NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                        UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                             FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                 _______________

                                      No. 18-2263
                                    _______________

                            UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

                                             v.

                                  FRANCISCO RAMOS,
                                                   Appellant
                                    _______________

                     On Appeal from the United States District Court
                          for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
                               (D.C. No. 2-16-cr-00235-001)
                  District Judge: Honorable Nitza I. Quiñones Alejandro
                                     _______________

                      Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
                                   On June 4, 2019

                 Before: JORDAN, BIBAS, and MATEY, Circuit Judges

                               (Filed: September 30, 2019)

                                    _______________

                                       OPINION*
                                    _______________




*
 This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and, under I.O.P. 5.7, is not binding
precedent.
BIBAS, Circuit Judge.

   There is more than one way to shear a sheep. And there is certainly more than one way

to instruct a jury properly. While pattern jury instructions are often sound templates, they

are not holy writ. Judges are free to adapt them or adopt their own phrasing, so long as their

instructions taken as a whole explain the law clearly and correctly. Here, Francisco Ramos

argues that two jury instructions were wrong. But they did not plainly misstate the law.

So we will affirm.

                                      I. BACKGROUND

   Ramos was charged with conspiracy to distribute crystal meth. At trial, he claimed that

he was not guilty because he had not entered into any criminal agreement. After Ramos’s

trial, the judge instructed the jury on the law governing both circumstantial evidence and

conspiracies. The jury then convicted Ramos of conspiracy. He now appeals, challenging

both instructions and seeking a new trial.

             II. THE DISTRICT COURT INSTRUCTED THE JURY PROPERLY

   Ramos never objected to either jury instruction until now, so we review for plain error.

United States v. Lee, 

, 191 (3d Cir. 2010). He must show that (1) there was an

error; (2) it was plain; (3) it prejudiced or affected his substantial rights; and (4) not cor-

recting the error would “seriously affect[ ] the fairness, integrity or public reputation of

[the] judicial proceedings.” United States v. Olano, 

, 732 (1993) (quoting

United States v. Young, 

, 15 (1985)). An error is plain if it is “more than obvious

or readily apparent” on the face of the record. 

n.14. And we review




                                              2
jury instructions as a whole, not bit by bit. United States v. Greenspan, 

, 147

(3d Cir. 2019). Ramos cannot show any error here, let alone plain error.

   A. The circumstantial-evidence instruction was not plainly erroneous

   Ramos raises two objections to the circumstantial-evidence instruction. First, he argues

that the judge should have instructed the jury to weigh competing inferences when evalu-

ating circumstantial evidence. Second, he complains that the judge’s example of circum-

stantial evidence was flawed because it permitted only one possible explanation. While

some of the phrasing was less than ideal, the instruction as a whole was not plainly wrong.

   1. The District Court adequately explained the jury’s duty. Ramos argues that the judge

should have told the jury that it had a duty to weigh the competing inferences one could

draw from circumstantial evidence, not to identify a single correct inference. To be sure,

the court must tell the jury to weigh competing inferences. But Ramos’s claim fails because

the judge instructed the jury on precisely this issue.

   Time and again, the judge made clear the jury’s role: Before getting to circumstantial

evidence, she charged the jury to “[u]se your common sense in weighing the evidence,”

“[c]onsider the evidence in light of your everyday experience,” and “give it whatever

weight you believe it deserves.” App. 646–47. She noted that “[i]f your experience and

common sense tell[ ] [you that] certain evidence reasonably leads to a conclusion, you may

reach that conclusion.” App. 647 (emphasis added). And she told the jurors that they

“[we]re the sole judges of the evidence.” App. 642.

   Ramos objects that the judge did not restate, verbatim, our model jury instructions. Per-

haps the instructions would have been clearer had the judge added: “You, and you alone,


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must decide what reasonable inferences [to] draw based on all the evidence and your rea-

son, experience and common sense.” Third Circuit Model Criminal Jury Instructions § 3.03

(2018 ed.). But while our model instructions are informative and helpful, they are just

that—a model. They do not bind district courts. United States v. Shannon, 

,

353 n.9 (3d Cir. 2014). It is not error simply to vary from these instructions. 

a whole, the judge’s instructions explained the law correctly.

   2. The example of circumstantial evidence was not plainly inaccurate. Ramos next ar-

gues that the judge’s example of circumstantial evidence was misleading because it was

“not susceptible to competing inferences.” Appellant’s Br. 23. He claims that it left the jury

with only one possible inference—guilt.

   The judge’s illustration was simple enough: We enter a building one morning under

clear skies. When we leave in the afternoon, we see ten feet of snow outside. Though we

did not see it happen, “[w]e can conclude based on [the] reasonable evidence in front of us

that a blizzard happened during the day.” App. 650 (emphasis added). As the judge put it,

“[w]e never saw it, but the evidence is there.” 

a variant of our model instruction:

if we see someone enter a building with a wet raincoat and a wet umbrella, we may rea-

sonably infer that it was raining. See Third Circuit Model Criminal Jury Instructions, supra,

§ 3.03.

   Ramos claims that the judge’s illustration was misleading because it allowed only one

possible inference, not several. The raincoat and umbrella could have been soaked by a

lawn sprinkler, but only a blizzard could explain the drifts of snow. In response, the




                                              4
government argues that snow blowers or snow machines could have produced a wintry

landscape.

   We need not wade into these drifts. No matter the form of precipitation, in each case

the most obvious inference is clear. The point of the judge’s example, and of our model

instruction, is to explain the idea of circumstantial evidence simply and without referring

to the facts of the crime charged. The judge’s example did just that. While the rain example

is preferable for the reasons Ramos notes, the snow example was sensible too. See United

States v. Snyder, 

, 647 (7th Cir. 1999) (calling a similar snowy instruction a

“classic example of circumstantial evidence”). The judge defined circumstantial evidence,

illustrated it with an example, and explained the jury’s duty to weigh competing inferences

and draw its own conclusions.

   So there was no error. Even if there were, any error would not have been plain.

   B. The conspiracy instruction accurately stated our precedent

   Ramos also argues that the judge’s conspiracy instruction erred by diverging from our

model instruction in two ways: it called conspiracies inherently secretive, and it noted that

they are often proven by circumstantial evidence. Neither argument comes close to show-

ing error, let alone plain error.

   1. Conspiracies are inherently secretive. Ramos argues that the judge erred in describ-

ing conspiracies as naturally “secretive operation[s],” calling this language “argumentative

and pejorative.” App. 664; Appellant’s Br. 26.

   But as we and the Supreme Court have both recognized, “[s]ecrecy and concealment

are essential features of [a] successful conspiracy.” Blumenthal v. United States, 

539, 557 (1947); see United States v. Brodie, 

, 134 (3d Cir. 2005). That is no

surprise, since the ordinary meaning of “conspiracy” encompasses “a combination of per-

sons banded secretly together and resolved to accomplish an evil or unlawful end.” Web-

ster’s Third New International Dictionary 485 (1993). So that part of the instruction accu-

rately stated the law.

   2. Conspiracies are often proven by circumstantial evidence. Ramos also attacks the

judge’s instruction that conspiracies are “not usually proven by direct evidence.”

App. 664. That instruction, he argues, was “particularly imbalanced in the context of the

flawed circumstantial evidence charge” because it urged the jury “to infer guilt from the

circumstantial evidence.” Appellant’s Br. 27.

   But the judge’s statement did not suggest that the jury draw a positive inference of guilt.

To the contrary, it faithfully represented our precedent. In one case, we found no error in a

similar instruction that “[p]roof of a conspiracy is very seldom subject to proof by direct

evidence.” United States v. Price, 

, 725 (3d Cir. 1994) (alteration in original)

(quoting the trial judge’s instruction). And we have noted that “[t]he crime of conspiracy

. . . is seldom susceptible of proof by direct evidence.” United States v. Barrow, 

, 64 (3d Cir. 1966).

   Ramos’s only authority for his argument is two unpublished Fourth Circuit cases. Ap-

pellant’s Br. 27–28 (citing United States v. Anudu, 

(4th Cir. 1996) (table); and

United States v. Adams, 

(4th Cir. 1998) (table) (per curiam)). But these non-

precedential, out-of-circuit cases do not bind us or any other court. So once again we see

no error, let alone plain error.


                                              6
                                        * * * * *

   The conspiracy instruction was wholly accurate. And while the circumstantial-evidence

instruction could have been better, it did not plainly misstate the law. Plus, Ramos never

objected to either instruction. So we will affirm his conviction.




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