UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

PAUL A. GALLAGHER,
Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

KLINE IMPORTS ARLINGTON,
INCORPORATED, d/b/a Kline Toyota
                                                               No. 97-1711
Arlington,
Defendant-Appellee,

and

GUILLERMO PAZ,
Defendant.

Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Virginia, at Alexandria.
Claude M. Hilton, Chief District Judge.
(CA-96-1153-A)

Submitted: January 6, 1998

Decided: January 21, 1998

Before HAMILTON, LUTTIG, and MOTZ, Circuit Judges.

_________________________________________________________________

Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.

_________________________________________________________________

COUNSEL

John D. Quinn, CLAXTON, SALE & QUINN, P.C., Washington,
D.C., for Appellant. Anthony E. Grimaldi, DOHERTY, SHERIDAN
& GRIMALDI, L.L.P., Fairfax, Virginia, for Appellee.
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See
Local Rule 36(c).

_________________________________________________________________

OPINION

PER CURIAM:

Paul A. Gallagher sued Kline Imports Arlington ("Kline Toyota"),
after he was struck while standing in Kline's parking lot by an auto-
mobile driven by Guillermo Paz.1 In his complaint, Gallagher asserted
that Kline Toyota negligently maintained its parking lot in an over-
crowded condition without sidewalks and guard rails to protect stand-
ing pedestrians. The district court granted summary judgment in favor
of Kline Toyota. Finding no reversible error, we affirm.

A Kline Toyota salesman met Gallagher in the dealership's parking
lot, where they discussed Gallagher's purchase of a truck. Meanwhile,
Paz was attempting to leave the lot, but the nearest exit was blocked.
Paz engaged in a series of quick start and stop maneuvers in attempt-
ing to leave the lot. Paz testified that when he saw Gallagher, he
attempted to apply the brakes quickly, but hit the accelerator instead.
Paz's automobile accelerated backward and struck Gallagher.

In its motion for summary judgment, Kline Toyota asserted that the
sole proximate cause of the accident was Paz's negligent operation of
his automobile. The district court granted Kline Toyota's motion,
holding that Paz's negligence was an intervening cause that super-
seded any alleged negligence on the part of Kline Toyota, and that
Paz's conduct was the sole proximate cause of Gallagher's injuries.

We review the district court's summary judgment ruling de novo.2
_________________________________________________________________

1 Paz was dismissed as a party to the lawsuit pursuant to a settlement
agreement with Gallagher.

2 See Henson v. Liggett Group, Inc., 

, 274 (4th Cir. 1995).

                    2
Summary judgment is only appropriate when there are no genuine
issues of material fact.3

Proximate cause is defined as "that act or omission which immedi-
ately causes or fails to prevent the injury; an act or omission occurring
or concurring with another, where, had it not happened, the injury
would not have been inflicted."4 However, it is possible for an entirely
independent and intervening wrongful act to break the chain of causa-
tion and become the sole proximate cause of a plaintiff's injury.5

When persons of reasonable minds may not fairly differ on the
proper inferences to be drawn from the facts, the issue of proximate
cause becomes a question of law for the court.6 Viewing the record
in the light most favorable to Gallagher, we find that reasonable
minds could not differ as to the proximate cause of Gallagher's inju-
ries. If it were not for Paz's negligently applying the accelerator
instead of the brake, regardless of the parking lot's crowded condi-
tions, he would not have struck Gallagher.

Accordingly, we find that Paz's independent, intervening negli-
gence was the sole proximate cause of Gallagher's injuries. There-
fore, we affirm the court's order granting summary judgment. We
dispense with oral argument because the facts and legal contentions
are adequately presented in the materials before the court and argu-
ment would not aid the decisional process.

AFFIRMED
_________________________________________________________________
3 See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c).
4 Von Roy v. Whitescarver, 

, 352 (Va. 1955) (internal
citations omitted).
5 See Cooper v. Ingersoll Rand Co. , 

, 1493 (W.D.
Va. 1986); Maroulis v. Elliott, 

, 345 (Va. 1966).
6 See Hubbard v. Murray, 

, 402 (Va. 1939).




                    3