UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.                                                                     No. 98-4272

PETER ROLLACK,
Defendant-Appellant.

Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Western District of North Carolina, at Charlotte.
Graham C. Mullen, Chief District Judge.
(CR-96-168)

Argued: December 3, 1998

Decided: March 1, 1999

Before ERVIN and HAMILTON, Circuit Judges, and HILTON,
Chief United States District Judge for the Eastern District of
Virginia, sitting by designation.

_________________________________________________________________

Affirmed by unpublished opinion. Chief Judge Hilton wrote the opin-
ion, in which Judge Ervin and Judge Hamilton joined.

_________________________________________________________________

COUNSEL

ARGUED: Christopher Cary Fialko, Charlotte, North Carolina, for
Appellant. Gretchen C.F. Shappert, Assistant United States Attorney,
Charlotte, North Carolina, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Mark T. Cal-
loway, United States Attorney, Charlotte, North Carolina, for Appel-
lee.

_________________________________________________________________
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See
Local Rule 36(c).

_________________________________________________________________

OPINION

HILTON, Chief District Judge:

On January 9, 1998 Peter Rollack (a.k.a. "Pistol Pete") was found
guilty, by a jury, of conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute a
quantity of cocaine and cocaine base in violation of 21 U.S.C.
§§ 841(a)(1) and 846 (West 1981 & Supp. 1998), and knowingly
using and carrying a firearm, and aiding and abetting such conduct,
in relation to a drug trafficking crime, in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 924(c) and 2 (West Supp. 1998). Rollack now appeals his convic-
tions. Finding no merit in the seven claims raised on appeal, we
affirm.

In the early 1990s, Savon Codd, also known as "Yaro Pack,"
became associated with Rollack in the Bronx, New York. Rollack was
the leader of a gang known as Sex, Money and Murder ("SMM"), an
affiliate of the Bloods. The Bloods is a national gang with affiliates
in many cities. SMM was engaged in distributing cocaine and crack
cocaine. Codd joined this gang. During that same time period, Codd
was involved in cocaine and crack cocaine distribution in Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania.

Rollack began accompanying Codd on the trips to Pittsburgh in late
1993 and 1994. Together, they were transporting eight to ten kilo-
grams of cocaine powder and crack cocaine at a time. Rollack served
as a "lookout" on the trips to Pittsburgh and was paid $3,000 to
$5,000 per trip.

In 1994, Codd and David Gonzales (who was named as an unindic-
ted co-conspirator in the indictment against Rollack) met in the
Bronx, and Gonzales pitched Codd about the potential for distributing
drugs in North Carolina. As a result of this conversation, Codd, Rol-
lack and several of their associates began making trips to North Caro-
lina in a leased Nissan Quest van carrying drugs.

                     2
On the second trip, Codd, Rollack and Gonzales met in New York
and drove the van, containing six to eight kilograms of cocaine, to
North Carolina. During this trip the men sold cocaine in Rockingham
and Lumberton, North Carolina, as well as somewhere in South Caro-
lina. They then drove to Charlotte, North Carolina, where Codd and
Rollack were introduced by Gonzales to David Evans. Gonzales,
Evans, Codd and Rollack discussed opening crack houses in Charlotte
and developing customers for their drug business. During this trip,
they also examined several Charlotte neighborhoods as possible loca-
tions for their drug business.

After this trip, Codd, Rollack and Gonzales decided to return to
New York temporarily. They left the van at the airport and flew to
New York for a few days. At the time, the van contained approxi-
mately $70,000 and two kilograms of cocaine. Codd then flew down
to pick up the van in order to return it to New York.

The third and final trip to North Carolina also began in New York.
Codd, Gonzales, Rollack, and a fourth associate, known as "Pipe," left
New York in the leased van. The van had Pennsylvania license plates,
and contained approximately eight to ten kilograms of cocaine pow-
der and crack cocaine. In Pittsburgh, they collected money and deliv-
ered approximately six kilograms of cocaine. The price of each
kilogram was between $20,000 and $22,000. A portion of the drugs
they distributed in Pittsburgh were Codd's, while the rest were Rol-
lack's. From Pittsburgh, they drove to Lumberton to collect money on
a drug debt, and then to South Carolina to collect more drug money
and deliver more drugs. From there, they drove to Rockingham to
meet with a customer of theirs, Darious Covington.

In Rockingham they met with Covington, who owed them between
$80,000 to $90,000 for cocaine he had previously received. However,
Covington was unable to pay the full amount owed. Rollack was very
upset about this development. While tapping a gun against his own
head, Rollack told Codd and Gonzales, "Yo, I'm going in there and
murder him." In response to Gonzales' pleas, Rollack agreed that
Covington would have one more day to come up with the remaining
money owed. As the four men had plans to drive to Charlotte for the
evening, they agreed to meet with Covington when they returned the
next day.

                    3
From Rockingham, the four men drove to Charlotte for a concert.
They still had two kilograms of cocaine in the van and several fire-
arms for protection. After the concert, they dropped off Pipe in Lum-
berton, drove to Wilmington, North Carolina to deliver more cocaine,
and then returned to Rockingham the next day to meet with Coving-
ton.

When they returned to Rockingham on October 21, 1994, Gonzales
paged Covington in order to make arrangements as to where the men
would meet. It was agreed that they'd meet in a local fast food restau-
rant. However, Covington never arrived. Unbeknownst to Rollack,
Gonzales had phoned Covington and warned him that Rollack
intended to murder him. Gonzales then urged Rollack and Codd to
leave Rockingham, because Covington was not likely to arrive and
pay his drug debt. Rollack refused: "Ain't nobody going to live in this
world who owe me money." Rollack insisted that they drive over to
Covington's house "because I'm going to murder his wife and kids.
I ain't playing." While the three men were considering what to do
next, law enforcement officers appeared and detained Codd, Gonzales
and Rollack. The officers had been tipped by an informant that drugs
were being transported into Richmond County, North Carolina in a
burgundy Nissan Quest bearing Pennsylvania license plates and occu-
pied by three individuals. It was this tip which led the officers to
detain the three men. The officers then proceeded to search the van.

At the time they were detained, each of the three used an alias.
Codd used the name Corey Hines, Gonzales used David Richards, and
Rollack used Nathaniel Tucker. During the initial search of the van,
the officers failed to locate the drugs, money and the firearms, which
were located within a secret compartment. However, two drug narcot-
ics detection canines were brought to the scene. When the dogs
alerted on the van, officers moved the van to another location where
a search was conducted pursuant to a search warrant.

Codd, Gonzales and Rollack were transported to the police station
without being placed under arrest. After providing false identification
to the authorities, the three were released. They discussed among
themselves whether to wait in Rockingham until the van was released
or to flee the city because the officers might locate the secret compart-

                     4
ment which contained the drugs, money and guns. Rollack urged
them to stay.

While using a pay phone to notify their associates in New York of
their plight, the three were arrested. They were taken to the Sheriff's
Department, and eventually placed under high bonds. Rollack's uncle
and Codd's cousin provided bond money, and the three were able to
bond out of jail several days later. Codd never returned to North Car-
olina to face his charges, nor did he make any subsequent drug trips
to North Carolina.

While Gonzales did not return to face his pending charges as well,
he did continue to be involved in drug trafficking in North Carolina
in 1995. Gonzales associated himself with Hershel McNeil, an asso-
ciate of Rollack's from New York. McNeil arranged to have crack
cocaine transported to North Carolina, and Gonzales then distributed
the drugs.

In early 1996, while Gonzales was still dealing with McNeil, Gon-
zales spoke by phone with Rollack. At the time of the conversation
with Rollack, Gonzales owed McNeil money for a drug debt. During
the telephone conversation, Rollack explained that the source of
cocaine Gonzales had received from McNeil was, in fact, Rollack's
uncle. Rollack explained that "[m]y uncle gave Hershel some cocaine
to sell for me, so I could pay for my lawyer." Rollack went on to
explain that the kilogram and a half of crack cocaine that McNeil
fronted to Gonzales actually belonged to Rollack, and that Rollack
wanted his money. Gonzales agreed to reimburse McNeil for the drug
debt and to loan Rollack additional money to pay for his lawyer. Gon-
zales estimates that he sent Rollack approximately $20,000 during
1995 and 1996.

At Rollack's trial, Codd and Gonzales testified, along with others
who corroborated their stories. Also called to testify was Special
Agent Terry Tadeo of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms.
Agent Tadeo testified about the interception of Rollack's mail, pursu-
ant to Federal search warrants, between December 17 and December
27, 1997. The mail was seized from Rollack's jail cell. The mail
which was seized was written in Bloods code. Also seized was a list

                    5
of Bloods codes. Agent Tadeo testified that some of the items seized
were in Rollack's handwriting, while some were not.

Sergeant Louis Savelli of the New York City Police Department
Citywide Anti-Gang Enforcement Unit testified as an expert witness
in the field of gang-related codes and as an expert witness on the
Bloods gang. Sergeant Savelli examined letters seized from Rollack's
cell and testified as to the significance and importance of certain
works and symbols. According to Sergeant Savelli, Bloods and other
gang members frequently communicate with fellow gang members in
code to avoid police detection.

Sergeant Savelli went on to identify Bloods and SMM salutations
and expressions in Rollack's correspondence. Agent Tadeo, in turn,
summarized the contents of the seized writings and letters from Rol-
lack's jail cell, and related them to the testimony presented by other
witnesses at trial. Rollack was subsequently convicted by a jury, and
sentenced to 40 years of imprisonment on Count I, and 5 years of
imprisonment on Count II, to run consecutively.

Rollack challenges his convictions, claiming: (1) the police did not
have probable cause to search the Nissan Quest van immediately upon
seizure; (2) the trial court erred by allowing testimony of prior bad
acts occurring in times and places distant from the conduct alleged in
the indictment; (3) the trial court erred by allowing introduction into
evidence of multiple writings, rap songs and letters found in a search
of the Defendant's jail cell and mail; (4) the trial court erred by allow-
ing for a constructive amendment of the indictment when it permitted
extensive testimony and documentary evidence about the activities of
SMM, and about Defendant's role in that gang; (5) the trial court
erred by allowing Agent Tadeo to summarize the contents of the writ-
ings seized from Defendant's jail cell, and then relate the writings to
the testimony of the witnesses at trial; (6) the trial court erred by
refusing to give a requested multiple conspiracies' jury instruction;
and (7) the trial court erred in applying sentencing enhancements for
Rollack's leadership role and for obstruction of justice.

I.

The first issue for this Court is whether the trial court erred in not
suppressing the evidence seized from the Nissan Quest. We will

                     6
review the factual determinations of the lower court under a clearly
erroneous standard. See United States v. Kitchens, 

, 31
(4th Cir. 1997). The legal conclusions of the trial court are to be
reviewed de novo. See United States v. Johnson, 

, 441
(4th Cir. 1997).

"The proponent of a motion to suppress has the burden of establish-
ing that his own Fourth Amendment rights were violated by the chal-
lenged search or seizure." Rakas v. Illinois , 

, 131 n.1
(1978); accord United States v. Ramapuram, 

, 1155
(4th Cir. 1980), cert. denied, 

(1981). To establish a
violation of one's Fourth Amendment rights, a defendant must first
show that he had a "reasonable expectation of privacy" in the place
searched. See 

; United States v. Al-Talib, 

, 930 (4th Cir. 1995); United States v. Horowitz, 

, 1225 (4th Cir. 1986). If a defendant cannot make such a show-
ing, the defendant cannot challenge the reasonableness of the search
and seizure. See United States v. Rusher, 

, 873 (4th Cir.),
cert. denied, 

(1992).

A reasonable expectation of privacy is not created by the subjective
expectation of the proponent alone. See Horowitz , 806 F.2d at 1225.
Rather, to have a reasonable expectation of privacy the defendant
must show he had control over the area searched; he had taken mea-
sures to ensure privacy; and that society is willing to recognize defen-
dant's expectation as reasonable. See 

he had a reasonable expectation of privacy in
the leased van in that the lease agreement for the van did not preclude
him from driving; he had a property interest in the guns, money and
drugs found in the van; and that he had secreted the contraband in a
hidden compartment in the van. This, Rollack contends, shows a rea-
sonable expectation of privacy in the van sufficient to allow him to
challenge its search.

We are not persuaded by this argument. The van was not leased in
Rollack's name, nor did the lease explicitly permit Rollack to drive
the van. Further, Rollack did not exercise control over the van by
driving it. Rather, he was merely a passenger.

                    7
In United States v. Wellons, 

(4th Cir. 1994), cert.
denied, 

(1995), the defendant was arrested following
the discovery of drugs in a rental car which he was driving but for
which he was not listed as an authorized driver on the rental agree-
ment. The defendant was pulled over by a West Virginia State
Trooper, and the defendant told the Trooper that the vehicle had been
rented by another. While the Trooper awaited verification of the
rental agreement, he called for a narcotics-sniffing dog to be sent to
the scene. The dog alerted the presence of narcotics and a subsequent
search revealed cocaine and heroin. There, we rejected the notion that
an unauthorized driver of a rental vehicle had a reasonable expecta-
tion of privacy in the car he was driving.

In the case before the Court, Rollack's expectation of privacy is
even less compelling than that of the defendant in Wellons. In
Wellons, the defendant, who had secreted the contraband in luggage
in the car, exercised control over the vehicle as the driver when he
was stopped for speeding by a State Trooper. According to Gonzales'
testimony at trial, Rollack never drove the vehicle during their trip,
and the vehicle was obtained by Codd. Therefore, Rollack is in the
same position as the defendant in Wellons, except here Rollack never
exercised any control over the vehicle. These facts lead this Court to
the inevitable conclusion that Rollack never had a reasonable expecta-
tion of privacy in the van, hence he cannot object to the search as
being illegal.

II.

The next issue before the Court is the admissibility of evidence
pursuant to Rule 404(b) of the Federal Rules of Evidence. Our review
is limited to determining whether the trial court abused its discretion.
See United States v. Chin, 

, 87 (4th Cir. 1996); United
States v. Haney, 

, 607 (4th Cir. 1990).

Rule 404(b) dictates that "[e]vidence of other crimes, wrongs, or
acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to
show action in conformity therewith." Fed. R. Evid. 404(b). However,
Rule 404 (b) applies only to limit the admission of other acts extrinsic
to the conduct charged in the indictment. See 

.
Other criminal acts are considered "intrinsic" if they are "inextricably

                    8
intertwined or both acts are part of a single criminal episode or other
acts were necessary preliminaries to the crime charged." See 

the standard of United States v. Lambert, 

,
1007 (10th Cir. 1993)). In addition, evidence of other crimes or
uncharged conduct is not considered "other crimes" for Rule 404(b)
purposes if it "arose out of the same ... series of transactions as the
charged offense, ... or if it is necessary to complete the story of the
crime [on] trial." United States v. Kennedy, 

, 885 (4th Cir.
1994) (quoting United States v. Towne, 

, 886 (4th Cir.
1989)).

Rollack contends that other acts or crimes introduced in the trial
were not inextricably intertwined with, nor did they arise out of, the
same series of transactions as the charged conspiracy. Hence, the
other acts or crimes were extrinsic, and subject to the requirements of
Rule 404(b).

Rollack goes on to describe the conspiracy as alleged as one which
began in the Summer of 1994 between Rollack, Codd and Gonzales,
and which ended upon their arrest in Rockingham on October 22,
1994. Given this definition of the time frame of the conspiracy, Rol-
lack argues that the evidence presented at trial concerning acts in
1993 and early 1994, the evidence pertaining to SMM's affiliation
with the Bloods in 1996, and the evidence pertaining to Rollack's
ownership of guns and other vehicles with secret compartments are
all extrinsic to the charged drug conspiracy.

However, it is well-settled that the time period of a conspiracy is
determined by the evidence presented at trial, not the dates alleged in
the indictment. See United States v. Jackson, 

, 1490
(4th Cir. 1985). Conspirators are presumed to continue as members
of a conspiracy absent affirmative evidence of termination of, or with-
drawal from, the conspiracy. See United States v. Walker, 

, 49 (4th Cir. 1986).

The indictment in this case alleged that Rollack was a member of
a conspiracy "within the Western District of North Carolina and else-
where." Evidence of Rollack's involvement with drug trafficking in
the Bronx, Pittsburgh, North Carolina and South Carolina all per-

                    9
tained to drug distribution by the persons named in the indictment and
their associates.

Evidence pertaining to SMM was also relevant to the crimes
charged in the indictment, because Rollack was the leader of the
gang, and the gang specialized in drug trafficking, including drug traf-
ficking in North Carolina. Testimony by coconspirators about the
transport of drugs from New York, through Pittsburgh, was an inte-
gral part of the crime alleged and not extrinsic evidence. See gener-
ally United States v. Banks, 

, 1054 (4th Cir. 1993), cert.
denied, 

(1994). Also, there was no evidence that Rol-
lack withdrew from the conspiracy upon his arrest in Rockingham. To
the contrary, the evidence presented at trial showed that Rollack con-
tinued in the drug trade, demanding payment from Gonzales for the
drug debt owed McNeil.

The Court is satisfied that the trial court did not abuse its discretion
in determining that this evidence was intrinsic for purposes of Rule
404(b). This evidence was not offered to prove bad character, but
rather "to complete the story of the crime [on] trial."

III.

We next turn our attention to the third issue raised on appeal,
whether the trial court erred by allowing introduction into evidence
of multiple writings, rap songs, and letters found in a search of Rol-
lack's cell. Our standard of review for the admission of coconspirator
statements under Rule 801(d)(2)(E) of the Federal Rules of Evidence
is abuse of discretion. See United States v. Hassan, 

, 731
(4th Cir. 1993); see also United States v. Russell, 

,
1104 (4th Cir. 1992), cert. denied, 

(1993).

Under 21 U.S.C. § 846, the government need only prove an act
showing the defendant's initial participation in the conspiracy, United
States v. Covos, 

, 806 (8th Cir. 1989), which is then pre-
sumed to continue until its end, or the defendant's withdrawal is affir-
matively shown. See United States v. Sheffer, 

(4th Cir.
1990). Where the defendant fails to show that he withdrew from a
conspiracy, his membership is viewed as continuing for the duration.
See United States v. Barsanti, 

, 437 (4th Cir. 1991);

                     10
United States v. West, 

, 289 (4th Cir. 1990); see gener-
ally United States v. Girard, 

, 1172-73 (5th Cir. 1984)
(bid-rigging conspiracy went beyond awarding of contract and lasted
until final payment was made); United States v. Helmich, 

, 549 (11th Cir. 1983) (conspiracy to transfer secret information
lasted seventeen years after last act of transfer, until final payment
was made); United States v. Mennuti, 

, 1035-36 (2d
Cir. 1982) (arson conspiracy lasted after fire until the coconspirator
received the payoff, which was used to purchase the torched prop-
erty); United States v. Walker, 

, 1348-50 (9th Cir.
1981) (fraudulent contract lasted until conspirators divided profits).

Indeed, "[a]rrest of some coconspirators does not, as a matter of
law, terminate a conspiracy." United States v. Grubb, 

,
1109 (4th Cir. 1975). Even acts intended to conceal or cover-up the
conspiracy may be in furtherance of its aims or goals. See United
States v. Potamitis, 

, 788 (2d Cir. 1984).

At trial, letters seized from Rollack's jail cell were introduced into
evidence, and Sergeant Savelli then translated the documents, written
in code, for the benefit of the jury. A handwriting analyst determined
that all of the letters were written by Rollack except for a letter Rol-
lack received from Pipe, and a document of which the analyst could
not determine who was the author. The Court determined the letters
written by Rollack were admissible pursuant to Federal Rule of Evi-
dence 804(b)(3) as "admissions against interest by a party." The Court
also allowed the letters which were not written by Rollack to be intro-
duced into evidence, pursuant to Federal Rule of Evidence
801(d)(2)(E), which allows for the introduction of statements by a
coconspirator of a party.

Rollack urges that the trial court erred in several ways. Specifi-
cally, he says that the court never made clear in its ruling whether its
decision that the "ongoing conspiracy headed by[Rollack] while he
is in jail" was the same conspiracy charged in the indictment. If the
court was referring to another conspiracy when it made its decision,
then the evidence would be extrinsic and subject to the dictates of
Rule 404(b).

Further, Rollack contends that the court never weighed the admissi-
bility of the evidence pursuant to Federal Rule of Evidence 403,

                     11
which requires courts to weigh the relevance of evidence against its
prejudicial nature. See Fed. R. Evid. 403. This is troubling to Rollack,
as he claims the testimony by Sergeant Savelli was prejudicial, espe-
cially Savelli's translation that "Peter Rolls" (an alias of Rollack) was
"another term for murder."

However, the evidence seized from Rollack's cell corroborated the
testimony of other government witnesses about Rollack's role in
SMM, and his continued involvement in the conspiracy alleged in the
indictment. Contrary to Rollack's contentions, the District Court's
voir dire hearing outside of the presence of the jury enabled the judge
to weigh the probative value of the evidence versus its prejudicial
impact.

Upon review of the material outside of the presence of the jury, the
court noted that there were references in the seized materials consis-
tent with the testimony presented at trial. The attorney for the govern-
ment argued that the materials were statements against interest of a
party-opponent, and that the references in the materials were clearly
relevant, as they referred to testimony in evidence.

Sergeant Savelli's testimony indicated that the crossing-out of the
letter "c" in the seized documents was a common practice among
members of the Bloods and that Bloods frequently communicated in
codes. This corroborated trial testimony that SMM became a chapter
of the Bloods during the time of Rollack's leadership. In the seized
materials, the writer refers to himself as "Pistol," which is consistent
with trial testimony that the defendant was known as"Pistol Pete."
References to "drop top" referred to drugs, and the reference to "Pipe"
is consistent with trial testimony about one of the unindicted cocon-
spirators who made trips with Rollack to North Carolina.

The reference equating "Peter Rolls" to "murder" may or may not
have been unduly prejudicial, however we need not decide. If a party
fails to object to the admission of evidence, it is reviewable by this
Court only for plain error. See 

. Further, objections
must be stated with specific grounds given to preserve the objection
for appeal, or the reviewing court will review the trial court's actions
for plain error. See Fed. R. Evid. 103(a)(1). Here, Rollack made only

                     12
a general objection to a lengthy narrative containing the first reference
and no objection at trial to the second reference.

Further, neither passage referring to "Peter Rolls" implicates Rol-
lack as being involved in murders, and both passages corroborate trial
testimony that SMM as an organization did engage in murders. We
cannot say the district court abused its discretion in allowing the let-
ters not written by Rollack to be entered into evidence, as there is no
indication in the record that Rollack affirmatively withdrew from the
conspiracy, and the testimony of Pipe at trial indicated that he viewed
himself as a conspirator of Rollack. Further, we are satisfied that the
judge applied Rule 403 to all of the evidence presented to him during
the voir dire proceeding, and that it was not plain error for the court
to allow testimony about "Peter Rolls."

IV.

Rollack next contends that the trial court improperly broadened the
possible bases for conviction beyond those in the indictment by
allowing extensive testimony and documentary evidence about the
activities of SMM, and Rollack's role in SMM, thereby constructively
amending the indictment. We review this issue de novo. See United
States v. Marl, 

, 280 (4th Cir. 1995).

Constructive amendment of an indictment occurs when there is a
presentation of evidence and jury instructions both which work to
change the elements of the offense charged, resulting in the defendant
being convicted of a crime other than that charged in the indictment.
See United States v. Schnabel, 

, 203 (4th Cir. 1991).
However, a "variance which does not affect substantial rights shall be
disregarded." Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(a); see Berger v. United States, 

, 92 (1935) ("substantial rights" are not affected by a variance
when the defendant is sufficiently informed of the charges against
him so that he can prepare a defense and not be surprised, and when
the charge is sufficiently specific to protect him from subsequent
prosecution for the same offense); United States v. Odom, 

, 118 (4th Cir. 1984) (a variance between the indictment and the
evidence that does not modify the elements of a crime charged does
not invalidate a conviction unless it prejudices the defendant); United

                    13
States v. DeBrouse, 

, 389 (4th Cir. 1981) (defendant
must demonstrate substantial prejudice on the record as a whole).

Rollack contends that the introduction of evidence at trial of gang
communications, drug trafficking and gun possession all occurring in
New York impermissibly broadened the possible bases for conviction
beyond those presented to the grand jury, resulting in a constructive
amendment of the indictment. Rollack objected to the government's
introduction of this evidence in limine. In any case, Rollack argues,
constructive amendment of the indictment constitutes error per se,
and it is conclusively presumed that the defendant has been preju-
diced. See United States v. Floresca, 

, 711 (4th Cir.
1994).

However, Rollack's reliance on Floresca is misplaced. Floresca
involved the district court's misinstruction to the jury, which broad-
ened the possible bases for conviction beyond those presented to the
grand jury, thus constructively amending the indictment. Rollack does
not contend, nor is there any suggestion in the record, that the district
court misinstructed the jury in the case before this Court.

We believe that the testimony about SMM, drug trafficking and
gun possession is relevant to the alleged drug conspiracy, and is not
unduly prejudicial. Indeed, "[t]he jury is entitled to know the setting
of the case." United States v. Dudley, 

, 262 (4th Cir.
1991):

          One of the accepted bases for the admissibility of other
          crimes arises when such evidence furnishes part of the con-
          text of the crime or is necessary to a full presentation of the
          case, or is so intimately connected with and explanatory of
          the crime charged against the defendant and is so much a
          part of the setting of the case and its environment that proof
          is appropriate in order to complete the story of the crime on
          trial by proving the immediate context or res gestae, or the
          uncharged offense is so linked together in point of time and
          circumstances with the crime charged that one cannot be
          fully shown without proving the other ... and [is thus] part
          of the res gestae of the crime charged.

                     14
Id.; accord 

; 

.

While Rollack contends that improper jury instructions leading to
a constructive amendment constitutes prejudice, nowhere does he
claim that the court misinstructed the jury. Since such a claim is a
necessary prerequisite to prove constructive amendment of an indict-
ment, see 

, his claim of error fails, and the
Court is satisfied upon de novo review that the evidence which Rol-
lack objects to is part of the res gestae of the crime charged.

V.

Rollack next contends that the district court erred by allowing Spe-
cial Agent Tadeo to summarize the contents of the writings seized
from Rollack's jail cell, and then relate the writings to the testimony
of witnesses called at trial. We review to ensure that the decision to
allow the admission of this evidence was not arbitrary or irrational.
See United States v. Johnson, 

, 1156 (4th Cir.), cert.
denied, 

(1995) (citing United States v. Bailey, 

, 122 (4th Cir. 1993)); United States v. Loayza, 

, 264
(4th Cir. 1997).

In an "ordinary federal drug prosecution, neither a summary wit-
ness's testimony nor a summary chart ... [will] be admissible pursuant
to Rules 702 or 611(a) [of the Federal Rules of Evidence]," because
such testimony is inherently dangerous in that it lends credibility to
prior government witnesses and is likely to confuse the jury. 

. However, Rule 611(a) can be used as a basis for the
admission of summary testimony when the testimony aids in ascer-
taining the truth. 

complexity and length of the case
as well as the numbers of witnesses and exhibits are considered in
making [this] determination." Loayza , 107 F.3d at 264. Also, in mak-
ing this determination the court must consider the prejudice which
would result to the defendant by allowing the summary testimony.

. However, any "[p]rejudice may be dis-
pelled by allowing the defendant an opportunity to cross-examine the
individual [presenting the summary testimony]," 

, and by "ensuring that the district court properly instruct[s] the
jury concerning the manner in which they [are] to consider the [sum-
mary testimony]." 

.

                    15
At the conclusion of the government's case-in-chief, the prosecutor
called Agent Tadeo to testify and summarize the contents of the
seized writings and letters from Rollack's jail cell, and to relate them
to the testimony presented at trial. Agent Tadeo presented his sum-
mary testimony after Sergeant Savelli translated the contents of the
writings from Bloods code into English, for the benefit of the jury.

Rollack contends that this was impermissible because his case is
distinguishable from Johnson and Loayza on the basis of complexity.
In Johnson, Rollack argues, this Court allowed the use of a summary
chart due to the complexity of that case, where 45 witnesses testified
over a two and one-half week drug conspiracy trial. 

Loayza, this Court permitted the use of summary charts in a complex
Ponzie scheme case which included 13 government witnesses and 130
government exhibits. 

.

Rollack argues that his case is not complex because at trial testi-
mony was presented by only five cooperating government witnesses;
three Rockingham police officers, who testified mainly about chain-
of-custody issues; and Agent Tadeo and Sergeant Savelli. Further, the
time frame of the conduct alleged in the conspiracy was only ten
months. Last, Rollack also argues that the limited usefulness of sum-
mary testimony in his case is outweighed by the danger of prejudice
to Rollack.

The flaw in Rollack's argument is that he defines whether a case
is complex by the number of witnesses called. According to this argu-
ment, if there were only a few witnesses, the case must not have been
complex. However, our prior cases make clear that when determining
whether or not to allow summary testimony, courts are to consider the
complexity of the case, the length of the case and the number of wit-
nesses called. 

, 107 F.3d at 1160. Courts are not
to use the witness lists as a proxy for complexity. Complexity is a
separate determination.

In the instant case, the government correctly points out that this
was not a typical drug conspiracy in that material and relevant evi-
dence of the conspiracy included cryptic letters and codes seized from
Rollack's jail cell. Such documents were not immediately self-
explanatory, and their content and context were not self-evident.

                     16
Also, while Rollack may claim that the time frame of the conduct
alleged in the conspiracy was only ten months, this Court has already
determined that various acts performed over a series of years ranging
from 1993 to 1996 were intrinsic for purposes of proving the conspir-
acy. This fact makes it more likely that the summary testimony served
to aid the jury in ascertaining the truth.

Further, the district court weighed the danger of prejudice to Rol-
lack, and dispelled this prejudice by allowing Rollack to cross-
examine Agent Tadeo, and through giving proper limiting instruc-
tions. The district court made clear how the jury was to consider the
evidence when it said:

          "Members of the jury, Agent Tadeo has been permitted to
          testify to summarize certain aspects of these exhibits. A
          summary is not evidence. The evidence is the exhibits and
          the translation from Officer Savelli. Those are the evidence,
          and that's what you should consider. [Officer Tadeo] has
          been permitted to summarize the exhibits as to those por-
          tions that are, or some of which the Government contends
          are connected to the conspiracy that's the subject of this
          case, and you will receive further instructions limiting your
          consideration of these exhibits as the final instructions are
          given."

Given the complex nature of the evidence presented, the multi-year
time frame of the acts which made up the conspiracy, and the limiting
instructions of the district court, we cannot say the district court acted
in an arbitrary or irrational fashion in allowing the admission of the
summary testimony.

VI.

Rollack's sixth ground for appeal is his contention that the district
court erred by refusing to give a requested single versus multiple con-
spiracies' charge. Failure to give a jury charge requested by the defen-
dant constitutes reversible error where the trial court's refusal was
clearly erroneous. See United States v. Mills , 

, 485 (4th
Cir. 1993).

                     17
Rollack contends that the court should have given his instruction
concerning single versus multiple conspiracies because the court
never made a specific finding that there was but one conspiracy
proved by the evidence. It is Rollack's argument that at trial evidence
unrelated to the conspiracy in Count I of the indictment was intro-
duced that could have been construed by the jury to be evidence of
entirely separate conspiracies. Rollack points to the testimony of
Codd, where Codd testified about matters occurring before Codd and
Gonzales decided to broker drug deals in North Carolina. Rollack also
points to the documentary evidence obtained from the search of his
jail cell, more than two years after Rollack, Codd and Gonzales were
arrested in Rockingham.

Evidence that a conspiracy pre-dated and post-dated the dates
alleged in the indictment does not create an inference that more than
one conspiracy may have existed. See generally 

; United States v. Del Purgatoria, 

, 86-87 (2d
Cir. 1969). "A single conspiracy exists where there is `one overall
agreement,' United States v. Leavis, 

, 218 (4th Cir.
1988) (quoting United States v. Bloch, 

, 1215 (9th Cir.
1982), or `one general business venture.'" 

v. McGrath, 

, 367 (2d Cir. 1979)).

Defendants are not automatically entitled to an instruction about
multiple conspiracies. Only when such an instruction is supported by
the facts need a court provide such an instruction. See 

; United States v. Crockett, 

, 1316 (4th Cir.
1987). That some of the actors in the conspiracy did not know each
other does not change the conclusion. Members of a single conspiracy
need only be aware of the larger conspiracy. See United States v.
Richards, 

, 1309 (4th Cir. 1984).

A multiple conspiracy instruction is not required unless the evi-
dence at trial shows that defendants were involved only in separate
conspiracies unrelated to the overall conspiracy charged in the indict-
ment. See 

. Moreover,"[e]ven if the evidence
were read to support a multiple conspiracy instruction, the district
court's failure to give such an instruction is not reversible error
`unless the defendants demonstrate that they have been prejudiced by
the variance between the single conspiracy charged in the indictment

                    18
and the multiple conspiracies proven at trial.'" 

(quoting
United States v. Curry, 

, 1052 (7th Cir. 1992)).

Indeed, when a defendant alleges a variance between pleadings and
proof based upon evidence of supposed multiple conspiracies the
defendant must show that the variance infringed upon a "substantial
right" and thereby resulted in actual prejudice. See 

other
words, the defendant must show that evidence of multiple, separate
conspiracies likely confused the jury, causing it to"transfer evidence
from one conspiracy to a defendant involved in an unrelated conspir-
acy." 

address the issue of whether Rollack's"substantial
rights" were prejudiced, because we believe the district court's refusal
to give the multiple conspiracies' instruction was not clearly errone-
ous. While it is conceivable that the Rollack/Codd trips to Pittsburgh
constituted one conspiracy, the Rollack/Codd/Gonzales dealings were
another, and the Rollack/Gonzales conversations were yet a third, the
facts presented show that Rollack was the central figure uniting these
groups in one large conspiracy. And where the facts presented at trial
show one individual working with different groups, which are aware
of one another, it is not clearly erroneous for the district court to
refuse to give a multiple conspiracies instruction. See 

The seventh, and last, ground for appeal raised by Rollack is that
the district court erred in applying sentencing enhancements for a
leadership role in the conspiracy, and for obstruction of justice,
despite a lack of evidence with sufficient indicia of reliability. The
standard of review regarding factual findings by the district court dur-
ing the sentencing of a defendant is whether the court was clearly
erroneous in its findings. See United States v. Melton, 

,
1332-33 (4th Cir. 1992); United States v. Daughtrey, 

,
217 (4th Cir. 1989). When the sentencing issue on appeal raises
"purely legal issues," the standard of review is de novo. 

.

Adjustments for a defendant's role in the offense cannot be based
on the conduct of a coconspirator or a co-defendant. See United States

                     19
v. Moore, 

, 176 (4th Cir. 1994). In other words, Rollack
should be judged on "an individualized determination of [his] culpa-
bility." 

the evidence at trial established that in his
dealings with Codd and Gonzales he was nothing more than "mus-
cle," not the leader. It was Gonzales and Codd who were managing
and leading the transactions and conspirators, Rollack contends.

According to the presentence report prepared by the United States
Probation Office, "Peter Rollack was the organizer and leader of a
drug conspiracy in the Western District of North Carolina and else-
where," and "Mr. Rollack organized a gang known as `Sex, Money
and Murder' which later became a `blood' gang."

Testimony at trial supported these findings. To be sure, on trips to
Pittsburgh and North Carolina, Rollack worked as an enforcer. How-
ever, he also contributed capital for drug purchases. Further, on the
third and final trip to North Carolina, half of the drugs in the Nissan
Quest were Rollack's and half were Codd's.

If this was all of the evidence indicating Rollack's leadership, then
the application of the enhancement might be a close call. However,
there was much more. When Covington failed to pay his drug debt,
it was Rollack who made the decision that Covington was to be
killed. When Rollack, Codd and Gonzales were released while the
police were conducting a search of their vehicle in Rockingham, it
was Rollack who made the decision that the three men should wait
for the van to be released rather than fleeing.

Furthermore, Rollack was the leader of SMM during the period
alleged in the indictment. SMM was supplying kilograms of cocaine
powder and cocaine base that were being distributed in New Jersey,
Pittsburgh and North Carolina. The testimony of Agent Tadeo during
the sentencing hearing further established that Rollack continued to
exercise control and maintain his leadership position in SMM after he
was transported to a North Carolina jail.

Even after the episode in Rockingham, Rollack continued to exer-
cise direct influence over the North Carolina drug trade through his

                    20
associates. In early 1996, Gonzales was purchasing quantities of crack
cocaine from Hershel McNeil. Rollack telephoned Gonzales in Char-
lotte. Rollack explained that the kilogram and a half of crack cocaine
that McNeil had fronted to Gonzales actually belonged to Rollack,
and that he wanted his money. Given the extensive nature of this evi-
dence, we cannot say the district court was clearly erroneous in apply-
ing the leadership enhancement.

Regarding the obstruction of justice enhancement, Rollack objected
to this in his presentence report. The court applied this enhancement,
though, finding that the letters and writings seized from Rollack's jail
cell and mail "reflect continuing, ongoing exultations to gang mem-
bers in New York to kill witnesses."

It is appropriate for a district court to apply an obstruction of jus-
tice enhancement when a "defendant either threaten[s] the codefen-
dant, witness, or juror in his or her presence or issue[s] the threat in
circumstances in which there is some likelihood that the codefendant,
witness, or juror will learn of the threat." United States v. Brooks, 

, 1149-50 (4th Cir. 1992). Rollack contends that the
obstruction adjustment should not apply in his case because, like in
Brooks, there is no evidence that the threatened witness knew of Rol-
lack's threats, nor that Rollack acted on his threats.

At the sentencing hearing Agent Tadeo testified about a letter sent
by Rollack in September, 1997 to SMM associates in New York with
instructions for gang members to kill David "Twin" Mullins, because
Rollack believed that Twin was a potential witness against him. A
second, similar letter from Rollack was read at a meeting in New
York during November, 1997. Twin was later murdered in the Bronx
on Thanksgiving Day, 1997.

Agent Tadeo further testified about the contents of letters seized
from Rollack's jail cell. One letter contained a"to do" list, instructing
fellow gang members not to use their real names and urging them to
kill "snitches." Another letter instructed Pipe to "keep the circle tight"
and "to take care of all of the orders to kill." Agent Tadeo, who had
reviewed hundreds of letters seized from Rollack's cell, testified that
it was his opinion that Rollack was attempting to maintain control of
SMM through the letters. Agent Tadeo also testified that after seizing

                     21
the letters and learning of Rollack's instructions that cooperating wit-
nesses should be killed, it became necessary to relocate McNeil, a
cooperating witness who later testified at Rollack's trial.

In fashioning his argument that his case is similar to the one in
Brooks, Rollack conveniently disregards, as he must, the portion of
Brooks which says obstruction adjustments are appropriate when the
threat is issued in "circumstances in which there is some likelihood
that the codefendant, witness, or juror will learn of the threat." Based
on the defendant's history of crimes of violence and the murder of
Twin on Thanksgiving Day, 1997, there was a considerable likelihood
that cooperating witnesses (McNeil in particular) and government
informants were likely to learn of the defendant's threats. Rollack
knew the instructions in the letters were going to be shared with his
associates, and it was his purpose to silence those, whether it be
through death or coercion, who were going to turn on him. We cannot
say the trial court was in error in applying this enhancement.

VIII.

In conclusion, we find no error, reversible or otherwise, in the dis-
trict court's various rulings. Appellant's conviction and sentence is,
hereby,

AFFIRMED.

                     22