment against Randolph with respect to all but the following claims:

(1) an excessive force claim against three defendants (Corrections Officers Speelman,

Lacotta, and Rambler); and (2) a retaliation claim against two defendants (Speelman and

Lacotta). The District Court later appointed pro bono counsel for Randolph for the purpose

of trying those surviving claims. A jury trial was ultimately held in July 2017. At the close

of the evidence, the District Court granted Lacotta’s motion for a directed verdict on the

retaliation claim brought against him. The other claims were submitted to the jury, which


1
  Rule 15(a) pertains to amended pleadings, while Rule 15(d) pertains to supplemental
pleadings. “[A]mended pleadings relate to matters that occurred prior to the filing of the
original pleading and entirely replace the earlier pleading; [supplemental pleadings] deal
with events subsequent to the pleading to be altered and represent additions to or continu-
ations of the earlier pleadings.” T Mobile Ne. LLC v. City of Wilmington, Del., No. 18-
1831, 

, at *3 n.4 (3d Cir. Jan. 10, 2019) (precedential opinion) (second
alteration in original) (internal quotation marks omitted).
2
 In July 2013, Randolph filed that separate action. See Dist. Ct. Case No. 2:13-cv-04116.
The District Court stayed that case and placed it in suspense in December 2016, and it
currently remains in that procedural posture.

                                             3
returned a verdict against Randolph on each claim. On July 24, 2017, the District Court

entered judgment against Randolph. This timely pro se appeal, filed on August 17, 2017,

followed.3

                                             II.

       We begin with Randolph’s challenge to the District Court’s decision, entered March

19, 2013, denying him permission to file his “Amended and Supplemental Complaint.”

We review that decision for abuse of discretion. See Burtch v. Milberg Factors, Inc., 

, 220 (3d Cir. 2011) (addressing motion to amend under Rule 15(a)); Cencast

Servs., L.P. v. United States, 

, 1365 (Fed. Cir. 2013) (citing Schwarz v. City

of Treasure Island, 

, 1211 (11th Cir. 2008)) (addressing motion to supple-

ment under Rule 15(d)). The District Court denied Randolph’s motion to amend/supple-

ment based on its determination that the defendants would suffer undue prejudice if the

motion were granted. See Hill v. City of Scranton, 

, 134 (3d Cir. 2005) (ex-

plaining that a district court may deny leave to amend if “the amendment would prejudice



3
  We have jurisdiction over this appeal pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. However, to the
extent that Randolph’s briefing challenges the District Court’s August 29, 2017 order deny-
ing his motion for a new trial, our jurisdiction does not reach that post-judgment order
because he did not file a new notice of appeal or amend his original notice after the District
Court entered that order. See Fed. R. App. P. 4(a)(4)(B)(ii); Witasick v. Minn. Mut. Life
Ins. Co., 

, 191 n.7 (3d Cir. 2015). But even if we did have jurisdiction over
that order, Randolph would not be entitled to any relief from it. In that order, the District
Court denied Randolph’s new-trial motion without prejudice to his ability to refile that
motion within 30 days of his receipt of the trial transcript (in that same order, the District
Court granted Randolph’s request for a copy of that transcript and directed the Clerk to
mail that copy to him). That approach by the District Court was eminently reasonable, and
it served to help, not hinder, Randolph. Although Randolph ultimately did not refile his
new-trial motion, that was his choice and not some error by the District Court.
                                              4
the other party”); Carter v. Bigelow, 

, 1279 (10th Cir. 2015) (indicating that

prejudice to the opposing party may serve as a basis for denying a motion to supplement).

Given that Randolph’s motion for leave to amend/supplement sought to significantly ex-

pand the scope of this case, and was filed after discovery had commenced and the defend-

ants had moved for summary judgment, we conclude that the District Court acted within

its discretion in denying that motion.4

       We next consider the District Court’s two summary-judgment decisions, which

were entered on December 20, 2013, and June 11, 2014, respectively. 5 We review those

decisions under a plenary standard. See Zaloga v. Borough of Moosic, 

, 174

n.3 (3d Cir. 2016). Summary judgment is appropriate when the movants “show[] that there

is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant[s] [are] entitled to judgment

as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). Although the non-movant’s evidence “is to be

believed, and all justifiable inferences are to be drawn in his favor in determining whether

a genuine factual question exists,” summary judgment should be granted “unless there is

sufficient evidence for a jury to reasonably find for the nonmovant.” Barefoot Architect,



4
 Randolph has not demonstrated that a different conclusion is warranted here. Although
he alleges that “the defendants” caused the delay in his moving for leave to amend by
“seizing, withholding and/or destroying [his] legal property and materials” (Randolph’s
Opening Br. 14), his briefing does not identify which of the 70-plus defendants in this case
were allegedly responsible, let alone point us to any evidence to support his bald allegation.
5
  The District Court’s December 20, 2013 order granted summary judgment with respect
to Randolph’s numerous Eighth Amendment claims, as well as claims alleging violations
of his rights under the First Amendment, the Fourteenth Amendment, and the Americans
with Disabilities Act. The District Court’s June 11, 2014 order granted summary judgment
with respect to Randolph’s claims of medical malpractice.
                                              5
Inc. v. Bunge, 

, 826 (3d Cir. 2011) (internal quotation marks omitted). In this

case, the District Court’s summary-judgment analysis totaled 50 pages. In those pages, the

District Court thoroughly and cogently explained why summary judgment against Ran-

dolph was warranted with respect to the vast majority of his many claims. For substantially

the reasons given by the District Court, we agree with its summary-judgment rulings.6

       Lastly, we examine Randolph’s trial-related claims. Randolph contends that de-

fense counsel committed misconduct by repeatedly referring to the fact that Randolph is

on death row, thereby causing the jury to focus on his death-row status instead of the facts

of the case. This claim is belied by the record, for the trial transcript shows that defense

counsel did not refer to Randolph’s death-row status in front of the jury. 7 Randolph also


6
  Randolph appears to argue that the District Court improperly “transmogrif[ied]” his com-
plaint by construing all of his Eighth Amendment claims as medical malpractice claims.
We find this argument unpersuasive. The District Court treated the complaint, which was
not a model of clarity (see Dist. Ct. Op. entered Dec. 20, 2013, at 4 n.3 (noting that the
complaint “does not contain clearly enumerated counts or claims”)) as raising both Eighth
Amendment and malpractice claims. Even if we were to assume for the sake of argument
that some of those malpractice claims should have been treated as Eighth Amendment
claims, Randolph has not demonstrated that those claims, properly construed, would have
been able to survive summary judgment. That is, his briefing does not cite evidence in the
summary-judgment record that would have been sufficient to allow a jury to reasonably
find in his favor on those claims. See Barefoot Architect, 

.
7
  The death-row references at trial were first made by Randolph’s own witness (fellow
death-row inmate Arthur Bomar) on direct examination. The three defendants on trial later
made similar references during their testimonies. All told, in approximately 100 pages of
testimony, it appears that the defendants used the phrase “death row” nine times. To the
extent that Randolph takes issue with those references made by the defendants, he has not
persuaded us that he is entitled to relief on appeal. Those scattered references were pro-
vided merely as background and were seemingly innocuous. (See, e.g., N.T., July 21,
2017, at 6 (Speelman stating that Randolph “is an inmate who resides on death row at SCI
Greene”); 

(Speelman explaining what clothes inmates “[o]n L-block, on death
row,” typically wear when they go out to the exercise yard); 

(Lacotta explaining
                                             6
appears to claim that the District Court erred in refusing to instruct the jury on the defend-

ants’ spoliation of certain evidence (video footage from the prison).8 This claim fails, too,

because Randolph did not establish that the defendants withheld or destroyed any such

evidence, let alone that they did so in bad faith. See Jutrowski v. Twp. of Riverdale, 

, 292 (3d Cir. 2018) (“[A] spoliation inference requires, among other things, actual

suppression or withholding of evidence . . . .” (internal quotation marks omitted)); see also

Bull v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., 

, 79 (3d Cir. 2012) (“[A] finding of bad faith

is pivotal to a spoliation determination.”). To the extent that Randolph complains about

his trial counsel’s performance, those complaints do not entitle him to any relief on appeal.

See Nelson v. Boeing Co., 

, 1119 (10th Cir. 2006) (“The general rule in civil

cases is that the ineffective assistance of counsel is not a basis for appeal or retrial.”); see

also Kushner v. Winterthur Swiss Ins. Co., 

, 408 (3d Cir. 1980) (explaining




that he was “work[ing] the restricted housing units, the death row blocks,” when the inci-
dent undergirding Randolph’s excessive-force claim occurred)). Even if we were to as-
sume for the sake of argument that the admission of these references at trial constituted
legal error, we would conclude that any such error is harmless. See Egan v. Del. River
Port Auth., 

, 276 (3d Cir. 2017) (“Under the harmless error standard, the er-
roneous exclusion or admission of evidence will not require reversal if it is highly probable
that the error did not contribute to the judgment.” (internal quotation marks omitted)).
8
  When “there is evidence that one party has destroyed or altered evidence, the opposing
party can obtain a ‘spoliation inference, that the destroyed evidence would have been un-
favorable to the position of the offending party.’” McMunn v. Babcock & Wilcox Power
Generation Grp., Inc., 

, 268 (3d Cir. 2017) (quoting Schmid v. Milwaukee
Elec. Tool Corp., 

, 78 (3d Cir. 1994)). This Court reviews the District Court’s
denial of a spoliation inference for abuse of discretion. See 

the remedy for attorney negligence in a civil case is an action for malpractice).9 And

to the extent that Randolph attempts to raise any other arguments in connection with his

trial, none warrants relief here.

       In light of the above, and having carefully considered Randolph’s various arguments

(including those not specifically discussed in this opinion), we see no reason to disturb the

District Court’s resolution of this case.10 Accordingly, we will affirm the District Court’s

final judgment entered July 24, 2017. Randolph’s request to impose sanctions against his

trial counsel and defense counsel is denied.




9
 We take no position on whether Randolph would be able to prevail in an attorney-mal-
practice action.
10
   Between 2011 and 2017, the District Court issued a host of orders in this case. Ran-
dolph’s opening brief references many of them. To the extent that he has preserved chal-
lenges to any orders not specifically discussed in this opinion, see Laborers’ Int’l Union of
N. Am., AFL-CIO v. Foster Wheeler Corp., 

, 398 (3d Cir. 1994) (explaining
that a brief’s “passing reference to an issue . . . will not suffice to bring that issue before
this court” (ellipses in original) (quoting Simmons v. City of Philadelphia, 

,
1066 (3d Cir. 1991))); see also Emerson v. Thiel Coll., 

, 190 n.5 (3d Cir.
2002) (per curiam) (applying waiver doctrine to pro se case), we have reviewed those chal-
lenges and conclude that none of them warrants relief here.
                                               8