NOT PRECEDENTIAL
                        UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                             FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                  _____________

                                       No. 18-2212
                                      _____________

                                SUZAN MCGARY, M.D.,
                                              Appellant

                                             v.

             WILLIAMSPORT REGIONAL MEDICAL CENTER;
      SUSQUEHANNA HEALTH SYSTEM; GEORGE MANCHESTER, M.D.;
      SCOTT CROLL, M.D.; JOHN BURKS, M.D.; MARK A. OSEVALA, D.O.
                            _______________

                      On Appeal from the United States District Court
                          for the Middle District of Pennsylvania
                                  (D.C. No. 4-12-cv-1742)
                         District Judge: Hon. Matthew W. Brann
                                    _______________

                        Submitted Under Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                    January 22, 2019

                  Before: JORDAN, KRAUSE, and ROTH, Circuit Judges.

                                   (Filed: June 6, 2019)
                                    _______________

                                        OPINION
                                     _______________




              
                This disposition is not an opinion of the full court and, pursuant to I.O.P.
5.7, does not constitute binding precedent.
JORDAN, Circuit Judge.

          Susan McGary appeals the grant of summary judgment for Susquehanna Health

System (“Susquehanna Health”), its wholly owned subsidiary Williamsport Regional

Medical Center (the “Medical Center” or the “hospital”), and related employees

Dr. George Manchester, Dr. Scott Croll, Dr. John Burks,1 and Dr. Mark Osevala2

(collectively, the “Defendants”) on her antitrust and related state law claims. We will

affirm.

I.        BACKGROUND

          Dr. McGary is a board-certified cardiothoracic (“CT”) surgeon. For nearly a

decade, she practiced CT surgery at the Medical Center. She left in 2007 but, four years

later, decided she wanted to return and sought employment there again. The Medical

Center, however, did not offer her a position because, it explained, it did not have enough

work to support another CT surgeon in addition to Dr. Osevala, the sole CT surgeon on

staff.

          Dr. McGary decided to open her own private practice instead, but she still needed

access to the Medical Center’s facilities to perform surgery. As an “open staff” facility,

the hospital allows private practitioners to apply for staff privileges. (App. at 1182-83.)

Dr. McGary did so in January 2012. At the time she applied, the Medical Center had


          1
       The spelling of Dr. Burks’s last name is inconsistent in the record, but we use
“Burks” to be consistent with the parties’ filings.
          2
        Drs. Croll, Burks, and Osevala are employed by non-party Susquehanna
Physicians Services, a wholly owned subsidiary of Susquehanna Health. Dr. Manchester
is employed by Susquehanna Health.
                                               2
credentialing criteria that required applicants for CT surgery privileges to have performed

at least 100 heart surgeries and 100 lung surgeries within the previous year (the “100/100

criteria”). Those credentialing criteria were actually established while Dr. McGary was

one of two “leaders” of the hospital’s CT surgery program.3 (App. at 849 ¶¶ 19-20.)

When applying for staff privileges in 2012, however, Dr. McGary did not have the recent

experience required by the 100/100 criteria.

       Susquehanna Health’s Medical Bylaws set forth procedures for processing

applications, including escalating levels of review.4 Dr. Manchester, the hospital’s Chief



       3
       While Dr. McGary contends that she played no role in their adoption, the
Defendants assert that she was involved in setting the criteria.
       4
           The Medical Staff Bylaws provide:

       The completed application form shall be submitted to the Medical
       Director’s Office along with any application fee. Upon receipt of the
       application, the Medical Director shall notify the CEO of Susquehanna
       Health and the President of the Medical Staff. A summary of the
       application information shall be transmitted to the Credentials Committee
       and the Chairman of each department in which the applicant seeks clinical
       privileges.

(App. at 153 ¶ 5.2-1.)

        According to the Bylaws, the Department Chairman then reviews the applicant’s
information, may interview the applicant, and transmits a written report within thirty days
to the Credentials Committee with the Chairman’s recommendations and reasoning for
such recommendations. Within sixty days of receiving the Department Chairman’s
report, the Credentials Committee is required to submit a written report containing its
recommendations and rationales to the Medical Executive Committee. Within sixty days
of receiving that report, that Committee is required to make its appointment
recommendation. If the Medical Executive Committee recommendation is unfavorable,
the Bylaws provide for appeal rights and a hearing.

                                               3
Medical Officer, reviewed Dr. McGary’s application but quickly realized she did not

meet the 100/100 criteria. After discussing her application with Dr. Croll, who is the

Chairman of the Medical Center’s Surgery Department, and with Dr. Burks, the Director

of the Heart and Vascular Institute at the hospital, Dr. Manchester deemed her application

incomplete and did not pass it along for further review. Dr. Manchester informed

Dr. McGary that she did not satisfy the Medical Center’s credentialing criteria and that

her application would not be submitted for further review.

         When Dr. McGary learned that her application had been denied, she suggested to

Dr. Manchester that the 100/100 criteria were too stringent and that the Medical Center

should be satisfied with her record as it stood. At Dr. Manchester’s request, she

researched CT surgery credentialing criteria at other hospitals in the area. That research

prompted the hospital to revise its criteria. Nonetheless, believing she was still ineligible,

Dr. McGary did not reapply. Instead, she opened a private outpatient vein surgery

practice and filed this lawsuit.

         In her six-count amended complaint, she alleges violations of Sections 1 and 2 of

the Sherman Antitrust Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 1-2, and the equal protection and due process

clauses of the Constitution. She also asserts state law claims for breach of contract,

interference with prospective contractual relationships, and conspiracy in restraint of

trade.




                                              4
       The District Court dismissed Dr. McGary’s due process and equal protection

claims, leaving her to proceed on her antitrust and state law claims.5 Following

discovery, the Defendants moved for summary judgment on all remaining claims. The

District Court granted that motion. Dr. McGary has timely appealed.

II.    DISCUSSION6

       Dr. McGary asserts that the District Court erred in granting summary judgment in

favor of the Defendants on her claim for unlawful combination or conspiracy in restraint

of trade under Section 1 of the Sherman Act, her claims for monopolization and

attempted monopolization under Section 2 of the Sherman Act, and her state law claims

for breach of contract, interference with prospective contractual relationships, and




       5
        The due process and equal protection claims are not before us on this appeal.
Neither is her claim for injunctive relief, which was also dismissed.
       6
          The District Court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331 and 1367. We have
appellate jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We review the District Court’s grant
of summary judgment de novo and “view inferences to be drawn from the underlying
facts in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.” Montanez v. Thompson, 

, 248 (3d Cir. 2010) (citation omitted). “Summary judgment is appropriate
where the [c]ourt is satisfied ‘that there is no genuine [dispute] as to any material fact and
that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Celotex Corp. v.
Catrett, 

, 330 (1986) (citation omitted). A genuine dispute exists only if
“the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving
party.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 

, 248 (1986).

                                              5
conspiracy in restraint of trade. Despite the doctor’s disappointment, the District Court

was correct.

       A.      Claim Under Section 1 of the Sherman Act

       Section 1 of the Sherman Act prohibits “[e]very contract, combination in the form

of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce among the several

States, or with foreign nations[.]” 15 U.S.C. § 1. To prevail on a claim under Section 1,

“a plaintiff must prove: (1) concerted action by the defendants; (2) that produced anti-

competitive effects within the relevant product and geographic markets; (3) that the

concerted actions were illegal; and (4) that [she] was injured as a proximate result of the

concerted action.” Gordon v. Lewistown Hosp., 

, 206-07 (3d Cir. 2005).

       The District Court granted summary judgment on Dr. McGary’s Section 1 claim

because it concluded that the Defendants were, as a matter of law, a single entity and thus

were incapable of concerted action. Dr. McGary challenges that conclusion. She argues

that Dr. Osevala had personal economic interests in excluding her from practicing at the

Medical Center—namely, an incentive bonus7 and his fear of losing his job—that were

separate and apart from the “institutional” Defendants’ “economic interest” in excluding

her. (Opening Br. at 25.)

       “Unilateral action, no matter what its motivation, cannot violate [Section] 1.”

Mathews v. Lancaster Gen. Hosp., 

, 639 (3d Cir. 1996) (citation omitted).

Concerted action requires two or more distinct entities to agree to take action. Weiss v.


       7
        Dr. Osevala’s employment agreement includes an “Incentive Compensation”
clause (App. at 253 ¶ 6) that gives him a percentage of receipts above expenses.
                                             6
York Hosp., 

, 813 (3d Cir. 1984). Hence, a parent company is incapable of

conspiring with its wholly owned subsidiary in violation of Section 1. See Copperweld

Corp. v. Indep. Tube Corp., 

, 771 (1984) (explaining that those entities

“have a complete unity of interest”). The same is true, in the typical case, of a company

and its officers and employees. 

       There are, however, exceptions to that general rule. For example, where “a single

entity [is] made up of independent, competing economic entities”—as is true at a hospital

with medical professionals who are in competition with one another—those individuals

constitute independent actors capable of agreement with one another in violation of

Section 1. 

. In addition, if “employees act for their own interests,

and outside the interests of the corporation, they are legally capable of conspiring with

their employer[.]” 

n.43.

       The question, then, is whether any combination of the Defendants in this case is

capable of concerted action. Dr. McGary could try to satisfy that requirement in one of

several ways: by alleging concerted action between the “institutional” entities,

Susquehanna Health and the Medical Center; between two or more of the individual

doctor Defendants; or between Susquehanna Health and/or the Medical Center and one or

more of the individual doctor Defendants. Each of those potential combinations,

however, fails to provide the doctor with the foothold she seeks.

       Here, Susquehanna Health is incapable of concerted action with the Medical

Center because the Medical Center is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Susquehanna Health.

. There is also no evidence that the individual doctor

                                              7
Defendants were in competition with one another or would be in competition with

Dr. McGary, except Dr. Osevala. Indeed, all of the evidence indicates that, apart from

Dr. Osevala, the doctor Defendants, none of whom practice CT surgery, would be

unaffected by Dr. McGary’s practice.

       That leaves Dr. McGary with her claim that Dr. Osevala was motivated by his own

personal economic interest and thus is capable of concerted action with the Medical

Center or Susquehanna Health. The evidence Dr. McGary advances is simply that

Dr. Osevala made a recommendation to Dr. Manchester that the Medical Center was too

small to support two CT surgeons. But in order to prove concerted action between a

hospital and its staff, “there must be something . . . such as a conscious commitment by

the medical staff to coerce the hospital into accepting its recommendation.” 

(quoting Oksanen v. Page Mem’l Hosp., 

, 706 (4th Cir.

1991), cert. denied, 

(1992)). A mere recommendation does not prove

concerted action. 

is insufficient evidence to raise a genuine

dispute of material fact as to whether Dr. Osevala coerced the Medical Center or

Susquehanna Health to deny Dr. McGary surgical privileges. We will therefore affirm

the grant of summary judgment to the Defendants on the Section 1 claim.

       B.     Claims Under Section 2 of the Sherman Act

       Section 2 of the Sherman Act “makes it unlawful to monopolize, attempt to

monopolize, or conspire to monopolize, interstate or international commerce.”

Broadcom Corp. v. Qualcomm Inc., 

, 306 (3d Cir. 2007). We address in

turn McGary’s three claims under Section 2.

                                            8
              1.     Monopolization Claim

       To prevail on a monopolization claim, a plaintiff must prove: “(1) the possession

of monopoly power in the relevant market and (2) the willful acquisition or maintenance

of that power as distinguished from growth or development as a consequence of a

superior product, business acumen, or historic accident.” 

The District

Court rejected Dr. McGary’s argument that the Defendants’ use of the 100/100 criteria

proved they had acted to willfully maintain their monopoly because it found that “at least

seven doctors met the [100/100] criteria and, consequently, gained surgical

privileges[.]” (App. at 10-11.) Dr. McGary contends that the District Court’s reasoning

was flawed because six of those doctors were locum tenens physicians who had met

lower criteria to be granted privileges.8 She also argues the Defendants acted

anticompetitively by failing to process her application in the manner set forth in the

hospital’s Bylaws.

       Dr. McGary’s monopolization claim is precluded by Weiss v. York Hospital, 

(3d Cir. 1984). In Weiss, the plaintiff argued that a hospital’s denial of his

application for privileges proved the hospital had willfully acquired or maintained



       8
         A locum tenes physician is one who temporarily fulfills the obligations of
another physician. See Locum tenens, Black’s Law Dictionary (10th ed. 2014) (“A
deputy; a substitute; a representative.”). Under the Bylaws, an applicant for locum tenens
privileges must provide documentation of her licensure, training, and professional
references, among other items, but there does not appear to be any minimum requirement
for number of surgical procedures performed. The dispute over other doctors’
qualifications is irrelevant because we affirm the District Court’s ruling on other grounds.
See Hughes v. Long, 

, 122 n.1 (3d Cir. 2001) (“We may affirm a District
Court’s judgment on grounds other than those considered by the District Court itself.”).
                                             9
monopoly power. 

We held, however, that the hospital in question, “like any

hospital, would maximize its revenues by giving staff privileges to every qualified doctor

who applied.” 

to demonstrate what economic motive the hospital would

have for denying the plaintiff’s application, the plaintiff had failed to prove that the

hospital acted “willfully” to maintain its monopoly power. 

here. Dr. McGary has failed to explain, or produce any evidence

supporting, an economic motive that the Medical Center—the entity that she alleges has

monopoly power—would have to deny a qualified surgeon any practice

privileges. Lacking that evidence, her monopolization claim fails. 

the

extent Dr. McGary contends that Dr. Osevala had an anticompetitive motive for his

action, his motive cannot be imputed to the Medical Center. 

contrary, there is

no reason to believe that rejecting qualified practitioners—particularly those capable of

offering more sophisticated surgical techniques than current practitioners, as Dr. McGary

claims she can—would aid the hospital in maintaining monopoly power. 

agree with the District Court that Dr. McGary’s monopolization claim

fails.

               2.     Attempted Monopolization Claim

         To prove attempted monopolization, a plaintiff must prove: “(1) that the defendant

has engaged in predatory or anticompetitive conduct with (2) a specific intent to

monopolize and (3) a dangerous probability of achieving monopoly power.” Broadcom

(citation omitted). The District Court determined that

Dr. McGary’s attempted monopolization claim failed because she could not show that the

                                              10
Defendants had a specific intent to monopolize. Dr. McGary challenges that conclusion,

arguing that the Defendants’ use of the 100/100 criteria and failure to follow the

credentialing process in the Bylaws demonstrates their specific intent to monopolize.

       “[I]n a traditional § 2 claim, a plaintiff would have to point to specific, egregious

conduct that evinced a predatory motivation and a specific intent to monopolize. Some

courts have inferred specific intent from anticompetitive or exclusionary conduct, for

instance, when business conduct is not related to any apparent efficiency.” Phila. Taxi

Ass’n, Inc v. Uber Techs., Inc., 

, 341 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 

(2018) (citations and quotation marks omitted).

       Dr. McGary alleges no such egregious behavior. Moreover, as noted above, she

has failed to explain what economic motive the hospital would have to use the

credentialing process to exclude qualified surgeons—a move that would hurt, not help, it

acquire or maintain a monopoly. We fail to see how those actions can demonstrate an

intent to monopolize. Accordingly, we will affirm the order of the District Court as to

Dr. McGary’s attempted monopolization claim under Section 2.

              3.     Conspiracy to Monopolize

       Like claims under Section 1 of the Sherman Act, “[c]laims for conspiracy to

monopolize under Section 2 of the Sherman Act also require evidence of a conspiracy”

between two or more distinct entities. 

& n.16. For the reasons

already discussed, the Defendants are incapable of conspiracy in violation of antitrust

laws. We will thus affirm the grant of summary judgment to the Defendants on

Dr. McGary’s claim for conspiracy to monopolize.

                                             11
       C.     State Law Claims

       Dr. McGary also challenges the District Court’s grant of summary judgment on

her state law claims for breach of contract, intentional interference with prospective

contractual relations, and civil conspiracy in restraint of trade.

              1.      Breach of Contract Claim

       The contract claim is premised on Susquehanna Health’s Medical Staff Bylaws.

Dr. McGary argues that Dr. Manchester breached her contractual right to have her

application processed in the manner set forth in the Bylaws. In other words, she presses a

third-party beneficiary theory.9

       Under Pennsylvania law,

                [A] party becomes a third party beneficiary only where both parties
       to the contract express an intention to benefit the third party in the contract
       itself, unless, the circumstances are so compelling that recognition of the
       beneficiary’s right is appropriate to effectuate the intention of the parties,
       and the performance satisfies an obligation of the promisee to pay money to
       the beneficiary or the circumstances indicate that the promisee intends to
       give the beneficiary the benefit of the promised performance.

Scarpitti v. Weborg, 

, 150-51 (Pa. 1992).

       Dr. McGary relies on the preamble and Article V of the Bylaws to establish what

she contends are her third-party beneficiary rights. The preamble states that the Bylaws

“create a system of mutual rights and obligations among the Hospital(s), members, and


       9
         In Pennsylvania, “[t]he staff bylaws of a hospital constitute the terms of a legally
binding contract between the hospital and the doctors on its staff.” Miller v. Ind. Hosp.,

, 1193 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1980). Dr. McGary, however, did not have staff
privileges at the Medical Center. Thus, despite the fact that she argues—once, and only
in passing—that by submitting her application she became a party to the agreement, her
claim proceeds under a third-party beneficiary theory.
                                              12
other practitioners.” (App. at 1446.) She argues that the phrase “other practitioners” is

clearly intended to refer to applicants for surgical privileges. Article V governs

appointment to the hospital’s medical staff and sets forth the requirements for applicants

and the procedures for processing applications. Dr. McGary notes that applicants agree

to be bound by the Bylaws and that unsuccessful applicants are granted hearing and

appeal rights.

       She has not, however, directed us to any “Pennsylvania decision [that] has

recognized an applicant for staff privileges as a third-party beneficiary of the medical

staff bylaws of a private hospital.” Robinson v. Magovern, 

, 926 (W.D.

Pa. 1981), aff’d, 

(3d Cir. 1982). The language of the Bylaws does not

prompt a different understanding, nor do the circumstances compel the conclusion that

Dr. McGary is a third-party beneficiary of the Bylaws. She simply did not meet the

standard for surgical privileges.10 Cf. Petrocco v. Dover Gen. Hosp. & Med. Ctr., 642


       10
          Moreover, even if Dr. McGary were to be considered a third-party beneficiary
of the Bylaws, her claim still fails, as it does not appear that there was any breach of the
Bylaws. Under the Bylaws, the first step of the application processing procedure calls for
“[t]he Credentials Committee, with assistance from the Medical Director’s office, . . . to
verify information on the application[] and collect any additional information necessary
to evaluate the application.” (App. at 1463 ¶ 5.2-5(a).) Only once the “verification and
collection of additional necessary information is accomplished,” is the application passed
on to “the Credentials Committee and the Chairman of each department in which the
applicant seeks clinical privileges.” (App. at 1463 ¶ 5.2-5(a).) The Bylaws make clear
that the applicant bears “the burden of producing adequate information for a proper
evaluation of [her] qualifications, of resolving any reasonable doubts about [her]
qualifications, and of satisfying requests for information.” (App. at 1462 ¶ 5.2-4.)
Dr. Manchester, consistent with his obligations under the Bylaws, “reviewed [her]
application for completeness” and notified Dr. McGary of (multiple) issues with her
application, including her failure to satisfy the 100/100 criteria. (App. at 351.) She was
given ample opportunity to rectify those problems. But she failed to supply the records
                                             

, 1022 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 1994), cert. denied, 

(N.J.

1994) (table) (comparing a third-party beneficiary claim based on the plaintiff’s claimed

“contractual right to have his application processed under the bylaws, including the

provisions for a hearing” to Robinson and concluding that the “Plaintiff in this case was

not eligible for staff membership under the bylaws as written. Hence we will not infer

that the bylaws were intended to protect plaintiff as a third-party beneficiary”).

Accordingly, her claim fails.

              2.     Intentional Interference with Prospective Contractual Relations

       To prove intentional interference with contractual relations, Dr. McGary must

prove “(1) a prospective contractual relationship; (2) the purpose or intent to harm the

plaintiff by preventing the relation from occurring; (3) the absence of privilege or

justification on the part of the defendant; and (4) the occasioning of actual damage

resulting from the defendant’s conduct.” Phillips v. Selig, 

, 428 (Pa. Super.

Ct. 2008). The Pennsylvania Supreme Court has explained that “where, as in most cases,

the defendant acts at least in part for the purpose of protecting some legitimate interest

which conflicts with that of the plaintiff, a line must be drawn and the interests

evaluated.” Glenn v. Point Park Coll., 

, 899 (Pa. 1971) (citation omitted).



needed to verify that she met the required credentialing criteria because those records did
not exist. While Dr. McGary complains that her application was not passed on for further
review, it is not clear that she was entitled to any more review than she received. See

(“Such de minimis deviations from the provisions of the
hospital bylaws are not the sort of impermissible breach contemplated by the
[Pennsylvania Supreme] Court … when it established the requirement of strict
compliance with staff bylaws.”).
                                             14
In drawing that line, the focus is on whether the defendant’s conduct is “sanctioned by

the ‘rules of the game.’” 

       The District Court concluded that Dr. McGary had failed to show that the

Defendants acted with the specific intent to harm her. Dr. McGary argues, however, that

the Defendants “had to know that by denying [her] privileges” at the hospital she would

be prevented from competing in the market. (Opening Br. at 46.) That, along with the

hospital’s concern that Dr. Osevala would not have enough cases and its “bypass[ing]”

the Bylaws’s application procedures, evidences their specific intent to cause her harm.

(Opening Br. at 47.) We disagree.

       As the District Court explained, the Defendants’ denial of Dr. McGary’s

application shows, at most, that the “Defendants acted with an intent to improve their

own business”—by not granting privileges to a physician who did not meet their

credentialing criteria, which they had long before set to ensure quality of patient care, not

to intentionally harm Dr. McGary. (App. at 13-14.) Further, the record shows that, when

Dr. McGary objected to the criteria as too stringent, Dr. Manchester was sympathetic and

asked her to research “appropriate numbers and . . . literature” so that the Medical Center

might revise its criteria. (App. at 350-51.) The hospital then did so.

       In short, the Defendants had legitimate interests of their own that they were

entitled to look to, and there is no evidence that they adopted or applied the credentialing

criteria to prevent Dr. McGary from practicing at the Medical Center. Cf. 

(listing, as a factor to be considered in determining whether the defendant

acted with justification, a factor closely related to intent, “the proximity or remoteness of

                                             15
the actor’s conduct to the interference” (quoting Restatement (Second) of Torts § 767

(Am. Law Inst. 1979)). Thus, the intentional interference with prospective contractual

relations claim fails.

              3.         Civil Conspiracy in Restraint of Trade

       Under Pennsylvania law, a claim for civil conspiracy requires proof “that two or

more persons combined or agreed with intent to do an unlawful act or to do an otherwise

lawful act by unlawful means. Proof of malice, i.e., an intent to injure, is essential in

proof of a conspiracy. This unlawful intent must be absent justification.” Thompson

(citations omitted).

       The District Court granted summary judgment to the Defendants based on its

conclusion that they were legally incapable of conspiracy. Dr. McGary once again

argues that Dr. Osevala had his own distinct interest in excluding her from practicing at

the Medical Center, an interest separate from the other Defendants’ interests, making a

conspiracy possible. That argument is still wanting.

       Under Pennsylvania law, “[a] single entity cannot conspire with itself and,

similarly, agents of a single entity cannot conspire among themselves.” Grose v. Procter

& Gamble Paper Prods., 

, 441 (Pa. Super Ct. 2005) (alteration in original)

(quoting Thompson 

); see also Rutherfoord v. Presbyterian-Univ.

Hosp., 

, 508 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1992) (explaining that employees and a

corporation are “one and the same” when employees “act within the scope of their

employment”). Dr. McGary does not argue that any of the individual Defendants acted



                                               16
outside the scope of their employment in denying her application for privileges.11

Moreover, for the reasons discussed above, there is no evidence that Dr. Osevala and the

Medical Center or Susquehanna Health agreed to deny her application with an intent to

injure her. That conclusion is fatal to her civil conspiracy claim. 

. Thus, we will affirm the grant of summary judgment on that claim too.

III.   CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the order of the District Court.




       11
          Pennsylvania has rejected a per se rule that parent companies are incapable of
conspiring with their subsidiaries for purposes of a civil conspiracy claim. Shared
Commc’ns Servs. of 1800-80 JFK Blvd. Inc. v. Bell Atl. Props. Inc., 

, 573-
74 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1997). But, while the Medical Center and Susquehanna Health may be
capable of conspiring with one another under Pennsylvania law, Dr. McGary has
presented no evidence, and does not argue, that the Medical Center and Susquehanna
Health conspired with one another. As a result, any claim to that effect has been
forfeited. See Metro. Edison Co. v. Pa. Pub. Util. Co., 

, 352 (3d Cir. 2014).
                                            17