UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.
                                                                        No. 97-4094
CRAIG B. BOONE, a/k/a Jay Mason,
a/k/a Samuel Said,
Defendant-Appellant.

Appeal from the United States District Court
for the District of Maryland, at Baltimore.
William M. Nickerson, District Judge.
(CR-95-222-WMN, CR-95-223-WMN)

Submitted: June 23, 1998

Decided: July 9, 1998

Before HAMILTON, WILLIAMS, and MOTZ, Circuit Judges.

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Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.

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COUNSEL

James K. Bredar, Federal Public Defender, Steven F. Reich, Assistant
Federal Public Defender, Elizabeth L. Pearl, Assistant Federal Public
Defender, Greenbelt, Maryland, for Appellant. Lynne A. Battaglia,
United States Attorney, Gregory Welsh, Assistant United States
Attorney, Baltimore, Maryland, for Appellee.

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Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See
Local Rule 36(c).

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OPINION

PER CURIAM:

Appellant Craig B. Boone ("Boone") appeals his convictions on
charges arising out of a series of armed robberies and the resulting
sentences he received. The two primary issues Boone raises in this
appeal were addressed in two separate memorandum opinions of the
district court. The first,1 dated September 28, 1995, denied Boone's
motion to dismiss one count of a three-count indictment against him.
The count challenged by Boone alleged he interfered with interstate
commerce in violation of the Hobbs Act2 by robbing a Baltimore con-
venience store. Boone asserted that application of the Hobbs Act to
the robbery in question was unconstitutional in that it "[ran] afoul of
limitations on the reach of the Commerce clause" 3 that the Supreme
Court announced in United States v. Lopez. 4

The second opinion5 on which Boone focuses was issued on Janu-
ary 23, 1997, and denied Boone's motion to reject the Government's
proposed enhancement of his sentence pursuant to the so-called "three
strikes" law.6 Boone challenged the enhancement on the ground that,
as applied, it violated "the substantive and procedural due process
rights of the Fifth Amendment, the separation of powers doctrine, the
Eighth Amendment's protection against cruel and unusual punish-
ment, the Fifth Amendment's double jeopardy prohibition . . . [and]
the prohibition against bills of attainder." 7
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1 J.A. at 165-68.
2 18 U.S.C. § 1951 (1994).
3 J.A. at 165.
4 

(1995).
5 J.A. at 30-46.
6 18 U.S.C. § 3559(c) (1994).

7 J.A. at 31.

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Turning first to Boone's Lopez-based challenge to the Hobbs Act,
we agree with the district court's conclusion that the Hobbs Act is
"readily distinguishable" from the Gun-Free School Zone Act of
1990, the statute declared unconstitutional in Lopez. As the court
noted, unlike the Gun-Free School Zone Act, the Hobbs Act contains
a "jurisdictional element" that specifically requires a finding of an
effect on interstate commerce.8 Therefore, the Hobbs Act has just the
sort of mechanism requiring a "case-by case inquiry" into the validity
of its application under the Commerce Clause that the Supreme Court
found lacking in Lopez.9

We also disagree with Boone's argument regarding the constitu-
tionality of the enhancement of his sentence pursuant to the "three
strikes" law. Like the district court, we conclude that Boone's asser-
tion that application of the "three strikes" law to him violates the sub-
stantive due process guarantees of the Fifth Amendment is governed
by Chapman v. United States.10 In that case, the Supreme Court held
that the "compelling interest" analysis to which criminal classifica-
tions are usually subjected is only applicable to criminal convictions,
and that, once a person is convicted, the use of a classification-based
penalty in sentencing does not violate due process"so long as that
penalty is not cruel and unusual . . . and so long as the penalty is not
based on an arbitrary distinction."11

We agree with the district court's conclusion that the "three-
strikes" enhancement is not based on an arbitrary distinction. As the
court noted, Boone's argument that the "three strikes" law is arbitrary
in that it places no limits on the age of convictions that constitute
"strikes" has been addressed with regard to other cumulative sentenc-
ing provisions. In such cases, this court and others have clearly held
that use of a relatively "old" conviction under a cumulative sentencing
provision does not render application of that provision invalid.12
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8 J.A. at 167.
9 See J.A. at 167 (quoting United States v. Lopez, 

(1995)).
10 

(1991).
11 Chapman v. United States, 

, 465 (1991).
12 See, e.g., United States v. Presley, 

, 69-70 (4th Cir. 1995)
(affirming use of a 1973 conviction in a 1994 cumulative sentence under

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Similarly, we find nothing arbitrary about the mandatory nature of
the life sentence under the "three strikes" law. Like the district court,
we recognize that the argument that mandatory sentences violate sub-
stantive due process has been unsuccessful in a number of decisions
of circuit courts of appeals,13 and add that it was specifically refuted
by the Seventh Circuit in United States v. Washington.14 Here, we find
no difference between Boone's argument in this regard and those
rejected in the cases cited by the district court in its opinion. Accord-
ingly, we decline to disturb the district court's conclusion that the
"three strikes" law does not violate the substantive due process guar-
antees of the Fifth Amendment.

We next turn to Boone's argument that the "three strikes" law vio-
lates the Fifth Amendment's guarantee of procedural due process in
that it "precludes sentencing courts from considering whether a defen-
dant actually deserves a life sentence."15 The district court accurately
characterized this argument as one asserting that under a cumulative
sentencing provision like the "three strikes" law, a defendant should
be afforded "a pre-sentence opportunity to challenge the prior convic-
tions [that constitute the first two `strikes']."16 As such, the court
found this issue to be governed by Custis v. United States,17 in which
the Supreme Court held that procedural due process did not require
such an opportunity with regard to cumulative sentences under the
ACCA. We agree.

Although we recognize, as Boone asserts, that the penalty under the
"three strikes" law (life without parole) is more severe than that avail-
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Armed Career Criminal Act ("ACCA"), 18 U.S.C.§ 924(e) (1994));
United States v. Preston, 

, 89 (3d Cir. 1990) (holding relative
age of conviction used under ACCA does not render application of that
provision violative of the substantive due process guarantees of the Fifth
Amendment).

13 See J.A. at 36.
14 

(7th Cir. 1997), cert. denied, 

(1997).

15 Appellant's Br. at 21.
16 J.A. at 39.

17 

(1994).

                    4
able under the ACCA, we also agree with the district court's determi-
nation that this difference does not entitle Boone to the relief he
desires. As the district court put it, "[t]he case law . . . consistently
draws the crucial line [demarcating additional procedural protections]
above, not below, the sentence of life without parole."18 Thus, we
affirm the district court's conclusion that Boone was not entitled to
further procedural protections under the "three strikes" law.

We also decline to disturb Boone's sentence on the two further
grounds he raises in this appeal. First, we find no error in the district
court's jury instruction that the Hobbs Act can be applied if the crime
in question creates either "an actual or potential affect [sic] on com-
merce between any two or more states."19 As the Government asserts,
the Hobbs Act is a direct regulation of interstate commerce--i.e. a
regulation intended to "protect the instrumentalities of interstate com-
merce, or persons or things in interstate commerce, even though the
threat may come only from intrastate activities."20 Therefore, as the
Hobbs Act is "a general regulatory statute bear[ing] a substantial rela-
tion to commerce, the de minimis character of individual instances
arising under [it] is of no consequence." 21 Or, as this court has stated
with regard to the Hobbs Act, interstate commerce is deemed affected
"though the impact upon commerce is small, and it may be shown by
proof of probabilities without evidence that any particular commercial
movements were affected."22

Further, when read in context, the "potential effect" portion of the
charge is clearly intended to cover an attempted robbery situation.23
As attempt is indisputably covered under the Hobbs Act, we find that
this instruction is thus consistent with the statute. Based on the fore-
going, we decline to disturb Boone's conviction on this ground.
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18 J.A. at 40 (citing Harmelin v. Michigan, 

(1991)).
19 

added).
20 

.
21 

Wirtz, 

, 197 n.27 (1968))
(emphasis omitted).
22 United States v. Brantley, 

, 162 (4th Cir. 1985).
23 See J.A. at 93 ("If you decide that interstate commerce would poten-
tially or probably be affected if the defendant had successfully completed
his actions . . . .").

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Similarly, we are unpersuaded by Boone's assertion that the district
court erred in determining that it did not have discretion to sentence
Boone to a life sentence for violation of 18 U.S.C.§ 924(c)(1) (1994)
to run concurrently with other life sentences he received. Boone
asserts that because the life sentence for violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 924(c)(1) was imposed pursuant to the "three strikes" provision
found in 18 U.S.C. § 3559, it is not subject to the former provision's
prohibition against concurrent sentences.

However, as noted by the Government at sentencing, 18 U.S.C.
§ 3559 is a sentencing provision that is directly dependent on the
"third strike" crime that requires its application. By its own terms,
§ 3559 must apply to a particular "serious violent felony," and here
that felony is also covered by the "Penalties" described in § 924(c)(1).
Thus, a life sentence under 18 U.S.C. § 3559 that is occasioned by a
"third strike" in the form of a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924 is clearly
a sentence "imposed under this subsection [18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)],"
which may not "run concurrently with any other term of
imprisonment."24 Therefore, we conclude that the district court prop-
erly determined that 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1) prohibits a concurrent sen-
tence for the conviction in question, and we decline to disturb
Boone's sentence on this ground.

Based on the foregoing, we affirm Boone's convictions and sen-
tences. We dispense with oral argument because the facts and legal
contentions are adequately presented in the materials before the court,
and argument would not aid the decisional process.

AFFIRMED
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24 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1) (1994).

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