FLOYD, Circuit Judge:
In this case we must determine whether an insurance company properly denied coverage to its insured. In 2006, entities and individuals related to Appellant W.C. & A.N. Miller Development Company (Miller) were sued in a contract dispute. Subsequently, in 2010, Miller entered into a liability insurance contract with Appellee Continental Casualty Company (Continental). Miller itself was sued in 2010 in a fraudulent conveyance action seeking recovery on the judgment entered in the 2006 lawsuit. Miller tendered the 2010 suit to Continental, seeking coverage of defense costs. Continental, however, determined that the 2010 lawsuit alleged "interrelated wrongful conduct" with the allegations made in the 2006 lawsuit brought against entities related to Miller. Because allegations of such interrelated wrongful conduct constituted a "claim" first made in 2006, before the policy period, Continental denied coverage. Miller went on to successfully defend the 2010 lawsuit at its own cost.
In 2014, Miller sued Continental for breach of the insurance contract and sought as damages the costs it incurred defending itself in the 2010 lawsuit. The crux of the parties' dispute is whether the allegations in the 2006 and 2010 lawsuits are, indeed, interrelated wrongful acts as defined by the insurance policy. The district court determined that Continental properly denied coverage. We now affirm.
In the early 2000s, one of the principals of Miller, Edward J. Miller, Jr., founded a land development company, Haymount Limited Partnership (Haymount). Miller owned upwards of 80% of Haymount at all relevant times. Edward J. Miller, Jr., is the chairman of Miller as well as the President of Haymount. Haymount's goal was to develop 1,700 acres of land along the Rappahannock River in Virginia's Caroline County.
In order to develop the property, Haymount required considerable financing. On September 10, 2002, Haymount entered into an agreement with International Benefits Group, Inc. (IBG). IBG agreed to introduce Haymount to third-party lenders in exchange for a finder's fee of $3 million if Haymount secured a loan as a result of IBG's introductions. On November 8, 2002, Haymount entered into a similar arrangement with American Property Consultants, Ltd. (APC). This agreement provided that APC, too, would receive a finder's fee if a loan to Haymount resulted from any of APC's introductions to lenders.
Haymount eventually secured a $14 million loan from General Motors Acceptance Corporation Residential (GMAC). Haymount then paid a finder's fee to APC and terminated their agreement. Upon learning of the GMAC loan, IBG also sought payment of its fee and sent Haymount a list of lenders to whom IBG had introduced Haymount. The list of introduced lenders included GMAC. Haymount refused
In 2006, IBG sued in the District of New Jersey seeking payment of the $3 million fee it claimed it was owed under the agreement with Haymount.
Eight months after the judgment in the 2006 lawsuit, on October 29, 2010, IBG again sued Haymount and related parties. The 2010 lawsuit alleged that the defendants took actions to render themselves judgment proof so that IBG could not collect on the judgment entered in its favor after the 2006 lawsuit. In this second suit, IBG named as defendants, among others, Haymount, Miller, Edward J. Miller, Jr., and Clark. The causes of action asserted in the 2010 lawsuit included fraudulent transfer, fraudulent conveyance, common law and statutory conspiracy, creditor fraud, and aiding and abetting. The complaint in the 2010 action detailed the Haymount development project, the ownership structure of Haymount, the events leading to the contract between IBG and Haymount, and the course of the 2006 lawsuit giving rise to the judgment in IBG's favor.
Miller entered into a liability insurance contract with Continental in 2010. Miller tendered this second lawsuit to Continental seeking coverage of defense costs. Continental denied coverage as being outside the scope of the policy. Miller therefore proceeded with the defense at its own expense.
The district court granted summary judgment to the defendants. The court concluded that the challenged transfers were legitimate transfers to a secured creditor senior to IBG and were not, therefore, fraudulent conveyances designed to defeat IBG's judgment. The Third Circuit affirmed. Kohn v. McGuire Woods, 541 Fed.Appx. 163 (3rd Cir.2013).
Miller filed the lawsuit that is the subject of this appeal on February 12, 2014. Miller alleges that Continental wrongfully denied coverage under the policy and should be required to pay the costs Miller incurred defending the 2010 lawsuit.
The policy, J.A. 35-75, contains several relevant provisions. The policy includes coverage for employment practices liability, directors and officers liability, and entity liability. General terms and conditions at the beginning of the policy apply throughout. Under the policy, Continental will provide coverage to Miller for claims
The policy provides, however: "More than one
After some limited discovery, Continental moved for judgment on the pleadings and Miller moved for summary judgment. On November 7, 2014, the district court granted Continental's motion and denied Miller's motion. The district court found that the allegations in the 2010 lawsuit were "interrelated wrongful acts" with the allegations in the 2006 lawsuit and, therefore, pursuant to the policy, that the 2010 claim was deemed to have been made in 2006.
The district court agreed with Continental that under the policy's "broad[]" definition of interrelated wrongful acts, J.A. 298, the 2006 and 2010 lawsuits were related and "shared a common nexus" because they involved allegations of a common scheme involving the same claimant, the same fee commission, the same contract, and the same real estate transaction. J.A. 300. In addition to finding the existence of an alleged common scheme, the district court found that the alleged common scheme "logically and causally" connected the 2006 and 2010 actions: "but for the alleged actions of [Haymount], Mr. Miller, and others trying to avoid payment to IBG, the 2010 Lawsuit would never have been filed." J.A. 303. Accordingly, the district court concluded that the 2010 lawsuit constitutes part of the claim brought in 2006 and that Continental properly denied coverage because the claim was made before the commencement of the policy period on November 1, 2010.
This appeal followed.
We review de novo the district court's ruling on a motion for judgment on
In this case, we must determine whether the district court properly interpreted and applied the provisions of the insurance contract. The district court sat in Maryland and, therefore, Maryland choice of law rules apply. Wells v. Liddy, 186 F.3d 505, 521 (4th Cir.1999). In the absence of a contractual choice of law provision, Maryland applies the doctrine of lex loci contractus. Allstate Ins. Co. v. Hart, 327 Md. 526, 611 A.2d 100, 101 (1992). "The locus contractu of an insurance policy is the state in which the policy is delivered and the premiums are paid." Cont'l Cas. Co. v. Kemper Ins. Co., 173 Md.App. 542, 920 A.2d 66, 69 (2007) (citation and internal quotations omitted). Here, the policy was delivered to Miller in Maryland. Maryland's law of contracts governs interpretation of the policy.
"Under Maryland law, insurance policies are interpreted in the same manner as contracts generally; there is no rule in Maryland that insurance policies are to be construed most strongly against the insurer." Catalina Enters., Inc. Pension Tr. v. Hartford Fire Ins. Co., 67 F.3d 63, 65 (4th Cir.1995) (citing Collier v. MD-Individual Practice Ass'n, 327 Md. 1, 607 A.2d 537, 539 (1992)). "Clear and unambiguous language, however, must be enforced as written and may not yield to what the parties later say they meant." Id. (citing Board of Trs. of State Colls. v. Sherman, 280 Md. 373, 373 A.2d 626, 629 (1977)). Unless there is an indication that the parties intended to use words in a special technical sense, the words in a policy should be accorded their "usual, ordinary, and accepted meaning." Bausch & Lomb, Inc. v. Utica Mut. Ins. Co., 330 Md. 758, 625 A.2d 1021, 1031 (1993) (citations omitted). "A word's ordinary signification is tested by what meaning a reasonably prudent layperson would attach to the term." Id. (citation omitted). However, where an insurance contract is ambiguous, "any doubt as to whether there is a potentiality of coverage under [the] insurance policy is to be resolved in favor of the insured." Clendenin Bros. v. U.S. Fire Ins. Co., 390 Md. 449, 889 A.2d 387, 394 (2006) (citation and internal quotations omitted). Finally, under Maryland law, when policy language is unambiguous a judge may determine the applicability of a coverage provision. Faw, Casson & Co. v. Everngam, 94 Md.App. 129, 616 A.2d 426, 429 (1992).
As noted above, the policy's definition of "interrelated wrongful acts" is expansive: "any wrongful acts which are logically or causally connected by reason of any common fact, circumstance, situation, transaction or event." J.A. 39. We do not find this definition to be ambiguous, particularly on the facts before us, and will apply
We conclude that the conduct alleged in the 2006 and 2010 lawsuits share a common nexus of fact and are, therefore, interrelated wrongful acts under the policy's definition. As the district court observed, the two lawsuits are linked by (1) a multitude of common facts: in particular, that Haymount did not pay IBG the $3 million finder's fee; (2) a common transaction: the contract between Haymount and IBG; and (3) common circumstances: namely, Haymount's attempts to secure financing for its land development project in Virginia. These elements logically and causally connect the two lawsuits. Absent Haymount's breach of its contract and other alleged torts, IBG would not have sued for damages in 2006, nor would it have sued for enforcement of the 2006 judgment in 2010. Thus, we agree with the district court that the 2006 and 2010 lawsuits share a common nexus: "an alleged scheme involving the same claimant, the same fee commission, the same contract, and the same real estate transaction." J.A. 300.
Miller attempts to avoid this straightforward conclusion by characterizing the allegations in the two lawsuits as alleging merely a "common motive" which is insufficient to establish the interrelatedness of the 2006 and 2010 lawsuits.
The insured in ACE was the subject of an investigation by state attorneys general for allegedly continuing harmful business practices related to the marketing of consumer credit repair products which had already been the subject of a U.S. Senate investigation and a consumer class-action. Id. at 791-92. When the insured tendered the investigative subpoenas to its insurer for coverage of its defense costs, the insurer denied coverage on the grounds that the business practices being investigated by the state attorneys general were the same as those giving rise to the earlier consumer class action. Id. The district court in ACE, however, disagreed with the insurer and held that a subsequent lawsuit based on similar wrongful business practices, but differing in time and factual specifics from the original wrongful acts, were not interrelated as defined in the policy at issue. Id. at 794.
In reaching its conclusion, the ACE court distinguished the facts underlying the two allegedly related claims there from the claims in other cases where courts found a sufficient factual nexus to render two claims interrelated. The cases distinguished by the ACE court are instructive here. In those cases, the interrelated claims were based on the same misleading statement, Zunenshine v. Exec. Risk Indem., Inc., No. 97 Civ. 5525(MBM), 1998 WL 483475, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 17, 1998), aff'd, 182 F.3d 902, 1999 WL 464988 (2d Cir.1999); the same agreement to sell stocks, Home Ins. Co. of Ill. (N.H.) v. Spectrum Info. Techs., Inc., 930 F.Supp. 825, 850 (E.D.N.Y.1996); the same omissions in the same proxy literature, Ameriwood Indus. Int'l Corp. v. Am. Cas. Co. of Reading, Pa., 840 F.Supp. 1143, 1152 (W.D.Mich.1993); and the same development
Contrary to Miller's protestations, this case has more in common factually with the cases distinguished by the ACE court than with ACE itself.
Because they involve interrelated wrongful acts, the 2010 lawsuit and the 2006 lawsuit are part of the same claim under the policy. Pursuant to the policy provisions, we deem the claims in the 2010 lawsuit "first made," J.A. 43, on the date on which the 2006 lawsuit was filed—March 17, 2006. As the district court determined, because March 17, 2006 is outside the policy period, Continental properly denied coverage.
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm.
AFFIRMED.