NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                 _____________

                                      No. 18-1125
                                     _____________

                  ARMAMENT SERVICES INTERNATIONAL INC.;
                       MAURA ELLEN KELERCHIAN,
                                          Appellants

                                            v.

    ATTORNEY GENERAL UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; DEPUTY DIRECTOR
         BUREAU OF ALCOHOL TOBACCO FIREARMS & EXPLOSIVES;
     DIRECTOR INDUSTRY OPERATIONS BUREAU OF ALCOHOL TOBACCO
          FIREARMS & EXPLOSIVES; UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

                                      ____________

                 On Appeal from the United States District Court for the
                           Eastern District of Pennsylvania
                                 (No. 2:17-mc-00010)
                      District Judge: Hon. Michael M. Baylson

                                Argued: October 30, 2018

          Before: CHAGARES, JORDAN, and VANASKIE*, Circuit Judges.

                                (Filed: January 22, 2019)




*
  The Honorable Thomas I. Vanaskie retired from the Court on January 1, 2019, after the
argument and conference in this case, but before the filing of the opinion. This opinion is
filed by a quorum of the panel pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 46(d) and Third Circuit I.O.P.
Chapter 12.
Adam J. Kraut       [ARGUED]
Joshua Prince
Prince Law Offices
646 Lenape Road
Bechtelsville, PA 19505
       Counsel for Appellants

William M. McSwain
United States Attorney
Gregory B. David
Assisitant United States Attorney
Chief, Civil Division
Lauren E. DeBruicker        [ARGUED]
Assistant United States Attorney
Office of United States Attorney
615 Chestnut Street, Suite 1250
Philadelphia, PA 19106

Jeffrey A. Cohen
ATF Associate Chief Counsel
John Kevin White
ATF Division Counsel
601 Walnut Street
Philadelphia, PA 19106
       Counsel for Appellees

                                      ____________

                                        OPINION
                                      ____________

CHAGARES, Circuit Judge.

       Armament Services International, Inc. and Maura Kelerchian were denied firearms

licenses by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (“ATF”). They





 This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
                                             2
petitioned for judicial review of that decision under 18 U.S.C. § 923(f)(3). The District

Court granted summary judgment to ATF without permitting discovery. We will affirm.

                                             I.

       Maura Kelerchian and her husband Vahan Kelerchian jointly owned and operated

Armament Services International, Inc. (“ASI”), a federal firearms licensee, between 2002

and 2013.1 In May 2013, Vahan was indicted for several violations of the Gun Control

Act and other felonies.2 Vahan and employees of the Sheriff’s Department for Lake

County, Indiana, bought 71 machineguns from the licensed firearms dealer Heckler and

Koch (“H&K”) purportedly for official use, but instead disassembled them and sold the

parts for profit. Soon after Vahan’s indictment, Maura informed ATF that Vahan was no

longer a responsible person on ASI’s licenses, effective immediately, and ASI applied to

renew its licenses. Vahan was convicted. A few days later, Maura applied for her own

license to operate as a firearms dealer.

       ATF denied Maura and ASI’s applications under 18 U.S.C. § 923(d)(1)(C) for

willfully violating the Gun Control Act. ATF concluded that ASI had knowingly made

false statements with respect to the information required to be kept in H&K’s transaction

records in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(a)(1)(A) and had unlawfully possessed

machineguns in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(o), and that Maura had aided and abetted

those violations. After a hearing, ATF affirmed this conclusion.



1
  Because we write only for the parties, we recite just those facts necessary to our
decision.
2
  We use the Kelerchians’ first names for ease of reference in distinguishing them.
                                             3
       Maura and ASI filed a petition for judicial review under 18 U.S.C. § 923(f)(3).

ATF moved for summary judgment, and Maura and ASI moved to stay that motion to

conduct discovery. The District Court denied discovery and granted ATF summary

judgment, finding that the undisputed evidence proved that Maura and ASI willfully

violated 18 U.S.C. § 924(a)(1)(A) and § 922(o). The court also held that collateral

estoppel, the statute of limitations in 28 U.S.C. § 2462, and the time limits in 18 U.S.C.

§ 923(f)(4) did not apply. Maura and ASI timely appealed.

                                             II.

       We have appellate jurisdiction over the District Court’s final order granting

summary judgment to ATF under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. The District Court had jurisdiction

under 18 U.S.C. § 923(f)(3) and 28 U.S.C. § 1331.

       Under 18 U.S.C. § 923(f)(3), a district court conducts “de novo judicial review of

[the] denial or revocation” of a federal firearms license, under which it “may consider

any evidence submitted by the parties to the proceeding whether or not such evidence

was considered at the hearing” before ATF. Here, the District Court did not hold an

evidentiary hearing and instead resolved the case on ATF’s motion for summary

judgment based on the administrative record. Our review of the District Court’s

summary judgment decision is plenary, and we apply the same standard as the District

Court to determine whether summary judgment was appropriate. E.g., Sconiers v. United

States, 

, 597 n.3 (3d Cir. 2018). In a § 923(f)(3) proceeding, summary

judgment is “appropriate if no genuine issue of material fact exists about whether [the



                                             4
licensee] willfully violated an applicable statutory or regulatory provision.” Armalite,

Inc. v. Lambert, 

, 647 (6th Cir. 2008).

                                              III.

       Anyone who imports, manufactures, or deals in firearms must apply for and

receive a license from the Attorney General. 18 U.S.C. § 923(a).3 The Attorney General

“shall” approve an application for a license if certain criteria are satisfied. 

The criterion relevant here requires that “the applicant has not willfully

violated any of the provisions of this chapter or regulations issued thereunder.” 

A violation of the Gun Control Act is willful where the licensee:

(1) knew of his legal obligation under the Gun Control Act, and (2) either purposefully

disregarded or was plainly indifferent to its requirements. Simpson v. Attorney Gen.

United States of Am., No. 17-3718, 

, at *3 (3d Cir. Jan. 3, 2019).

       ASI argues that it did not willfully violate either § 924(a)(1)(A) or § 922(o).

Maura argues that she did not willfully aid and abet those violations. We disagree.

                                              A.

       As for § 924(a)(1)(A), there is no doubt that Vahan caused H&K to make false

statements in its records, but ASI argues that Vahan’s acts cannot be ascribed to ASI

because they were outside the scope of his employment. But ASI cites no authority for

this proposition. On this record, it is beyond reasonable dispute that ASI knew of

Vahan’s actions and is thus, under the licensing regime, responsible for his conduct. See


3
       The Attorney General has delegated his licensing decisions to ATF. See 28 C.F.R.
§ 0.130(a)(1).
                                               5
Stein’s Inc. v. Blumenthal, 

, 467–68 (7th Cir. 1980). The fact that one

subsection of § 923(d)(1) defines “the applicant” as “including, in the case of a

corporation, . . . any individual possessing, directly or indirectly, the power to direct or

cause the direction of the management and policies of the corporation” suggests that the

actions of a corporate licensee’s president are ascribable to the corporate licensee. 18

U.S.C. § 923(d)(1)(B).

       Maura willfully aided and abetted the violation of § 924(a)(1)(A). She was ASI’s

vice president and a responsible person on its licenses, and a co-conspirator testified that

she appeared to know what was going on with the firearms based on his email

communications with her. She argues that her role was merely secretarial, but offers no

reason a secretary cannot aid and abet a violation of the Gun Control Act. The facts show

that Maura did just that: she sent the Sheriff’s Department templates for the falsified

demonstration letters that they used to acquire the machineguns and, once they acquired

the guns, instructions on how to cut them up to sell for parts. Since this information

advanced illegal ends, it does not matter that the information itself was publicly available.

Regardless of whether this evidence shows that Maura shared in her husband’s criminal

intent beyond a reasonable doubt, it surely gave ATF “reason to believe that [she was]

not qualified to receive a license” due to at least plain indifference to the requirements of

the Gun Control Act. 27 C.F.R. § 478.71.

       These facts make this case unlike Harris News Agency, Inc. v. Bowers, 

(8th Cir. 2015), upon which Maura relies. There, ATF denied Harris News a

firearms license because ATF concluded that the company’s principals had aided and

                                               6
abetted a violation of the Gun Control Act by “allowing” it to happen. 

The

Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit reversed because ATF had found no “affirmative

conduct” by the principals, and only mere “negative acquiescence” in the underlying

violation. 

did not just “allow” the violation — she helped.

       We also reject Maura and ASI’s efforts to dispute that H&K’s records contained

misrepresentations. Even if the conspirators intended the Department ultimately to

receive 15 to 20 complete firearms, the recipient of over 50 machineguns would still have

been misrepresented. And, in actuality, none of these machineguns were ever “ultimately

transferred via proper forms to the Sheriff’s Department.” ASI Br. 37. These arguments

fail to raise genuine disputes of material fact over ASI and Maura’s violations of

§ 924(a)(1)(A).

                                            B.

       Turning to § 922(o), ATF identified five machineguns that ASI acquired using

falsified letters requesting the firearms for police department demonstrations and then

unlawfully possessed from mid-2009 until ATF seized them in 2013. ASI disputes that

its possession was unlawful — because the letters were authorized by the Sheriff’s

Department and approved by ATF, because demonstrations need not actually occur, and

so on. Maybe ASI could have acquired these machineguns lawfully under different

circumstances. But here the demonstrations were fictitious from the outset and the

weapons were cut up and sold for parts. That possession was unlawful.

       Maura aided and abetted this violation. As discussed above, she emailed a co-

conspirator in the Sheriff’s Department to coordinate sending the demonstration letters,

                                             7
including telling him when to send them and sending him a sample letter. Later, although

she knew that the machineguns had been acquired only for police demonstrations, she

sent that same co-conspirator instructions on how to cut them up into parts. In doing so,

she purposefully disregarded or was at least plainly indifferent to the prohibition on

unlawful possession of machineguns in § 922(o).

       In sum, the undisputed facts demonstrate that ASI and Maura willfully violated

two provisions of the Gun Control Act, and summary judgment was appropriate.

                                             IV.

       We also reject ASI and Maura’s remaining four challenges to ATF’s license

denials.

       First, Maura argues that ATF is collaterally estopped from considering her a co-

conspirator because there was a judicial determination that she was not a co-conspirator

at Vahan’s criminal trial. Not so. The court held that Maura acted as Vahan’s agent and

did not conclude that she was not a co-conspirator (on the contrary, the court stated that

there was enough evidence to consider Maura a co-conspirator). United States v.

Kelerchian, 13-cr-66 (N.D. Ind.), ECF No. 192 at 229–232. And this point is irrelevant

anyway, since ATF ultimately denied Maura’s application as an aider and abettor, not a

co-conspirator. So there is no basis for collateral estoppel.

       Second, Maura and ASI argue that ATF cannot deny their applications because

Vahan was indicted more than a year before the denials and because Vahan’s convictions

are not final. Under 18 U.S.C. § 923(f)(4), “[i]f criminal proceedings are instituted

against a licensee” for violating the Gun Control Act but “the licensee is acquitted,” ATF

                                              8
cannot deny or revoke its licenses based on the same conduct and cannot institute

revocation proceedings more than a year after the indictment. But no criminal

proceedings were instituted against Maura or ASI, since neither were indicted. Plus, ATF

did not revoke their licenses; rather, Maura and ASI applied for new and renewed

licenses. And Vahan’s convictions — final or not — are not dispositive, since ATF’s

denials were also based on the guilty pleas of the co-conspirators, documentary and

testimonial proof of affirmative acts by Maura, and Maura’s interview with ATF. So, the

limits imposed by § 923(f)(4) do not apply.

       Third, Maura and ASI argue that ATF is time-barred from denying their

applications by 28 U.S.C. § 2462, which as relevant provides that “an action, suit or

proceeding for the enforcement of any civil fine, penalty, or forfeiture, pecuniary or

otherwise, shall not be entertained unless commenced within five years from the date

when the claim first accrued.” Denying a license, however, is just that; it is not an action,

suit, or proceeding for the enforcement of any civil fine, penalty, or forfeiture.

Accordingly, 28 U.S.C. § 2462 does not apply.

       Fourth and finally, in a footnote, Maura and ASI “object to the consideration of

H&K’s Acquisition and Disposition Records under the Tiahrt Amendment.” ASI Br. 32

n.30. “Federal courts of appeals refuse to take cognizance of arguments that are made in

passing without proper development.” Johnson v. Williams, 

, 299 (2013);

see also Papp v. Fore-Kast Sales Co., 

, 815 (3d Cir. 2016) (refusing to

consider argument raised only in a “footnote, standing alone, [that] does not sufficiently

present [an] argument on the issue”). Thus, we need not consider this point. In any

                                              9
event, it is plain that ASI willfully violated the Gun Control Act and Maura aided and

abetted those violations, even without considering H&K’s records.

                                             V.

       We turn last to Maura and ASI’s argument that the District Court should have

permitted discovery before granting ATF summary judgment. Under Federal Rule of

Civil Procedure 56(d), if a party “cannot present facts essential to justify its opposition”

to summary judgment, the court may allow discovery. We review a district court’s

disposition of a Rule 56(d) motion for abuse of discretion. See Woloszyn v. Cty. of

Lawrence, 

, 324 n.6 (3d Cir. 2005). A district court abuses its discretion

when it makes “a clearly erroneous finding of fact, an errant conclusion of law, or an

improper application of law to fact.” Int’l Union, United Auto., Aerospace & Agric.

Implement Workers of Am., UAW v. Mack Trucks, Inc., 

, 95 (3d Cir. 1987).

       We cannot conclude that the District Court abused its discretion. The court was

correct that the Gun Control Act does not require it to consider evidence outside the

administrative record. And ASI and Maura’s reasons for requesting discovery were

unpersuasive. ASI sought discovery to support its arguments that § 932(f)(4) or 28

U.S.C. § 2462 bars ATF from denying its applications, but these provisions do not apply

for the reasons set forth above. And Maura sought discovery about her involvement in

the conspiracy, information she surely already possessed. Given this, and given that the

statutory scheme permits the District Court to proceed solely on the administrative

record, we conclude that the District Court acted within its discretion to deny discovery.



                                             10
                                          VI.

      For these reasons, we will affirm the District Court’s order granting summary

judgment to ATF.




                                          11