WOOD, Circuit Judge.
A federal jury convicted Derrick Gardner of possession of a firearm by a felon, prohibited by 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1), after police frisked him and discovered a pistol inside his coat pocket. Gardner insisted that the police had planted the gun on him; this led his lawyer to believe that he could not argue that the firearm was the fruit of a suspicionless search. In this collateral proceeding under 28 U.S.C. § 2255, Gardner argues that his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance in two respects: (1) by refusing to move to suppress the firearm as the product of an unreasonable search; and (2) by not explaining to Gardner that his testimony at a suppression hearing could not be used at trial as evidence of his guilt. See Simmons v. United States, 390 U.S. 377, 394, 88 S.Ct. 967, 19 L.Ed.2d 1247 (1968). The parties agree that if the district court incorrectly determined that counsel's performance was adequate, an evidentiary hearing would be necessary to determine prejudice. See Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984).
We reject Gardner's Simmons argument, but we agree with his first point. Gardner's insistence that the police planted the gun on him neither justified nor compelled counsel to refrain from challenging the search that produced the weapon. We thus reverse the district court's decision and remand for the court to determine whether counsel's failure to move to suppress the weapon prejudiced Gardner.
In October 2002 two police officers responded to a radio dispatch reporting an "assault in progress" by a "man with a gun" at unit 407 of a Chicago apartment building. According to the officers' testimony at trial, when they arrived they saw
The account that Gardner eventually gave of the encounter bore no resemblance to that of the officers. He flatly denied that he offered to be searched. Instead, he said, he was "minding his own business" outside of the apartment building when the officers approached him and ordered him to submit to a search. In addition, Gardner "dispute[d] that he was actually carrying a gun, or that the officer retrieved a gun from his person."
What Gardner could not deny, however, was the fact that he had several prior felony convictions at the time of the encounter when he was allegedly carrying the gun. This led to his indictment on one count of possession of a firearm by a felon. 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). Gardner wanted to challenge the search that produced the gun, but his first appointed counsel refused to file a motion to suppress. Frustrated, Gardner himself filed a pro se motion that sought to suppress "all evidence and statements" stemming from the frisk. According to Gardner, who is African-American, the officers knew from the radio dispatch that the assailant was a black male weighing 165 pounds and with a height of 5' 7". Because Gardner weighs 225 pounds and is 6' 2", he argued in his pro se submission that the police lacked reasonable suspicion to detain and frisk him under Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968). Gardner's counsel believed that Gardner's motion could not succeed unless Gardner was prepared to admit under oath that he had possessed the seized gun. Because of this conflict, counsel moved to withdraw. The district court granted the motion, struck Gardner's pro se motion, and appointed Gardner new counsel.
New counsel also refused to move to suppress the gun, but he did not try to withdraw. As a result, Gardner accused him of providing ineffective assistance and asked the court to dismiss him, but the court refused. The trial judge later stated at a pretrial conference that "you cannot file a motion to suppress an item taken from you while at the same time denying that the item was taken from you. It's just that simple.... And two attorneys have told you that." Later at the pretrial conference, Gardner reiterated that he was not carrying a gun when the police searched him, saying "I ain't never seen the weapon."
After a two-day trial at which the defense called no witnesses, Gardner was convicted. Before sentencing, he filed a pro se motion for a new trial in which he argued that the court had never properly ruled on his motion to suppress. At sentencing the prosecutor responded, without disagreement from Gardner's counsel, that if Gardner did "not have a possessory interest in the firearm, then he has no Fourth Amendment interests to vindicate." Counsel added that he had repeatedly discussed "this same issue" with Gardner, to no avail. The court denied Gardner's motion for several reasons: the motion had not been signed, filed by counsel, or served upon the prosecution; and Gardner's denial of possession divested him of "standing."
Following a successful appeal based on United States v. Paladino, 401 F.3d 471, 483-85 (7th Cir.2005), that resulted in a reduction of his prison term to 15 years, Gardner moved under § 2255 to vacate his conviction. He argued that his lawyer's refusal to file a suppression motion constituted ineffective assistance because it was
In an affidavit attached to the § 2255 motion, Gardner also acknowledged for the first time that the officers did recover a gun from his pocket. He explained that he had contested possession in his motion to suppress only because he had believed that his assertions at a suppression hearing had to remain consistent with his not-guilty plea or they would be used against him at trial. He had not known otherwise, Gardner said, because counsel had not advised him of the rule in Simmons, 390 U.S. at 394, 88 S.Ct. 967. Gardner also reiterated in the affidavit that he never told the officers that he had visited apartment 407 or volunteered for a pat-down; instead, he elaborated, an officer ran up to him and forced him to the squad car for the pat-down search. The government's response included an affidavit from Gardner's second counsel, who said that he did not recall advising Gardner of the Simmons rule, but that he did remember telling Gardner that if he testified falsely at any hearing or at trial, his guidelines imprisonment range could be increased by two levels.
The district court denied the § 2255 motion. It ruled that counsel was not ineffective for failing to move to suppress because Gardner's position before trial that the police had planted a gun on him made any effort to suppress the gun a "nonstarter." The court then determined that counsel was not ineffective for failing to mention the Simmons rule because Gardner never told counsel that he had in fact possessed the gun. Without an assertion that Gardner was prepared to admit possession to his lawyer, the court reasoned, the lawyer could not be faulted for failing to advise Gardner that such an admission could be made at a suppression hearing without fear that the admission would then be usable at trial as evidence of his guilt.
We issued a certificate of appealability on the question whether Gardner "received ineffective assistance when his trial counsel refused to file a motion to suppress on his behalf and did not explain to Gardner that any testimony he provided at a suppression hearing could not be used against him at trial."
Within the general issue of the effectiveness of counsel, Gardner focuses on two instances of deficient performance: first, counsel's refusal to move to suppress the gun that the police allegedly extracted from his pocket, and second, counsel's failure to advise Gardner of the Simmons rule. The government primarily addresses the second issue and takes the position that the first is outside the scope of the certificate. We reject the latter contention. The certificate of appealability itself refers to two potential sources of incompetence—the refusal to file a motion and failure to render Simmons advice—not one. In addition, a certificate based on ineffective assistance of counsel brings up for appellate review all actions of counsel that the petitioner addressed in the district court. Stevens v. McBride, 489 F.3d 883, 894 (7th Cir.2007) (citing Peoples v. United States, 403 F.3d 844, 848 (7th Cir.2005)). The government does not contest that Gardner raised both grounds of ineffective assistance in his § 2255 motion, and so both are properly before us.
We begin with Gardner's Simmons argument, which we conclude does not
We now return to Gardner's first issue—whether counsel rendered constitutionally deficient performance when, relying on a misunderstanding of the law, he refused to move to suppress the results of Gardner's frisk. See Johnson v. United States, 604 F.3d 1016, 1019-21 (7th Cir. 2010); Bynum v. Lemmon, 560 F.3d 678, 684-85 (7th Cir.2009); United States v. Spence, 450 F.3d 691, 694-95 (7th Cir. 2006). Gardner's attorneys, the prosecutor, and even the district court all believed that he had to admit to actual possession of the gun to challenge its seizure. Yet no one cited a case that supports this principle. The district court referred to United States v. Colón Osorio, 360 F.3d 48, 52 (1st Cir.2004), but in that case the First Circuit declined to address whether a district court correctly denied a motion to suppress where the defendant had argued that the police planted the firearm he wanted to exclude.
In fact, no such case could have been found. A defendant who wishes to bring a Fourth Amendment challenge need only show that he had a legitimate expectation of privacy in the area searched. Minnesota v. Carter, 525 U.S. 83, 87-88, 119 S.Ct. 469, 142 L.Ed.2d 373 (1998); United States v. Crowder, 588 F.3d 929, 934 (7th Cir.2009); United States v. Alexander, 573 F.3d 465, 472 (7th Cir.2009); United States v. Yang, 478 F.3d 832, 835 (7th Cir.2007). As Gardner has argued throughout this case, and as the government concedes, he had a reasonable expectation of privacy in his own person and clothing. E.g., United States v. Gray, 491 F.3d 138, 146 n. 3 (4th Cir.2007). Thus, he certainly had the necessary privacy interest to support a challenge to the officers' patdown search of his pockets as unconstitutional on the ground that the officers lacked reasonable suspicion to frisk him. And if the frisk was unconstitutional, then the officers' discovery of the gun, which they say resulted from the frisk, would have been barred at trial. See United States v. Tyler, 512 F.3d 405, 412 (7th Cir.2008); United States v. Swift, 220 F.3d 502, 506-07 (7th Cir.2000).
If we were to adopt the government's view, a defendant who truthfully contends that police stopped him unlawfully and planted a gun on him during a suspicionless search would be able to challenge the search only by perjuring himself at a suppression hearing by falsely stating that he possessed the gun. It should go without saying, however, that perjury is never required—it is not even permitted. Such lies could also expose a defendant to impeachment at trial if he later truthfully denied possession. See United States v. Salvucci, 448 U.S. 83, 93-94 & n. 8, 100 S.Ct. 2547, 65 L.Ed.2d 619 (1980); Reinert v. Larkins, 379 F.3d 76, 96 n. 5 (3d Cir. 2004); Guenther v. Holmgreen, 738 F.2d 879, 886 n. 7 (7th Cir.1984). To avoid perjury and impeachment, the defendant's only alternative would be to forfeit a challenge to the search and rest his hopes on the jury's believing his testimony that the police planted a gun. The law is not that harsh. A defendant with two legitimate defenses to a possession charge is not forced to pick just one—indeed, he is entitled to present inconsistent positions if he wishes. See Mathews v. United States, 485 U.S. 58, 64-66, 108 S.Ct. 883, 99 L.Ed.2d 54 (1988); see also Johnson, 604 F.3d at 1021 (noting no inherent conflict between defense that police search of car violated Fourth Amendment and defense that defendant had no knowledge of drugs found in car); United States v. Moran, 503 F.3d 1135, 1146-47 (10th Cir.2007) (explaining that to prove possession of firearm by felon government must prove that possession was voluntary).
We also reject the possibility that counsel's failure to move to suppress was based on a reasonable trial strategy rather than a misapprehension of law. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689, 104 S.Ct. 2052. Gardner's second lawyer stated in his affidavit that he advised Gardner against falsely testifying at any hearing (perfectly reasonable
Counsel's belief that the law required Gardner to confess to possession, which the district court echoed, was a misapprehension of law that, as in Johnson, 604 F.3d at 1019-21, prevented counsel from seeking to suppress critical evidence. The only remaining question, which the government does not discuss but which we consider important enough to raise, is whether counsel's performance is somehow excused because the district court endorsed the error. We think that a blanket rule to this effect—i.e., no matter how egregious the district court's error, counsel has no independent obligation to perform competently—would be inconsistent with the guarantee of effective assistance of counsel that the Sixth Amendment assures and that Strickland elaborates. Under that regime, counsel, not the court, is responsible for protecting the interests of the accused, and it is counsel's performance that must be assessed objectively. Moreover, we know from Bowles v. Russell, 551 U.S. 205, 127 S.Ct. 2360, 168 L.Ed.2d 96 (2007), that fundamental mistakes by the district court (in that case, believing that it could extend the time in which to file a civil appeal) do not necessarily excuse counsel's actions. In Bowles, the error could not be overlooked because it had jurisdictional significance. Here, it does not, but if counsel had understood the law properly and filed the proper motion, the district court might have realized that it needed to revisit the governing cases and the error would have been nipped in the bud. Any error that the district court made with respect to the suppression motion could have been cured on appeal.
Because the district court found it unnecessary to reach the second part of the ineffectiveness inquiry—prejudice—we cannot resolve the case at this stage. Instead, the proper step is to remand for an evidentiary hearing on prejudice. This will require an assessment of the likelihood that a motion to suppress would have been granted. We do not regard the outcome of that inquiry as inevitable one way or the other. As far as we can tell at this point, although this is not a case where the motion to suppress would certainly have been successful but for counsel's blunder, see Owens v. United States, 387 F.3d 607, 607-09 (7th Cir.2004), Gardner might have prevailed, see Johnson, 604 F.3d at 1020-21; see also Gentry v. Sevier, 597 F.3d 838, 851-52 (7th Cir.2010) (finding deficient performance when record gave no indication that the motion to suppress critical evidence that counsel refused to file would have been futile). Gardner's allegations that the police accosted him without provocation, coupled with the evidence of his physical dissimilarity to the armed assailant described by the dispatcher, could have resulted in a ruling that the pat-down search violated the Fourth Amendment.
Accordingly, we REVERSE the district court's decision and REMAND for an evidentiary hearing to determine whether counsel's failure to file a suppression motion prejudiced Gardner and for any other proceedings consistent with this opinion.