UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.                                                                      No. 96-4156

YOLANDO ERNESTO BOYD,
Defendant-Appellant.

Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Western District of North Carolina, at Charlotte.
Richard L. Voorhees, Chief District Judge.
(CR-96-86)

Submitted: February 13, 1997

Decided: February 28, 1997

Before WIDENER and HAMILTON, Circuit Judges, and
BUTZNER, Senior Circuit Judge.

_________________________________________________________________

Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.

_________________________________________________________________

COUNSEL

Claire J. Rauscher, Charlotte, North Carolina, for Appellant. Mark T.
Calloway, United States Attorney, Brian L. Whisler, Assistant United
States Attorney, Charlotte, North Carolina, for Appellee.

_________________________________________________________________

Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See
Local Rule 36(c).
OPINION

PER CURIAM:

After a jury trial, Yolando Ernesto Boyd was convicted of violating
18 U.S.C. § 2119 (1994) (carjacking) and 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)
(1994) (use of a firearm in relation to a crime of violence). Boyd
appeals, asserting that the district court erred in (1) instructing the
jury on the interstate commerce element contained in§ 2119 and (2)
making reference to the parties' stipulation on the interstate com-
merce element. Finding no error, we affirm.

The court instructed the jury as follows:

          [t]ransported, shipped and received through interstate com-
          merce means any item shipped from any place outside the
          state. The Government has the burden of proving that the
          person received the motor vehicle through interstate com-
          merce by proving beyond a reasonable doubt that the motor
          vehicle identified in this case was brought across state
          boundaries. You will recall the stipulation in that matter.

The parties had stipulated that "the 1992 Toyota Camry, which was
the subject of the carjacking . . ., is a motor vehicle that has previ-
ously been transported, shipped or received in interstate or foreign
commerce."

Boyd first contends that the court failed to instruct the jury that, in
crossing state lines, the motor vehicle must have substantially affected
interstate commerce under United States v. Lopez, ___ U.S. ___, 

(U.S. Apr. 26, 1995) (No. 93-1260). However, Lopez
is wholly inapplicable to this case. In Lopez , the Supreme Court inval-
idated a provision of the Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990, which
penalized possession of a handgun in a school zone. According to the
Supreme Court, that statute contained "no jurisdictional element
which would ensure, through case-by-case inquiry, that the firearm
possession in question affects interstate commerce." 

the statute at issue in Lopez, there is a jurisdictional element
in § 2119. Section 2119 requires that the motor vehicle in question

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have an explicit connection with or effect on interstate commerce.
United States v. Bishop, 

, 587 (3d Cir. 1995), cert. denied,
___ U.S. ___, 

(U.S. Dec. 11, 1995) (No. 95-6678).
Moreover, Lopez neither addressed the amount of evidence required
to prove the jurisdictional element of a offense nor required the gov-
ernment in each case to prove that the violation conduct itself had a
substantial effect upon interstate commerce. United States v. Leshuk,

, 1112 (4th Cir. 1995) (where the statute bears a substan-
tial relation to commerce, the de minimis relation of the individual
violation to interstate commerce is of no consequence). We therefore
find that the district court did not abuse its discretion in instructing
the jury regarding the interstate commerce element.

Boyd next contends that the district court erred by directing the
jury's attention to the stipulation. However, the court's statement was
clearly proper, especially in light of the fact that the court repeatedly
informed the jury that the government must prove each element of the
crime beyond a reasonable doubt. See United States v. Muse, 

, 680-81 (4th Cir. 1996) (stipulation instruction must balance the
powerful, evidentiary force of the stipulation against precatory lan-
guage informing the jury that it is not bound by the stipulation), cert.
denied, ___ U.S. ___, 

(U.S. Oct. 7, 1996) (No. 96-
5589). Therefore, we find that the court's instruction to the jury was
not erroneous.

For the foregoing reasons, Boyd's convictions are affirmed. We
dispense with oral argument because the facts and legal contentions
are adequately presented in the materials before the court and argu-
ment would not aid the decisional process.

AFFIRMED

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