UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.
                                                                        No. 95-5702
ABU ASHONTE ALI, a/k/a Marty
Boldin, a/k/a Marty Boldwin,
Defendant-Appellant.

Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Virginia, at Norfolk.
Robert G. Doumar, District Judge.
(CR-95-31)

Argued: June 6, 1996

Decided: July 30, 1996

Before WILKINSON, Chief Judge, MOTZ, Circuit Judge, and
CURRIE, United States District Judge for the
District of South Carolina, sitting by designation.

_________________________________________________________________

Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.

_________________________________________________________________

COUNSEL

ARGUED: Robert Bryan Rigney, KNIGHT, DUDLEY, CLARKE &
DOLPH, P.L.C., Norfolk, Virginia, for Appellant. Janet S. Reincke,
Assistant United States Attorney, Norfolk, Virginia, for Appellee. ON
BRIEF: Helen F. Fahey, United States Attorney, Norfolk, Virginia,
for Appellee.

_________________________________________________________________
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See
Local Rule 36(c).

_________________________________________________________________

OPINION

PER CURIAM:

A jury convicted Abu Ashonte Ali of being a felon in possession
of a firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g) and § 924(a)(2), and
of possessing an unregistered firearm, in violation of 26 U.S.C.
§ 5861(d). Ali was sentenced to a total of 140 months imprisonment.
He appeals, asserting multiple challenges to his convictions and sen-
tences. We affirm.

I.

A Virginia state police officer, Officer Nick Pizzillo, attempted to
stop and question Ali after noticing that Ali's car had a broken left
taillight. Ali did not stop until he reached a motel, at which point he
quickly left his car, leaving the driver's door open and permitting his
car to roll back into Officer Pizzillo's car. As Ali exited the car and
began walking toward the officer, Pizzillo drew his weapon and
ordered Ali to stop and place his hands on the back of the car. Upon
inquiry, Pizzillo learned that Ali was driving with a suspended
license. Pizzillo also spotted a knife scabbard on the car floor under
the driver's seat. A subsequent search uncovered a 12-gauge sawed-
off shotgun in a black bag behind the front seat. The bag also con-
tained a pawn receipt bearing Ali's name.

II.

First Ali contends that the district court erred in not dismissing the
indictment because of alleged grand jury improprieties. He asserts
that the presence of two unauthorized persons in the grand jury room
violated Fed. R. Crim. P. 6(e) and requires dismissal of the indict-
ment.

This contention is without merit. In United States v. Computer Sci-
ences Corp., 

(4th Cir. 1982), cert. denied, 

1105 (1983), we rejected a claim that five separate intrusions involv-
ing the entry of unauthorized persons in the grand jury room necessar-
ily required dismissal. We noted that although grand jury proceedings
should always remain inviolate, "perfection" is rarely possible. 

critical question is whether there has been an "intrusion of
significant duration" or a "showing of deliberate rule disregard by the
government or prejudice to the defendant." 

the prosecutor had just begun to tell the jurors that she
would be presenting a superseding indictment. After the prosecutor
had explained what a superseding indictment was, a juror raised his
hand and told her that two unknown persons were in the room. Those
persons were promptly evicted. They had been misdirected to the
grand jury room and innocently sat down. The prosecutor then called
a magistrate and a hearing was conducted, at which the magistrate
determined that one of the unauthorized persons was a witness for a
separate grand jury matter and that the second person was accompa-
nying the witness. The magistrate questioned the prosecutor, the
grand jurors, and the unauthorized persons as to the extent of the
information they heard in the grand jury room. All agreed that the
unauthorized persons had heard no testimony, but only the prosecu-
tor's introductory remarks.

At the conclusion of the hearing, the magistrate found that the
unauthorized persons had innocently entered the grand jury room and
that no prejudice had resulted. The district court subsequently
affirmed the magistrate's findings. As in Computer Sciences, our
review of the record indicates that this is a case"`absent demonstrable
prejudice or substantial threat thereof' so that`dismissal of the indict-
ment is plainly 

(citing United States
v. Morrison, 

, 365 (1981)).

III.

Ali next claims that the district court erred in not requiring the
prosecution to provide him with manuals containing the policies and
procedures of the Chesapeake Police Department, as he had requested
in discovery. He contends that because Officer Pizzillo testified that
proper procedure did not require the officer to report the fender-
bender between himself and Ali, and another officer testified that

                     3
such accidents must be reported, the failure to provide the manuals
denied Ali a chance to cross-examine on credibility. To the extent that
this argument has been preserved, it is meritless.

When Ali made his discovery motion for the police procedures, the
district court postponed ruling on the motion. The court stated that it
would listen to the trial testimony and, if the manuals became rele-
vant, would order the prosecution to provide them. During the trial,
Ali never renewed his motion for the manuals nor did the district
court ever rule that they had become relevant. We review district
court discovery decisions for abuse of discretion. United States v.
LaRouche, 

, 826 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 

(1990).

The district court did not abuse its discretion. Police departments
have valid interests in keeping their internal policies and procedures
secret. The court therefore did not err in refusing to supply the manu-
als to Ali until he could demonstrate their relevance. Nor did the court
abuse its discretion in failing to find that the manuals had become rel-
evant because (1) Ali never brought to the court's attention any per-
ceived relevance and (2) the purported relevance Ali now argues to
this court (credibility as to reporting accident requirements for police
accidents) has minimal bearing on any material fact in this case.

IV.

Ali also asserts that his trial was delayed in violation of his rights
under the Sixth Amendment and the Speedy Trial Act.

Ali was placed under arrest by state police officers on September
5, 1994. He was subsequently imprisoned in a state facility for violat-
ing his probation. On January 23, 1995, a federal complaint and fed-
eral arrest warrant were issued, charging him with being a convicted
felon in possession of a firearm. On February 22, 1995, the grand jury
returned a one-count indictment against Ali. On March 2, Ali was
arraigned and trial was scheduled for May 8, 1995. On March 13, the
grand jury returned a two-count superseding indictment, charging him
with the two offenses at issue in this case. On March 22, Ali was rear-
raigned. The trial date, May 8, remained unchanged.

                     4
As to Ali's Sixth Amendment challenge, the standard this court
applies is well-settled. We must balance the following factors: (1) the
length of the delay; (2) the reason for the delay; (3) whether the
defendant asserted his right to a speedy trial; and (4) the prejudice
defendant suffered. See United States v. Thomas , 

, 148
(4th Cir. 1995) (citing Doggett v. United States , 

, 651
(1992)), cert denied, ___ U.S. #6D6D 6D#, 

(1995). Here, thirty
days elapsed between issuance of the warrant and the initial indict-
ment; and two and one-half months between the initial indictment and
the trial.

This delay constitutes no violation of Ali's constitutional right to
a speedy trial. First, the relatively short time periods involved here do
not come close to being uncommonly long. Typically, not until a year
has passed do courts presume sufficient prejudice from delay to war-
rant a constitutional speedy trial inquiry. See 

(citation omitted). The second factor is not significant because when
such a short period of delay is at issue, the reason for the delay
becomes irrelevant. The third factor weighs against Ali; no evidence
indicates that Ali ever asserted his right to a speedy trial. Finally, Ali
was incarcerated in the state prison throughout the delay period,
therefore his liberty interest has not been significantly affected, nor
has he shown any other prejudice resulting from the delay.

As to Ali's Speedy Trial Act claim, he appears to allege that the
time period between his arrest by state officers and his federal indict-
ment violated the Act. This argument was disposed of in United
States v. Iaquinta, 

, 264 (4th Cir. 1982), in which we
held that the time period for Speedy Trial Act purposes does not begin
until a federal arrest takes place. Accordingly, Ali's state arrest did
not trigger his statutory right to a speedy trial under federal law. See
18 U.S.C. § 3161 et seq. The thirty day delay between the issuance
of the federal warrant and the indictment in federal court was not
improper; Ali's rights under the Speedy Trial Act were not violated.

V.

Next, Ali contends that the district court erred in permitting the
jury to hear that he had used several "alias" names. He maintains that
because he had legally changed his name, it was prejudicial for the

                     5
jury to hear about his aliases. Permitting the jury to hear of the aliases
was not error. Ali's aliases were relevant in proving that the car he
drove belonged to him. Although Ali denied ownership of the car,
various documents found in the car referred to his aliases. Since the
aliases were material to the contested issue of ownership or posses-
sion of the car (and gun), the court did not err in denying Ali's motion
to strike them.

VI.

Additionally, Ali asserts that the district court erred in denying his
motion to suppress evidence taken from his car. The district court
held a lengthy suppression hearing during which four witnesses testi-
fied, including two police officers and Ali himself. At the conclusion
of the hearing, the court denied the suppression motion. First, the
court found that the broken taillight, a violation of traffic laws, pro-
vided Officer Pizzillo with justification for the initial stop. See United
States v. McDonald, 

, 254 (4th Cir. 1995) (traffic viola-
tion may provide a basis for an investigatory stop). Ali does not
appear to challenge this finding on appeal.

What he does challenge is the legitimacy of the resulting search of
his car. At the suppression hearing, Officer Pizzillo testified that after
he had ascertained that Ali's license was suspended, and had spotted
and confiscated the scabbard containing the "five or six inch bladed
commando-style knife," he asked Ali if he had"any more surprises."
Ali responded, "No, it's not my car." The officer then asked if Ali
would mind if the officer "took a look" in the car and Ali said, "the
car is not mine. You can look all you want." Ali testified that he was
never asked to consent to a search, but he corroborated the officer's
testimony regarding his statement that the car was not his.

The district court carefully considered this evidence and made the
following findings:

          Given the defendant's extensive history as a felon, the
          court does not assign credibility to the defendant's testi-
          mony. In fact, the court finds the defendant's testimony to
          be incredible, and for that reason the court credits the testi-

                     6
          mony of the officer, and the officer says the defendant gave
          him permission to search the vehicle.

          Based upon the officer's testimony the defendant gave
          him permission to search the vehicle and the defendant's
          testimony in part which corroborates the officer's testimony,
          it is the court's finding that the defendant in this case gave
          Officer Pizzillo consent to search the vehicle.

          The court in part concludes this because it appears in say-
          ing the vehicle was not his, the defendant was trying to pro-
          vide some excuse for what he knew the officer would find
          in that particular vehicle. So, for that reason the court finds
          that this was a consensual search and that the evidence
          should not be suppressed.

Thus the court decided to credit the police officer's testimony rather
than Ali's and found that Ali had consented to the search of the car.
Because a consensual search does not violate the Fourth Amendment,
the fruits of such a search are generally admissible. See United States
v. Lattimore, No. 94-5915, ___ F.3d #6D 6D6D#, 

, at *3 (4th
Cir., June 25, 1996) (en banc) (citing Schenckloth v. Bustamonte, 

, 219 (1973)). Thus the district court did not err in denying
Ali's suppression motion.

VII.

Ali challenges the district court's refusal to exclude from the jury's
consideration several items obtained from the car. These items
included various letters and cards relating to Ali's prior convictions.
Ali contends that Fed. R. Evid. 403 prohibits admission of this evi-
dence.

Under Rule 403, a district court may exclude evidence if "its proba-
tive value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair preju-
dice." We review the district court's evidentiary rulings for abuse of
discretion. See United States v. Whittington, 

, 465 (4th
Cir. 1994). A district court's Rule 403 decision will not be overturned
except under "the most extraordinary of circumstances, where that

                     7
discretion has been plainly abused." United States v. Simpson, 

, 157 (4th Cir. 1990) (citations and internal quotation omit-
ted).

In this case, the papers in the car were relevant to the extent that
they showed that the car containing the shotgun was Ali's car, and
not, as he had claimed, his girlfriend's. Therefore, the documents
were plainly probative of a significant issue in the case. The docu-
ments were also prejudicial, in that they related to Ali's prior criminal
history. Although redaction of the documents would have been war-
ranted on this basis, defense counsel never requested that the docu-
ments be redacted. Rather, he urged the court to exclude the
documents altogether and inform the jury that the police found letters
or documents addressed to and written by Ali. The government had
an interest in displaying to the jury the number and variety of the doc-
uments found bearing Ali's name and the aliases, and so the district
court did not err in rejecting Ali's proposed remedy. Moreover, the
court repeatedly cautioned the jury that the documents were admitted
only for the purpose of showing Ali's control of the vehicle and for
no other purpose. Such cautionary instructions are due significant
weight in our assessment of whether the evidence was overly prejudi-
cial. See United States v. Hadaway, 

, 219 (4th Cir.
1982). Since there was no request for redaction and the court properly
admonished the jury as to the limited purpose of the documents, the
court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the documents.

VIII.

Next, Ali contends that the district court erred in permitting the
government to introduce one letter from the car because the govern-
ment had not provided proper evidence to show the chain of custody
of the letter. At trial, however, Ali objected to admission of the letter
based on Rule 403 and not because of any perceived problem with the
chain of custody. Failure to raise the chain of custody objection
deprived the court of the opportunity to rule on the chain of custody.
As such, the argument is waived on appeal and may be reviewed only
for plain error. See United States v. Olano, 

(1993).

The chain of custody rule is simply a variation of the rule requiring
proper authentication of evidence. United States v. Howard-Arias,

                     8


, 366 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 

(1982). Even
if the letter had not been properly authenticated, this defect would not
constitute plain error because Ali has failed to allege, let alone prove,
that he was prejudiced by its admission.

IX.

Ali also challenges the district court's decision to admit evidence
of "uncharged" bad conduct.

First, he contends that the court should not have permitted a police
officer to testify that, on another occasion, Ali was arrested while
driving the same car. The prosecution offered this evidence to show
that Ali had previously possessed the car to counter Ali's claim that
the car (and weapon found in it) were not his. Thus, this evidence was
not offered to show Ali's character but rather to identify Ali as being
in possession of the car and the weapon found therein. As such, the
testimony was admissible under Rule 404(b).

Second, Ali claims that the court should not have permitted the
government to introduce various items found in his car. Ali claims
these items, described as burglary tools, were irrelevant and prejudi-
cial. Officer Pizzillo testified that he found numerous items in Ali's
trunk, including cameras, radios, and pagers. When he began to
explain why he believed these items were suspicious, defense counsel
objected, arguing that the officer's suspicions were based on pure
"speculation." The prosecution responded that it would be happy to
go into the officer's qualifications as an expert. The court then told
the prosecutor to develop the officer's qualifications. The officer testi-
fied to his qualifications and later revealed that numerous "burglary
tools" were found in Ali's car. Seemingly satisfied, defense counsel
raised no further objections.

It is only now on appeal that Ali raises an objection to the burglary
tools as evidence of prior bad acts or uncharged criminal conduct. The
failure to raise this objection before the trial court constitutes a waiver
of the objection, reviewed for plain error. In view of the abundant
other evidence presented by the government establishing Ali's guilt
of the charged firearm offenses, any error in admitting evidence
regarding the "burglary tools" was harmless.

                     9
X.

Ali maintains that the district court erred in permitting the govern-
ment to introduce evidence at trial that was not disclosed to the
defense until the second day of trial. This evidence, which the govern-
ment claims was discovered the night of the first day of trial, con-
sisted of towing records. The records were introduced to show Ali's
control of the car. We review the district court's decision to admit this
evidence for abuse of discretion. The court allowed Ali and his coun-
sel some time to review the new evidence before its introduction. Fed.
R. Crim. P. 16(c) simply requires that a party, who discovers addi-
tional evidence, "promptly notify" the other party or the court. Ali
does not argue that the government purposely withheld this evidence
or that it was not, in fact, newly discovered. We therefore cannot con-
clude that the district court abused its discretion in admitting the
newly discovered evidence.

XI.

Next, Ali contends that the district court erred in denying his
motion for acquittal because the government did not provide suffi-
cient evidence to satisfy the "commerce" requirement of 18 U.S.C.
§ 922(g). This statute makes it illegal for a felon to "ship or transport
in interstate or foreign commerce, or possess in or affecting com-
merce, any firearm or ammunition; or to receive any firearm or
ammunition which has been shipped or transported in interstate and
foreign commerce." Ali relies on the Supreme Court's recent decision
in United States v. Lopez, ___ U.S. ___, 

(1995), and
on United States v. Bass, 

(1971).

Ali's apparent constitutional challenge to the statute, based on
Lopez, must fail. In Lopez, the Supreme Court struck down a statute
prohibiting possession of a firearm near a school, concluding that the
statute had "nothing to do with `commerce'" and contained "no juris-
dictional element which would ensure, through case-by-case inquiry,
that the firearm possession in question affects interstate commerce."
Lopez, ___ U.S. at ___, 115 S. Ct. at 1630-31. The statute in question
in this case, § 922(g), in contrast, does contain such a jurisdictional
element because it applies only to firearms having"an explicit con-
nection with or effect on interstate commerce." 

                     10
therefore does not affect previous precedent upholding the statute's
constitutionality. See, e.g., Scarborough v. United States, 

(1977); United States v. Bass, 

(1971).

In a related challenge, Ali contends that the evidence presented in
this case, which showed that the firearm had once traveled in inter-
state commerce (from its place of manufacture in Massachusetts to
Ali's possession in Virginia) was insufficient to show that he pos-
sessed the weapon in interstate commerce. Ali bases this contention
on language taken from the Supreme court's opinion in Bass, in
which Justice Marshall stated that the commerce connection can be
shown in a variety of ways. Justice Marshall offered, as an example,
that the government could establish the commerce nexus with regard
to "possession" charges by showing that:

          at the time of the offense the gun was moving interstate or
          on an interstate facility, or if the possession affects com-
          merce. Significantly broader in reach, however, is the
          offense of "receiv[ing] . . . in commerce or affecting com-
          merce," for we conclude that the government meets its bur-
          den here if it demonstrates that the firearm received has
          previously traveled in interstate commerce.

(alteration in original). From this language, Ali
concludes that possessing a firearm (as opposed to receiving one)
requires more than proof that the firearm had once traveled in inter-
state commerce.

Ali's precise argument was rejected in another opinion authored by
Justice Marshall, Scarborough v. United States , 

(1977).
In Scarborough the Supreme Court "reconsidered" the prior distinc-
tion between the proof required for possessing and receiving. 

The Court held that there was "no indication that Congress
intended to require any more than the minimal nexus that the firearm
have been, at some time, in interstate commerce." 

in the present case, the government offered such proof, Ali's argu-
ment fails.

XII.

Ali contends that his convictions should be overturned for lack of
sufficient evidence. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable

                    11
to the government, as we must, we conclude that the evidence was
clearly sufficient to establish Ali's guilt of both convictions. Ali was
convicted of being a felon in possession of a firearm and of possess-
ing an unregistered firearm. He concedes that he is a convicted felon;
there is abundant evidence in the record that an unregistered sawed-
off shotgun was found in a car Ali possessed, while he was driving
the car. Accordingly, his contention of insufficient evidence to sustain
his convictions is without merit.

XIII.

Ali asserts that the district court erred in failing to dismiss the
indictment because Officer Pizzillo's testimony was too incredible to
be believed. There was nothing inherently incredible about the offi-
cer's testimony. In any event, credibility determinations are not
within the province of this court. See United States v. Johnson, 

, 979 (4th Cir. 1995).

XIV.

Finally, Ali challenges his sentence. He contends that because the
two counts with which he was charged were grouped under the
Guidelines, and because the maximum sentence for each count taken
alone, was 120 months, he should not have been sentenced to 140
months for the grouped counts.

The district court grouped the two counts together because they
encompassed the same conduct. The court then determined that the
appropriate offense level for the grouped counts was 26. See United
States Sentencing Commission, Guidelines Manual , § 2K2.1(a)(1)
(Nov. 1994). Ali's extensive criminal history placed him in category
VI. The guideline range for a defendant with an offense level of 26
and a criminal history category of VI is 120-150 months. USSG Ch.5,
Pt. A. From that range the court determined that the proper "total pun-
ishment," USSG § 5G1.2, comment., was 140 months.

Once the district court has determined the "total punishment," the
court must calculate the statutory maximum punishment permitted for
each count. Here, the statutory maximum that could be imposed on

                    12
each count was 120 months. The commentary to the Guidelines notes
that usually the "total punishment" will not exceed the statutory maxi-
mum punishment. 

sentence imposed on the
count carrying the highest statutory maximum is less than the total
punishment, then the sentence imposed on one or more of the other
counts shall run consecutively, but only to the extent necessary to pro-
duce a combined sentence equal to the total punishment." USSG
§ 5G1.2(d). Accordingly, to reach the desired"total punishment" of
140 months, the court imposed the statutory maximum, 120 months,
on one of the counts against Ali, and, on the second count, imposed
20 months to run consecutively, while the remaining 100 months ran
concurrently with the initial 120 month sentence.

This sentence was consistent with United States v. Watford, 

, 669 (4th Cir. 1990), in which we noted that sentences for
two counts grouped together should run concurrently,"except to the
extent necessary to produce a sentence within the appropriate guide-
line range." See also United States v. Young , 

, 151-52
(4th Cir. 1990) (sometimes "grouped counts" can merit consecutive
sentences where the maximum on the highest individual count is less
than the total punishment). The district court's sentence in this case
also comports with similar sentences in other circuits. See United
States v. Mizrachi, 

(2d Cir. 1995); United States v. Kings,

(5th Cir.), cert. denied, 

(1993). Cf. United
States v. Joetzki, 

(9th Cir. 1991).

Ali's attempt to use this court's decision in United States v.
Talbott, 

(4th Cir. 1990), to support his theory that his
sentence could not exceed the maximum for either of the counts for
which he was convicted, is unavailing. In Talbott, the district court
had sentenced the defendant to consecutive ten year sentences for
possession and manufacture of a single firearm. We held that such a
"pyramiding" of sentences was not permissible. 

the
typical case, that is true. It is only in the unusual case, such as the one
here, where the total allowable punishment under the Guidelines
exceeds the statutory maximum, that the court may impose consecu-
tive sentences to reach the chosen "total punishment."

                     13
For the foregoing reasons, Ali's convictions and sentences are

AFFIRMED.

                    14