NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                        UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                             FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                       _____________

                                        No. 18-1157
                                       _____________


                            UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

                                             v.

                              JOEL LEE QUENTIN SCOTT,
                                             Appellant
                                    ______________

                       Appeal from the United States District Court
                         for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
                         (District Court No. 2-17-cr-00151-001)
                           District Judge: Hon. J. Curtis Joyner
                                     ______________

                    Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
                                  December 14, 2018
                                   ______________

           Before: SMITH, Chief Judge, McKEE and FISHER, Circuit Judges.

                               (Opinion filed: June 25, 2019)

                                _______________________

                                       OPINION
                                _______________________





 This disposition is not an opinion of the full court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
McKEE, Circuit Judge.

        A grand jury indicted Joel Scott for armed bank robbery, in violation of 18 U.S.C.

§ 2113(d), and using, carrying, and brandishing a firearm during and in relation to a crime

of violence, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1). Scott entered a conditional guilty plea

to preserve his right to appeal the District Court’s denial of his suppression motions. The

District Court never made any findings of fact to explain its reasons for denying the

suppression motions even though the testimony the government offered at the suppression

hearing was inconsistent. Given that inconsistent and contradictory testimony, the District

Court’s failure to make findings of fact has resulted in a record that is insufficient for us to

decide the legal issues presented in this appeal. Accordingly, we will vacate and remand

the matter with instructions for the District Court to make specific written findings of fact

and conclusions of law.

                                               I.

        Three police officers testified at the suppression hearing. The discrepancies in their

testimony is troubling and the differing accounts were never resolved by the District

Court. One of the officers, Corporal Sean Dougherty, testified that he stopped Scott and

his codefendant in a residential development near the bank because they acted

suspiciously by changing their direction after noticing him. However, Corporal

Dougherty also testified that he thought the men were acting suspiciously because when

he approached “they continued to walk [normally] and ignore[d] my presence.”1

.

                                               2
       For reasons known only to the government, Sergeant Louis Montalbano, the officer

who initially seized the cash from Scott’s pockets, was not called to testify. The

testimony surrounding his search of Scott and resulting seizure is inconsistent. It is not

clear whether Sergeant Montalbano “saw” or “felt” the cash which led to the challenged

seizure and subsequent arrest. According to the government’s response to Scott’s motion,

officers discovered the cash during a patdown for weapons and therefore had the authority

to seize it under the “plain feel” doctrine. Yet, Corporal Dougherty recalled, Sergeant

Montalbano “could actually see some cash, a wad of cash in [Scott’s] front right pocket.”2

If that were the case, the District Court may have concluded that the officer could seize

the money under the “plain view” doctrine.3

       However, Corporal Dougherty further testified that he took over the patdown and

“could feel a considerable amount of cash in [Scott’s] pocket.”4 After removing the cash

from Scott’s front right pocket, Corporal Dougherty testified, “I could feel another

significant lump in his [front left] pocket that was consistent with cash.”5 On cross-

examination, Corporal Dougherty was asked about the encounter as viewed from the dash

cam video. This followed:

       Q. Where we see you there manipulating what was in his pockets?
       A. Feeling his pockets.
       Q. Okay. So at that point, you knew whatever was in his pockets was not a
       weapon, correct?
       A. Well, I didn’t know what was behind the big wad of cash. There could have
       been a small knife. So I was making sure, 1, that it was a wad of cash; and, 2,

–20.
3
  See Minnesota v. Dickerson, 

, 374 (1993).

.

–21.

                                              3
       there was nothing that could poke me as I go and get it.
       Q. Okay. But you were squeezing it, correct?
       A. Yes, I would say that I was.6

Under the plain view doctrine, “if police are lawfully in a position from which they view

an object, if its incriminating character is immediately apparent, and if the officers have a

lawful right of access to the object, they may seize it without a warrant.”7 “The rationale

of the plain-view doctrine is that if contraband is left in open view and is observed by a

police officer from a lawful vantage point, there has been no invasion of a legitimate

expectation of privacy and thus no ‘search’ within the meaning of the Fourth

Amendment[.]”8 Nevertheless, the plain view doctrine cannot justify a seizure if “the

police lack probable cause to believe that an object in plain view is contraband without

conducting some further search of the object—i.e., if its incriminating character is not

immediately apparent.”9 Here, there is at least some evidence to cast doubt on whether

Sergeant Montalbano actually “saw” the cash in Scott’s pocket. For example, in the dash

cam video, Scott is wearing an untucked shirt that may have been covering his pockets. If

the officers had to lift Scott’s shirt to observe his pockets and see the cash, it may not fall

within the purview of the plain view doctrine. Moreover, cash hanging from one’s pocket

is not per se incriminating.10

.
7
  

.
8
  

States v. Yamba, 

, 257–58 (3rd Cir. 2007) (quoting 

).
10
   See United State v. Sokolow, 

, 8 (1989) (noting that carrying large amounts of
cash “is not by itself proof of any illegal conduct”); United States v. Berenguer, 

, 210 (2d Cir. 1977) (billfold containing $3,200 “offered no immediately apparent”

                                               4
       The “plain feel” doctrine derives from plain view.11 Under plain feel, “officers

may seize nonthreatening contraband detected during a protective patdown search.”12 But

like the plain view doctrine, the contraband must be “immediately apparent” to justify

seizure under plain feel.13 Here, Corporal Dougherty’s own testimony confirms that he

did squeeze and manipulate Scott’s pockets when detecting the cash. Thus, if “the

officer[s] determined that the lump was contraband only after squeezing, sliding, and

otherwise manipulating the contents of [Scott’s] pocket—a pocket which the officer

already knew contained no weapon,”14 that would contradict any notion that they

immediately recognized the lump as “a wad of cash,”15 and the seizure would not be

covered by the plain feel doctrine. Absent any findings, we are left guessing about the

immediacy, certainty, and amount of manipulation used to acquire knowledge about the

cash seized.16

       The bank manager was also not called to testify. However, Detective Stephen

Brookes testified that the bank manager was able to identify Scott because he “was

wearing black pants, and she recognized his build.”17 Detective Brookes later stated that




inculpatory evidence); see also United States v. $121,100.00 in U.S. Currency, 

, 1506 (11th Cir. 1993) (in forfeiture proceeding, holding that, “[a]bsent some
evidence,” large sums of money provide “no reasonable basis for believing that the money
is substantially linked to” illegal conduct).
11
   

.
12
   

508 U.S. at 373).
13
   

14
   

(quoting 

); see App. 180.

–20.
16
   See 

.

.

                                             5
the bank manager was able to identify Scott because he was the shorter of the two men

arrested. But when asked whether the manager said “anything particular about [Scott’s]

build,” Detective Brookes stated “no, not that I recall.”18 The manager had not seen the

robbers’ faces during the robbery, both Scott and his codefendant were wearing dark pants

when they were arrested and identified, and both Scott and his codefendant are black

males. Scott argues that by “build” the manager simply meant that Scott was the shorter

of the two men arrested and presented to her. He argues that he was therefore not actually

“identified.” He also claims that the manner in which the police conducted the showup,

was unduly suggestive and constituted a denial of due process.

         After the hearing, the District Court took the matter under advisement. A month

later, the Court entered summary orders denying Scott’s suppression motions without

making any findings of fact or conclusions of law. The Court’s orders contained a

footnote stating: “The Court will further supplement the record of this case with Findings

of Fact and Conclusions of Law at a later date so not to delay the Defendant and the

Government in preparing for trial.”19 Despite this statement, the District Court did not

issue any written findings of fact or conclusions of law.

         Subsequently, Scott entered a negotiated conditional guilty plea which preserved

his right to appeal the denial of his suppression motions. This appeal followed.

.

n.1; App. 4 n.2.

                                              6
                                             II. 20

       A district court judge is not required to make formal written findings of fact.21

However, “[w]hen factual issues are involved in deciding a motion, [a district] court must

state its essential findings on the record.”22 When the district court makes no written

findings of fact, “we must extract findings from his [or her] oral decision at the hearing.”23

       In the instant case, not only did the District Court fail to make written findings of

fact, it also did not make an “oral decision at the hearing.”24 Rather, the Court stated the

following at the conclusion of the suppression hearing:

       Counsel, I’ll take this matter under advisement. . . I will issue an order. I might
       file subsequent findings of fact and conclusions of law in reference to the
       order. The order will come first initially, and then I’ll put findings of fact and
       conclusions of law on the record to support that decision.25

       As is evident from our brief discussion of the plain view (and plain feel) doctrine,

the Court’s ruling on Scott’s suppression motions cannot be reviewed without knowing

the precise circumstances that surround the seizure of evidence from his pocket including

the timing and sequence of those events. That, in turn, can only be determined if we know

what testimony (if any) the Court found credible. In the absence of testimony by Sergeant



20
   The District Court had subject matter jurisdiction under 18 U.S.C. § 3231. We have
jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We review the District Court’s denial of a motion to
suppress for clear error as to the underlying factual findings and we exercise plenary
review of the District Court’s application of law to those facts. United States v. Perez, 

, 336 (3d Cir. 2002).
21
   See In re Application of Adan, 

, 387 (3d Cir.2006).
22
   Fed.R.Crim.P. 12(d).
23
   In re Application of 

.
24
   See 

366.

                                               7
Montalbano and the bank manager, we can only speculate about what the District Court

believed happened after the police arrived.

       Accordingly, remand is appropriate.

                                              III.

       For the foregoing reasons, we will vacate the orders denying Scott’s motions to

suppress and remand the case to the District Court to make findings of fact resolving the

troubling contradictions in these testimonies.




                                               8