Filed: Dec. 16, 2020
Latest Update: Dec. 17, 2020
NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
____________
No. 19-1527
____________
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
v.
REGINALD BRADDY,
Appellant
____________
On Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Middle District of Pennsylvania
(No. 3-14-cr-00104-001)
District Judge: Honorable Malachy E. Mannion
____________
Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
September 30, 2020
Before: SHWARTZ, PHIPPS, and SCIRICA, Circuit Judges.
(Filed: December 16, 2020)
____________
OPINION*
____________
* This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
PHIPPS, Circuit Judge.
A federal jury found Reginald Braddy guilty of a drug conspiracy, and he now
argues that his prior counsel was ineffective by not appealing an issue related to that
unfavorable verdict. Before the trial, Braddy asked to represent himself, as is his
statutory and constitutional right, but the District Court did not grant his request. See
28 U.S.C. § 1654 (“In all courts of the United States the parties may plead and conduct
their own cases personally . . . .”); Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806, 819 (1975)
(holding that the Sixth Amendment guarantees the right to self-representation). Braddy’s
prior counsel appealed the verdict and challenged several rulings by the District Court –
unsuccessfully – but did not raise Braddy’s self-representation request. Having failed on
direct appeal, Braddy collaterally attacked his conviction through a motion under
28 U.S.C. § 2255, arguing that his prior counsel was ineffective for not raising the self-
representation issue on appeal. The District Court denied that motion, and Braddy timely
appealed. We have jurisdiction over this appeal, see 28 U.S.C. §§ 1291 & 2255(d), and
in exercising de novo review of the District Court’s legal conclusions and clear-error
review of its factual findings, see United States v. Travillion,
759 F.3d 281, 289 (3d Cir.
2014), we vacate the dismissal of the § 2255 motion and remand to the District Court for
further proceedings.
I
Relatively early in his criminal proceeding, Braddy requested to represent himself
without counsel. He did so through a letter after he was indicted on one count of
conspiracy to distribute and possess with intent to distribute methamphetamine, cocaine,
2
and heroin in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846. In that correspondence, Braddy expressed his
dissatisfaction with his court-appointed counsel and emphasized his desire to proceed pro
se. The trial judge wrote back to Braddy to communicate the adage that “he who
represents himself has a fool as a client” and to share the perspective that Braddy’s court-
appointed counsel “has a history of knowing what she is doing.” Ltr. from Hon. Edwin
M. Kosik to R. Braddy (Apr. 17, 2015) (App. 49). The trial judge further stated that he
would like input from Braddy’s counsel on the attorney-client relationship and that “[w]e
will take it from there.” Id.
Nearly one month after Braddy’s request to represent himself, and before the
judge acted upon that request, Braddy’s court-appointed counsel moved to withdraw from
representing Braddy. In that motion, counsel cited “irreconcilable differences
particularly as to appropriate motions to be filed and as to the role of the defendant in
dictating of [sic] defense counsel’s decision-making process and in the determination of
defense strategy.” Mot. to Withdraw as Counsel (App. 96). The District Court granted
that motion but then appointed new substitute counsel.
Even with the appointment of new counsel, Braddy continued to submit pre-trial
filings pro se – instead of through counsel. To justify those uncounseled filings, Braddy
invoked the Sixth Amendment and cited Faretta. Yet in none of those filings did Braddy
express dissatisfaction with his newly appointed substitute counsel or otherwise renew
his request to represent himself.
After a jury convicted him, however, Braddy filed a motion for a new trial solely
on the grounds that his right to self-representation had been violated. In that motion,
3
Braddy argued that he was “completely deprive[d] of his constitutional right to conduct
his own defense” because the District Court appointed substitute counsel “without first
holding a hearing to allow the defendant to exercise his Six [sic] Amendment right to
represent his-self [sic] as guaranteed by the United States Constitution.” Mot. Pursuant
to R. 33 (App. 155-56).
The District Court denied Braddy’s motion for a new trial. United States v.
Braddy, No. 3:14-cr-104, 2016 WL 3633536 (M.D. Pa. July 7, 2016). In so doing, it
acknowledged that not conducting a Faretta hearing to evaluate Braddy’s request to
represent himself may have been an error.
Id. at *5–6. But in reviewing Braddy’s
conduct following the appointment of substitute counsel, the Court determined that,
through acquiescence, Braddy had waived his right to self-representation.
Id. at *5–6,
5 n.3.
Eight months after the jury verdict, Braddy had not been sentenced, and he wrote
pro se to the District Court to request a sentence so that he could file an appeal. Within a
month, the District Court held a hearing and sentenced Braddy to imprisonment for 235
months. United States v. Braddy, No. 3:14-cr-104, 2017 WL 2123565 (M.D. Pa. Apr. 17,
2017).
Braddy then appealed, represented by the same substitute counsel. His briefing
challenged the District Court’s denial of various motions – to suppress wiretap evidence,
for a mistrial based on allegedly improper testimony, and for a judgment of acquittal –
and he also disputed the reasonableness of his sentence. But the briefing did not raise the
4
Faretta issue. A panel of this Court affirmed Braddy’s sentence. United States v.
Braddy, 722 F. App’x 231 (3d Cir. 2017).
After his direct appeal, Braddy resumed pro se filings in the District Court. He
moved for post-conviction relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2255. In his briefing, Braddy argued
that his Sixth Amendment right to counsel was impaired by the ineffective assistance of
his appellate counsel. According to Braddy, by failing to raise the Faretta issue on
appeal, his prior attorney’s performance fell below the constitutionally guaranteed
standard of minimum competency. See Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687
(1984) (articulating two components of a Sixth Amendment ineffective assistance of
counsel claim: deficient performance and prejudice); see also Smith v. Murray,
477 U.S.
527, 535–36 (1986) (applying the Strickland standard to appellate counsel); United States
v. Cross,
308 F.3d 308, 315 (3d Cir. 2002) (“The two-prong standard of Strickland v.
Washington . . . applies to a defendant’s claim that his appellate counsel was ineffective.”
(citations omitted)).
The District Court denied Braddy’s § 2255 motion on three grounds. First, it
referenced several cases for the proposition that § 2255 motions “may not be employed to
relitigate questions which were raised and considered on direct appeal.” Braddy v.
United States, No. 3:14-cr-104, 2019 WL 462136, at *3 (M.D. Pa. Feb. 6, 2019) (quoting
United States v. Green, Nos. 08-cr-44, 15-cv-3321,
2016 WL 11201635, at *3 (E.D. Pa.
Dec. 9, 2016)). Second, the District Court concluded that Braddy’s § 2255 motion was
an improper “vehicle for contesting portions of the district court’s decision denying his
motion for a new trial.”
Id. (alterations omitted) (quoting United States v. DeRewal,
5
10 F.3d 100, 105 n.4 (3d Cir. 1993)). And third, the District Court explained that if
Braddy had wished for reconsideration of his self-representation claim, he could have
raised it in his direct appeal.
Id.
Braddy appealed pro se the District Court’s denial of his § 2255 motion. A panel
of this Court granted a certificate of appealability and appointed counsel to represent
Braddy in briefing this case. For the reasons below, we will vacate the District Court’s
order and remand for further proceedings.
II
Section 2255 permits a federal prisoner to collaterally attack his sentence, but the
grounds for such a motion are narrow. See 28 U.S.C. § 2255; see also Wall v. Kholi,
562 U.S. 545, 551–52 (2011) (“By definition . . . [a] ‘collateral attack’ is ‘[a]n attack on a
judgment in a proceeding other than a direct appeal.’” (second alteration in original)
(quoting Black’s Law Dictionary 298 (9th ed. 2009))). A § 2255 motion does not
function as a second appeal, see United States v. Frady,
456 U.S. 152, 165 (1982), and
thus it does not ordinarily allow for re-review of issues raised on direct appeal. See, e.g.,
Travillion, 759 F.3d at 288; United States v. Orejuela,
639 F.2d 1055, 1057 (3d Cir.
1981); see also Kaufman v. United States,
394 U.S. 217, 227 n.8 (1969) (“Where a trial
or appellate court has determined the federal prisoner’s claim, discretion may in a proper
case be exercised against the grant of a § 2255 hearing.”). At the same time, a claim not
raised on direct appeal cannot ordinarily be reviewed under § 2255. See, e.g.,
Travillion,
759 F.3d at 288 n.11;
DeRewal, 10 F.3d at 105 n.4; Massaro v. United States,
538 U.S.
500, 504 (2003). From these standards, collateral attack under § 2255 seems to present
6
prisoners with a Catch-22: raising an issue on direct appeal may preclude that issue from
serving as a basis for § 2255 relief, but not raising an issue on direct appeal may forfeit
the prisoner’s ability to seek § 2255 relief on that ground.
That apparent double-bind, however, does not apply to claims of ineffective
assistance of appellate counsel. Precedent has long recognized that “[a] § 2255 motion is
a proper and indeed the preferred vehicle for a federal prisoner to allege ineffective
assistance of counsel.” United States v. Nahodil, 36 F.3d 323, 326 (3d Cir. 1994)
(citations omitted); see also
Massaro, 538 U.S. at 504 (permitting the raising of
ineffective assistance of counsel claims on collateral review even when they could have
been raised on direct review but were not). And that is especially so for a claim of
ineffective assistance of appellate counsel because in representing a prisoner on direct
appeal, counsel cannot be expected to advocate against his or her own effectiveness.
Because a § 2255 motion may be used to challenge the effectiveness of appellate
counsel, the District Court’s three rationales for denying Braddy’s motion come undone.
First, Braddy’s claim for ineffective assistance of appellate counsel is not procedurally
barred because it does not attempt to relitigate an issue raised on direct appeal. Rather,
Braddy now argues that his prior appellate counsel was ineffective, and that issue could
not have been raised previously. Second, the District’s Court’s prior resolution of the
Faretta argument in Braddy’s motion for a new trial does not preclude Braddy from
challenging the effectiveness of his appellate counsel, who did not dispute the District
Court’s ruling on appeal. And third, it is true that Braddy could have raised his self-
representation claim on direct appeal, but that is exactly why he filed a § 2255 motion:
7
his attorney did not include that argument, and Braddy argues that such inaction was
ineffective assistance. Thus, because a § 2255 motion provides a mechanism for
challenging the ineffectiveness of appellate counsel, none of the District Court’s contrary
rationales can be sustained.
We will therefore vacate the District Court’s denial of Braddy’s § 2255 motion
and remand for evaluation of the performance and the prejudice prongs of his ineffective
assistance of appellate counsel claim.
8
