A complaint charged Mrs. Benefield with embezzling property of the United States, a violation of 18 U.S.C. Sec. 641. The complaint described the property as checks for $80 and $212, and alleged the value did not exceed $100, the dividing line between misdemeanor and felony under the statute. Defendant elected to be tried by a Magistrate, who found her guilty and imposed a fine. On appeal, the district court affirmed. Defendant appealed to this court.1

Mrs. Benefield was cashier at the Non-Commissioned Officer's Club, owned by the United States, at Fort Belvoir, Virginia. In that capacity she was in charge of arrangements for a party given by a Mrs. Vancil. When it was time to make payment, defendant directed Mrs. Vancil to write four checks, leaving the payee blank. Checks for $1,801.70 and $375 were stamped with the appropriate payee and properly deposited in the Club's account (except that there was a $100 overcharge in the $375 item). Defendant inserted her own name as payee in checks for $80 and $212 and cashed them, keeping the proceeds.

Mrs. Vancil testified that she thought the $80 check was for wine and other incidentals, but was unsure. Defendant testified it was reimbursement for a centerpiece defendant personally paid for, although she had made a prior inconsistent statement.

Mrs. Vancil testified that the $212 was for gratuities for the entire staff, but defendant testified the tip was all for her. Whatever the truth as to entitlement to the $80, there was ample proof to support the finding that the $212 was a tip for all the employees who worked at the party, and not for defendant alone. Defendant cannot succeed in attacking that finding on appeal.

Defendant does argue that as a matter of law tip money intended for distribution to individual employees was not "any ... money, or thing of value of the United States or of any department or agency thereof" as prescribed in 18 U.S.C. Sec. 641.

The Club operates under rules and regulations promulgated by the Department of the Army. Army Regulation 230-9 (May 21, 1975) (hereinafter AR 230-9) establishes procedures for handling non-appropriated funds received by installations such as the Club. It requires accounting for any funds received. AR 230-9 p 10a, e. It also requires each installation to establish a system of internal controls. Id. p 6a, c.

While AR 230-9 does not specifically mention tips received for distribution to employees, the Club had established an unwritten standard operating procedure for the receipt of all funds including tips for distribution to employees. Under the procedure the cashier would deposit such tips in the Club bank account maintained by the federal government and report them to central accounting with a list of employees who worked the party which occasioned the tip. Employees would receive their share in their payroll checks subject to tax withholding. The defendant knew the standard collection and accounting procedures for such tips.

In determining whether an interest qualifies as "any ... money, or thing of value of the United States" under 18 U.S.C. Sec. 641, courts have identified as critical factors the basic philosophy of ownership reflected in relevant statutes and regulations and the supervision and control contemplated and manifested by the government. United States v. Evans, 572 F.2d 455, 472 (5th Cir.1978), cert. denied sub nom. Gent v. United States, 439 U.S. 870, 99 S. Ct. 200, 58 L. Ed. 2d 182 (1978). See United States v. Perez, 707 F.2d 359, 361 (8th Cir.1983); United States v. Gibbs, 704 F.2d 464, 466 (9th Cir.1983); United States v. Eden, 659 F.2d 1376, 1380 (9th Cir.1981), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 949, 102 S. Ct. 1450, 71 L. Ed. 2d 663 (1982); United States v. Mitchell, 625 F.2d 158, 160 (7th Cir.1980), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 984, 101 S. Ct. 402, 66 L. Ed. 2d 247 (1980); Arbuckle v. United States, 146 F.2d 657, 659 (D.C.Cir.1944).2

AR 230-9 contemplates and manifests federal supervision and control over funds given to Army employees in the course of their employment by requiring accounting procedures and ultimate disbursal to the entitled persons. The standard operating procedure implements the regulation by requiring temporary federal possession of tips intended for distribution to Club staff and the recording of such tips for income tax purposes. The regulation and operating procedure make this case similar to those holding the government's right to temporary possession a sufficient federal interest under Sec. 641 and its predecessors. Perez, 707 F.2d at 362 (fifteen one-hundred dollar bills the government held and intended to use as evidence at trial); Fowler v. United States, 273 F. 15, 17 (9th Cir.1921) (freight shipped on government operated railroad); Kambeitz v. United States, 262 F. 378, 380 (2d Cir.1919) (same); United States v. Gardner, 42 F. 829, 832 (C.C.N.D.N.Y.1890) (smuggled goods held by customs official).3 Under the circumstances the tip money was a "thing of value of the United States" until disbursed to the entitled employees through the established procedure.

The defendant argues that the government suffered no loss because ultimately it would have disbursed the tip money to the employees. Some courts have listed as elements of a valid Sec. 641 conviction both a taking of a thing of value of the United States and a loss suffered by the United States due to the taking. See Gibbs, 704 F.2d at 465 (citing United States v. Collins, 464 F.2d 1163, 1165 (9th Cir.1972)). See also Evans, 572 F.2d at 471. No case required the kind of loss for which the defendant contends. The cases mentioning loss as an element did not involve funds collected to be held in a government account for the benefit of a non-governmental party.

Only Collins reversed for lack of "an actual property loss." The facts of Collins distinguish it from the present case. In Collins the defendant forged an endorsement on a city treasurer's warrant written against a special account funded by the United States Department of Labor, deposited the warrant in his bank account, and wrote checks against the fraudulent deposit. The Ninth Circuit emphasized that the bank, not the federal government, would be liable for paying on a draft bearing a false endorsement. The court stated that "[t]he Government's money in legal contemplation remains in the account," and therefore "nothing [the defendant] took belonged to the Government." Id.

Other courts have rejected the technical "legal contemplation" analysis of Collins. Mitchell, 625 F.2d at 161; United States v. Maxwell, 588 F.2d 568, 573 (7th Cir.1978).

Even assuming that Sec. 641 requires a loss to the government, other decisions support the proposition that the diversion of the tip money from the government's account and the accompanying disruption of its recordkeeping and tax withholding meets the requirement. See Mitchell, 625 F.2d at 162; United States v. Forcellati, 610 F.2d 25, 31 (1st Cir.1979), cert. denied, 445 U.S. 944, 100 S. Ct. 1342, 63 L. Ed. 2d 778 (1980); United States v. Miller, 520 F.2d 1208, 1210 (9th Cir.1975). In addition, unlike in Collins, here the government may face fiduciary liability to the ultimate beneficiaries of the tip for the illegal actions of its agent Mrs. Benefield.

Accordingly, the judgment is AFFIRMED.