UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.                                                             No. 95-5736

ALLEN D. SPENCER,
Defendant-Appellant.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.
                                                               No. 95-5737
SPENCER'S SAFE & LOCK SERVICE,
INCORPORATED,
Defendant-Appellant.

Appeals from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Virginia, at Alexandria.
Albert V. Bryan, Jr., Senior District Judge.
(CR-95-150-A)

Argued: September 27, 1996

Decided: October 21, 1996

Before WILKINSON, Chief Judge, and RUSSELL and HALL,
Circuit Judges.

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Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.

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COUNSEL

ARGUED: John David Quinn, SALE, QUINN, DEESE & WEISS,
P.C., Washington, D.C., for Appellants. Jack I. Hanly, Assistant
United States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES
ATTORNEY, Alexandria, Virginia, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Brian
W. Shaughnessy, SHAUGHNESSY, BOROWSKI & GAGNER,
Washington, D.C., for Appellants. Helen F. Fahey, United States
Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Alex-
andria, Virginia, for Appellee.

_________________________________________________________________

Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See
Local Rule 36(c).

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OPINION

PER CURIAM:

Appellants Allen D. Spencer and Spencer's Safe & Lock Service,
Inc. were each convicted on seventeen counts of submitting fraudu-
lent claims to the government in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 287. Appel-
lants challenge their convictions by alleging that their claims were
valid under a reasonable interpretation of the contract, that the district
court erroneously prevented appellants from presenting the testimony
of an expert witness, that the court erred in not giving three of appel-
lants' proposed jury instructions, that the loss amount used in sentenc-
ing was without adequate basis, and that the court should have
required the government to grant appellants' general manager immu-
nity to testify. We find no merit in these contentions and affirm the
judgment of the district court.

I.

Allen Spencer is the president of Spencer's Safe & Lock Service,
which in 1988 was awarded a contract to supply the United States
Department of State with locksmith services. The contract originally

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provided payment just for labor, but was modified to cover both time
and materials. Spencer's was to provide on-call service with "[h]ourly
payments [to] begin upon arrival at the work site and end upon com-
pletion of the job."

Almost all of the work invoices at issue involved work done by
Spencer's employee Warren Sandgren. Following a request by Spen-
cer's, the State Department provided Sandgren with a shop area on
Department premises where he was on-call throughout the day. Sand-
gren and other locksmiths sometimes recorded the hours spent on par-
ticular work projects on incomplete work invoices and submitted
copies to the State Department, allowing the Department to ensure
that the work in question had been done. Once such an invoice
reached Spencer's, Spencer had his clerks fill out the rest of the
invoice, blacken out the notations made by the locksmiths, and submit
the completed invoice to the State Department for billing.

State Department employees learned that the hours billed by Spen-
cer's often exceeded those initially recorded by the locksmiths. The
State Department Inspector General conducted an investigation which
ultimately led to the charges against appellants.

II.

Appellants contend that their claims were valid under a reasonable
interpretation of the contract because they represented billing for the
time Sandgren spent on duty at the State Department. The contract
states, "Hourly payments begin upon arrival at the work site and end
upon completion of the job." Appellants argue that under this lan-
guage Spencer reasonably concluded that "arrival at the worksite"
occurred when Sandgren arrived at the State Department in the morn-
ing and "completion of the job" referred to his departure at the end
of the day. Spencer claimed that accordingly he billed approximately
45 hours per week for Sandgren's work.

First, we do not believe that this is a reasonable interpretation of
the contract language. The contract does not require Spencer's to have
an employee at the State Department but simply to provide on-call
service twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week. The contract

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does not contemplate compensation for on-call time but for time and
materials spent on specific work jobs.

More importantly, even under appellants' proposed interpretation
of the contract, their claims were fraudulent. The invoices in question
did not indicate that they were for Sandgren's time on-site at the State
Department; they purported to be for time he spent on particular work
assignments. In addition, Spencer stated that he billed 45 hours per
week, but Sandgren was actually at the Department only 40 hours per
week. Sandgren testified that his usual hours were 8:00 a.m. to 4:00
p.m., testimony that Spencer corroborated on cross-examination.

III.

Appellants also maintain that the court should have permitted attor-
ney Richard Edgecomb to testify as an expert regarding the modifica-
tion of contracts by course of performance. Contract interpretation,
however, is generally an issue for the court, which obviously requires
no expert testimony on the subject. Even when an interpretive issue
requires jury resolution, the court, not an expert witness, instructs the
jury regarding the law. We therefore find that the district court prop-
erly refused to allow appellants' expert to testify.

IV.

Appellants argue that the district court should have given three jury
instructions they proposed regarding interpretation of the contract.
This case, however, did not involve any contract ambiguities requir-
ing jury consideration. Accordingly, the district court appropriately
declined to give the proposed instructions.

As noted, we find that appellants' interpretation of the contract
itself is not reasonable. The only other alleged interpretation issue is
whether the contract was modified by course of performance. Specifi-
cally, appellants claim that the contract was modified to authorize
payment for services not rendered on State Department premises, for
parts deliveries, and for the time Sandgren spent each day at the
Department.

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The alleged modifications regarding off-site work and parts deliv-
eries are simply irrelevant. Uncontradicted testimony establishes that
the government excluded from its case any invoices where the lock-
smith who had performed the work could suggest a reason, such as
off-site work or a parts delivery, for the increased hours billed.

As to the third modification, appellants present no evidence that the
State Department was aware of appellants' belief that Spencer's was
entitled to bill for Sandgren's time at the Department. Consequently,
it is impossible to conclude that the Department ratified the alleged
modification by its conduct. In support of their argument, appellants
point to the fact that the Department paid the inflated bills and assert
that the Department "required" Spencer's to station an employee on
Department premises full-time. Payment of the invoices, however,
cannot indicate recognition and approval of this alleged modification
because, as noted previously, the invoices stated that they were for
specific work assignments, not for Sandgren's time at the Depart-
ment. In addition, Spencer himself testified that Sandgren was sta-
tioned at the Department after a request by the appellants.

Because none of these issues required jury consideration, the dis-
trict court properly omitted the proposed jury instructions.

V.

Appellants also claim that the government suffered no loss, con-
tending that Spencer's billed only for Sandgren's time although it was
also entitled to charge for off-site work and parts deliveries related to
his work. We are compelled, however, to uphold the district court's
determination that the government suffered a loss of $27,016.48; that
figure is adequately supported by the record and therefore not clearly
erroneous. See United States v. West, 

, 71 (4th Cir. 1993).

The court relied initially on the $13,623.21 loss established by evi-
dence at trial. That figure represents the difference between the hours
recorded by the locksmiths performing the work and the hours actu-
ally billed, multiplied by the appropriate hourly rate for the type of
work performed. The invoices used to calculate this figure included
only those for which the locksmiths could not suggest any reason,
such as off-site work, for the increased hours billed.

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Based on this figure, the court determined that Spencer's overbilled
by 27.59 percent on the invoices where the locksmiths had recorded
their hours. For the same time period, the court estimated that Spen-
cer's overbilled at the same rate on invoices where the locksmiths had
not recorded their hours, thus deriving a total loss amount of
$27,016.48. We find these calculations to be a reasonable assessment
of the government's loss.*

VI.

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the district
court.

AFFIRMED
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*Appellants' witness immunity claim is not worthy of extended dis-
cussion. The decision to grant immunity is normally a matter of prosecu-
torial discretion. Appellants fail to provide a compelling reason to
interfere with the exercise of that discretion.

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