PUBLISHED

                        UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT


                                       No. 18-2409


ACCIDENT, INJURY AND REHABILITATION, PC, d/b/a Advantage Health &
Wellness,

                     Plaintiff - Appellee,

              v.

ALEX M. AZAR, II, Secretary of the United States Department of Health and
Human Services; SEEMA VERMA, Administrator for the Centers for Medicare and
Medicaid Services,

                     Defendants - Appellants.


Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of South Carolina, at Florence.
Donald C. Coggins, Jr., District Judge. (4:18-cv-02173-DCC)


Argued: September 18, 2019                                   Decided: November 21, 2019


Before WILKINSON, NIEMEYER, and AGEE, Circuit Judges.


Preliminary injunction vacated by published opinion. Judge Niemeyer wrote the opinion,
in which Judge Wilkinson and Judge Agee joined.


ARGUED: Joshua Marc Salzman, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE,
Washington, D.C., for Appellants. Robert Bruce Wallace, Stephen Daniel Bittinger,
NEXSEN PRUET, LLC, Charleston, South Carolina, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Joseph
H. Hunt, Assistant Attorney General, Mark B. Stern, Rachel F. Homer, Civil Division,
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Washington, D.C.; Sherri A. Lydon,
United States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Columbia,
South Carolina; Robert P. Charrow, General Counsel, Janice L. Hoffman, Associate
General Counsel, Susan Maxson Lyons, Deputy Associate General Counsel for Litigation,
Greg Bongiovanni, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH & HUMAN
SERVICES, Washington, D.C., for Appellants.




                                         2
NIEMEYER, Circuit Judge:

      According to the Department of Health and Human Services (“HHS”), healthcare

provider Accident, Injury and Rehabilitation, P.C., d/b/a Advantage Health & Wellness

(“Advantage Health”), was improperly paid over $6 million for Medicare claims it

submitted over a four-year period that did not qualify for reimbursement. HHS began

recouping the overpayments from current Medicare reimbursements payable to Advantage

Health, even as Advantage Health pursued appeals of HHS’s initial overpayment

determination through the administrative process. Because hearings before administrative

law judges (“ALJs”) — the third level of review in the administrative process provided by

the Medicare Act — are currently severely backlogged, Advantage Health contends that

HHS’s continuing recoupment of overpayments before completion of the severely delayed

administrative process is denying it procedural due process.

      Advantage Health commenced this action in the district court, seeking injunctive

relief prohibiting HHS from pursuing recoupment efforts until Advantage Health could

challenge the recoupment amounts in a hearing before an ALJ. On Advantage Health’s

motion, the district court granted a preliminary injunction, enjoining HHS “from

withholding Medicare payments to [Advantage Health] to effectuate recoupment of any

alleged overpayments.”

      On HHS’s appeal, we conclude that the injunction entered in this collateral

proceeding, which prohibits HHS from recouping overpayments in accordance with

applicable law, was inappropriately entered because the delay of which Advantage Health

complains could have been and still can be avoided by bypassing an ALJ hearing and

                                            3
obtaining judicial review on a relatively expeditious basis, as Congress has provided. See

Cumberland County Hosp. Sys., Inc. v. Burwell, 

, 52–53, 55 (4th Cir. 2016)

(noting that the “comprehensive” and “coherent” administrative process afforded by

Congress includes mechanisms by which, in the event of a delay, healthcare providers may

bypass certain levels of administrative review and obtain judicial review in “a relatively

expeditious time frame”). Because we conclude that this administrative review process

does not deny Advantage Health procedural due process, we vacate the district court’s

preliminary injunction.


                                             I

       Advantage Health is a South Carolina professional corporation that provides

medical, chiropractic, and holistic care for patients in the Florence and greater Piedmont

areas of South Carolina. Prior to 2015, it earned gross revenues of close to $6.8 million

per year, with approximately one-third of that sum derived from Medicare reimbursements.

       Based on an analysis of Advantage Health’s Medicare billings, the Medicare

Program Integrity Coordinator for South Carolina, AdvanceMed, opened an investigation

in September 2012 into Advantage Health’s Medicare claims for reimbursement. That

analysis indicated that Advantage Health had become “the top paid provider in South

Carolina for physical therapy codes,” but it did not appear to have sufficient growth in its

patient population to justify its growth in reimbursement claims.              Specifically,

AdvanceMed found that “[f]rom 2010 to 2011, . . . the number of services [that Advantage

Health] billed to Medicare increased 332%, and the amount paid to [it] increased 592% for


                                             4
a patient population that only increased by an additional 35 beneficiaries.” A follow-up

analysis conducted months later showed that nurse practitioner “Judy Rabon . . . a member

of [Advantage Health], was paid more than $1.5 million for the years 2012 and 2013,

averaging more than $5,000 per beneficiary and billing more than 160 dates of service

wherein more than 24 hours were billed in a day. A time study conducted on . . . Rabon

indicated that the fewest hours billed by her on any given day was 15.8, with a maximum

billed hours on any given day totaling 83.22.”

       In further pursuit of its investigation, AdvanceMed conducted an unannounced audit

of an Advantage Health facility on July 1, 2013, during which it collected records relating

to claims submitted during the period from June 2012 to April 2013 for services provided

to 15 Medicare beneficiaries. After reviewing the records, AdvanceMed found that most

of those claims should have been denied and that Advantage Health was accordingly

overpaid $2,507.91 in reimbursements.

       Following that audit, on November 3, 2014, AdvanceMed issued a notice to

Advantage Health suspending its Medicare reimbursements and requesting that it provide

“a statistically valid random sample of medical records” relating to claims for services

provided to 80 Medicare beneficiaries during the four-year period between September 2010

and September 2014. On receipt and review of the requested documents, AdvanceMed

determined that 93.26% of the claims should have been denied and that Advantage Health

had been overpaid a total of $36,218.31. The reasons given for finding the claims ineligible

for reimbursement included that the services provided by Advantage Health were not

medically necessary, lacked documentation, were performed by unauthorized persons, or

                                             5
were not covered by Medicare. From these data relating to the 80 Medicare beneficiaries,

AdvanceMed extrapolated overpayments for the entire four-year period as to all claims that

Advantage Health had submitted on behalf of Medicare beneficiaries, determining that

Advantage Health had been overpaid a total of $6,648,877.92 for Medicare services. It

notified Advantage Health of this determination on June 8, 2015.

       In accordance with the specified administrative review process, Advantage Health

appealed AdvanceMed’s overpayment determination to a Medicare Administrative

Contractor. But in September 2015, the Medicare Administrative Contractor rejected

Advantage Health’s arguments for a redetermination of the overpayment amount. The

Contractor also informed Advantage Health that it would seek to recoup the assessed

overpayments through offsets to reimbursements for future Medicare claims submitted by

Advantage Health.

       Next, Advantage Health appealed further to the Medicare Qualified Independent

Contractor (“QIC”) for South Carolina, and that appeal automatically suspended HHS’s

recoupment efforts. After considering all records and other documents submitted by the

parties, the QIC agreed with Advantage Health in part and overturned the denials of 13

individual claims, but it affirmed the vast majority of the denials. As a result of the QIC’s

ruling, AdvanceMed recalculated the total overpayment amount for which it was seeking

recoupment on behalf of HHS.

       From the QIC’s ruling, Advantage Health appealed to the Office of Medicare

Hearings and Appeals (“OMHA”), requesting a hearing before an ALJ. That hearing has

yet to be scheduled, and, according to HHS, cannot be conducted before 2022 because of

                                             6
the large backlog within OMHA. HHS attributes this backlog to the more than one billion

Medicare claims per year that it must process.

       As allowed by law, see 42 U.S.C. § 1395ddd, HHS had begun recouping funds

overpaid to Advantage Health prior to 2015 by withholding payments for ongoing

Medicare services. Even though it suspended collection during the pendency of Advantage

Health’s appeals to the Medicare Administrative Contractor and the QIC, it recovered over

$200,000 per year in 2014 and 2015. And after the QIC’s decision was issued, when

recoupment was no longer subject to suspension, HHS recouped over $700,000 per year in

2016 and 2017. In total, it has recouped over $1.8 million.

       Advantage Health commenced this action against HHS and its agents on August 7,

2018, seeking injunctive relief to suspend HHS’s recoupment efforts pending completion

of the administrative process. The complaint alleges that “[t]he extraordinary amount (over

$6.6 million) that [HHS] is trying to recoup, coupled with the excessive backlog of claims

before the OMHA, effectively strips Advantage Health of the administrative appeals due

process to which it is entitled by statute.” According to the complaint, the withholding of

payments without providing a prompt ALJ hearing constitutes a denial of procedural due

process, ultra vires action, and a violation of the Administrative Procedure Act. The

complaint alleges further that, without interim relief from recoupment, Advantage Health

will be “irreparably harmed before any meaningful opportunity for the administrative and

judicial review to which it is entitled.” According to its Chief Financial Officer, as a result

of recoupment efforts, Advantage Health’s gross revenues declined 50% in 2015, 48% in

2016, and 63% in 2017. In addition, it was forced to terminate 24 employees because of

                                              7
declining revenues, and this reduction in staffing has, in turn, caused a two-thirds reduction

in the number of patients it has treated. Advantage Health’s Executive Director maintains

that the corporation will be forced to cease operations if recoupment continues, despite an

infusion of $1.3 million in capital by its owner.

       On Advantage Health’s motion, the district court entered a preliminary injunction

on September 27, 2018, enjoining HHS’s recoupment efforts pending the ALJ hearing

process. The court concluded that Advantage Health had made the requisite showing as to

its due process claim. From the entry of that injunction, HHS filed this interlocutory

appeal. See 28 U.S.C. § 1292(a).


                                              II

       Because this judicial proceeding implicates claims arising under the Medicare Act,

HHS argued below that the district court lacked subject-matter jurisdiction. HHS cited 42

U.S.C. § 405(g) for the proposition that Advantage Health was required to exhaust the

Act’s administrative process before seeking judicial review. The district court rejected

HHS’s argument, and HHS does not challenge that ruling on appeal. Nonetheless, when

subject-matter jurisdiction — which goes to the power of a court to act, see Steel Co. v.

Citizens for a Better Env’t, 

, 89 (1998) — is questioned, we are obliged to allay

that concern at the threshold, see Gonzales v. Thaler, 

, 141 (2012) (noting that

“when a requirement goes to subject-matter jurisdiction, courts are obligated to consider

sua sponte issues that the parties have disclaimed or have not presented”).




                                              8
       Section 405(g) provides that an individual may obtain judicial review of a claim

arising under the Medicare Act only after receipt of a “final decision” by the Secretary of

HHS. 42 U.S.C. § 405(g); see also 42 U.S.C. § 1395ff(b)(1)(A) (making § 405(g), a

provision of the Social Security Act, applicable in the Medicare Act context). And, in this

case, Advantage Health admittedly has not received a final decision from the Secretary. It

has, at this point, requested a hearing before an ALJ, and that hearing has not yet been

scheduled.

       While the exhaustion requirement of § 405(g) is mandatory, it is well established

that it is not jurisdictional. In Mathews v. Eldridge, 

 (1976), the Supreme

Court specifically held that the § 405(g) exhaustion requirement is not jurisdictional

because its mandate can be waived, whereas a defect in the subject-matter jurisdiction of a

court cannot be waived, either by the parties or the court. See id. at 330 (noting that an

agency may waive the § 405g exhaustion requirement if it determines “that no further

review is warranted either because the internal needs of the agency are fulfilled or because

the relief that is sought is beyond [its] power to confer”).

       In addition, the Mathews Court noted that notwithstanding the requirements of

§ 405(g), courts need not wait for the agency’s waiver or final decision of the Secretary

“where a claimant’s interest in having a particular issue resolved promptly is so great that

deference to the agency’s judgment is inappropriate.” 424 U.S. at 330. Accordingly, “the

exhaustion requirement of [§] 405(g) does not apply to a due process claim ‘entirely

collateral’ to a substantive claim, if the plaintiff has raised ‘at least a colorable claim’ that

erroneous deprivation prior to exhaustion of administrative remedies would harm him in a

                                               9
way that could not be recompensed.” Ram v. Heckler, 

, 446 (4th Cir. 1986)

(quoting Mathews, 424 U.S. at 330–31).

       In this case, Advantage Health challenges, under the Due Process Clause, the

method by which its claims for reimbursement are being reviewed. Because it does not

challenge the substance of HHS’s decision on the merits of those claims, its claim in this

case is collateral insofar as its resolution does not require us to address the substantive issue

of whether Advantage Health received reimbursements for ineligible claims. In addition,

Advantage Health has raised at least a colorable claim that it faces irreparable harm during

its wait for completion of the administrative process. Accordingly, we conclude that the

district court had subject-matter jurisdiction to consider Advantage Health’s claims and

also that the court was not barred by § 405(g) from acting.


                                               III

       HHS contends on appeal that the district court abused its discretion in entering the

preliminary injunction enjoining it from continuing its recoupment efforts because

(1) Advantage Health has not demonstrated “a substantial likelihood of success on the

merits of its procedural due process claim” and (2) it has not demonstrated “that it will

suffer irreparable injury and that the balance of equities and public interest support an

injunction.”

       Because a preliminary injunction affords temporary relief before trial of the type

that can be granted permanently after trial, it is an “extraordinary remedy” and may be

granted only “upon a clear showing that the plaintiff is entitled to such relief.” Winter v.


                                               10
Nat. Resources Def. Council, Inc., 555 U.S 7, 22 (2008). The party seeking a preliminary

injunction must therefore demonstrate all of the following: (1) that it is likely to succeed

on the merits of its claim; (2) that it is likely to suffer irreparable harm in the absence of a

preliminary injunction; (3) that the balance of equities tips in its favor; and (4) that the

injunction is in the public interest. See League of Women Voters of North Carolina v. North

Carolina, 

, 236 (4th Cir. 2014) (citing Winter, 555 U.S. at 20).

       Against the backdrop of these requirements, HHS contends mainly that because

Advantage Health has obtained two levels of administrative review of the overpayment

determination and the two remaining levels of review can be bypassed in favor of prompt

judicial review, its recoupment efforts during ongoing review “readily satisf[y]

constitutional requirements.” More specifically, it points out that the harm caused by the

wait for an ALJ hearing, about which Advantage Health complains, can be mitigated by

bypassing that level of review, as authorized by statute. See 42 U.S.C. § 1395ff(d)(3)(A).

Noting that Advantage Health has elected not to pursue that course as a matter of

preference, HHS argues that this strategic choice does not render the system

constitutionally flawed and that Advantage Health cannot demonstrate that the

administrative review process, taken as a whole, denies it due process. See Cumberland,

816 F.3d at 54 (demonstrating how a Medicare claimant can build an administrative record

at the first two administrative levels and obtain judicial review of HHS’s actions “within a

relatively prompt time”).

       In response, Advantage Health contends that it has a property interest in Medicare

reimbursements and that it must, as a matter of due process, be afforded a hearing before

                                              11
the ALJ promptly if it will be deprived of such reimbursements through recoupment. It

maintains that the first two levels of review are not sufficient to “satisfy Due Process,”

where, because of inordinate delay, it must forego an ALJ hearing in order to receive

prompt post-deprivation review.

       Advantage Health’s argument, we conclude, focuses too narrowly on but a single

element of a “comprehensive” and “‘coherent’” administrative process for healthcare

providers to obtain Medicare reimbursements and review of reimbursement decisions.

Cumberland, 816 F.3d at 52 (quoting Gustafson v. Alloyd Co., 

, 569 (1995)).

The process begins when a healthcare provider claims Medicare reimbursement from a

Medicare Administrative Contractor for services provided to Medicare beneficiaries. The

Medicare Administrative Contractor determines whether the claim meets the statutory

criteria for reimbursement, and due to the high volume of claims processed by the Medicare

program and to facilitate the prompt initial payment of Medicare claims, it generally makes

an initial determination without reviewing supporting documentation.               But the

reimbursement the Contractor authorizes is nonetheless conditioned on HHS’s right to

audit the claim after payment and to recoup funds that have been paid in error. That audit

is conducted by other government contractors, known as Program Integrity Contractors.

See generally 42 U.S.C. § 1395ddd; 42 C.F.R. § 421.304. If the Program Integrity

Contractor determines that a healthcare provider improperly received payment for a claim,

HHS then seeks to recoup the funds that were paid in error.

       After an initial determination of overpayment is made, the healthcare provider has

four levels of administrative appeal by which it can challenge the determination. First, the

                                            12
healthcare provider may seek a redetermination from the original Medicare Administrative

Contractor. See 42 U.S.C. § 1395ff(a)(3). Second, the healthcare provider may seek

review of the Medicare Administrative Contractor’s determination by appealing to a QIC,

which conducts a review of the “evidence and findings upon which the [determination] was

based, and any additional evidence the parties submit or that [it] obtains on its own.” 42

C.F.R. § 405.968(a)(1).

       At each of these first two levels of review, the healthcare provider may submit any

evidence it deems relevant and must explain its position in writing. See 42 C.F.R.

§ 405.946(a); id. § 405.966(a). The reviewer then issues a written decision that includes

its reasoning. See 42 U.S.C. § 1395ff(a)(5); id. § 1395ff(c)(3)(E). Absent good cause, a

healthcare provider may not, at a later level of review, rely on evidence that was not before

or presented to the QIC at the second level of review. See id. § 1395ff(b)(3).

       Third, a healthcare provider may seek further review before an ALJ, who conducts

a hearing to review the QIC’s decision. 42 U.S.C. § 1395ff(d)(1)(A). And fourth, the

healthcare provider may appeal the ALJ’s decision to the Departmental Appeals Board for

a de novo review. Id. § 1395ff(d)(2). The Board’s decision represents the Secretary’s final

decision and is subject to judicial review. See 42 C.F.R. § 405.1130.

       The Medicare Act establishes deadlines for completion of each level of review and

specifies the consequences if the deadlines are not met. We described this framework in

Cumberland:

       The Act directs that the first two steps of administrative review be completed
       by the Medicare Administrative Contractor and the QIC, respectively, within
       60 days. 42 U.S.C. §§ 1395ff(a)(3)(C)(ii), 1395ff(c)(3)(C)(i). If the QIC

                                             13
       fails to meet this deadline, the healthcare provider may bypass the QIC
       determination and “escalate” the process by requesting a hearing before an
       ALJ, even though a decision by the QIC is ordinarily a prerequisite to such a
       hearing. Id. § 1395ff(c)(3)(C)(ii). With respect to the adjudication by an
       ALJ, the Medicare Act provides that an ALJ “shall conduct and conclude a
       hearing on a decision of a [QIC] . . . and render a decision on such hearing
       by not later than the end of the 90-day period beginning on the date a request
       for hearing has been timely filed.” Id. § 1395ff(d)(1)(A); see also 42 C.F.R.
       § 405.1016(c) (providing a 180-day deadline if the appeal had been escalated
       past the QIC level). If the ALJ does not render a decision before the deadline,
       the healthcare provider may bypass the ALJ and again escalate the process
       by “request[ing] a review by the Departmental Appeals Board . . . ,
       notwithstanding any requirements for a hearing for purposes of the party’s
       right to such a review.” 42 U.S.C. § 1395ff(d)(3)(A). Finally, if the
       Departmental Appeals Board does not conclude its review within 90 days,
       id. § 1395ff(d)(2)(A), or within 180 days if the appeal had been escalated
       past the ALJ level, 42 C.F.R. § 405.1100(d), the healthcare provider “may
       seek judicial review [in a United States district court], notwithstanding any
       requirements for a hearing for purposes of the party’s right to such judicial
       review,” 42 U.S.C. § 1395ff(d)(3)(B); see also 42 C.F.R. § 405.1132.

816 F.3d at 53–54 (alterations in original). In short, the administrative process not only

creates deadlines for the completion of each step of the process but also anticipates that the

deadlines may not be met, giving the healthcare provider the option of bypassing a delayed

step by escalating the claim to the next level. In this manner, a healthcare provider can

complete the administrative process and obtain judicial review “within a relatively prompt

time,” despite delays in interim steps. Id. at 54.

       Advantage Health does not contend that HHS failed to follow the specified

administrative process or that the process itself is unconstitutional. Indeed, Advantage

Health continues to pursue that process in challenging HHS’s overpayment determination.

Rather, Advantage Health maintains that while it has received the first two levels of review,

it is effectively being denied the third level — a hearing before the ALJ — because of the


                                             14
long delay in holding that hearing and that this delay denies it procedural due process when

HHS’s recoupment efforts continue in the interim. It contends that a timely ALJ hearing

is especially important to due process because it is at this third level of review that a

healthcare provider can examine HHS’s evidence obtained from discovery and cross-

examine its witnesses.

       To prevail on a procedural due process claim, a plaintiff must “show (1) a

cognizable liberty or property interest; (2) the deprivation of that interest by some form of

state action; and (3) that the procedures employed were constitutionally inadequate.” Iota

Xi Chapter of Sigma Chi Fraternity v. Patterson, 

, 145 (4th Cir. 2009)

(cleaned up). Only the third showing, however, is at issue in addressing Advantage

Health’s challenge to the constitutional adequacy of the administrative process in light of

the long delay in providing the third level of that process — the ALJ hearing. To assess

the constitutional adequacy of an opportunity to be heard, courts consider (1) the private

interest affected by the official action; (2) the risk of an erroneous deprivation of that

interest given the procedures used, as well as the probable value, if any, of additional or

substitute procedural safeguards; and (3) the government’s interest. See Mathews, 424 U.S.

at 335. Thus, to succeed on the merits of its claim, Advantage Health must demonstrate

that the absence of a prompt post-deprivation ALJ hearing creates an unacceptable risk of

an erroneous deprivation.

       Were there no alternative for review, a prompt post-deprivation hearing by an ALJ

might arguably be required to mitigate the risk of an erroneous deprivation of Medicare

reimbursements. But there is an alternative here. Specifically, the statutory process

                                             15
provides for an ALJ hearing within 90 days, which, if delayed, may be bypassed to obtain

a timely judicial hearing. No one has argued that judicial review under this escalation

mechanism is untimely. As we stated in Cumberland:

       Properly understood . . . the Medicare Act establishes a multilevel, coherent
       regulatory scheme, which authorizes a healthcare provider to bypass levels
       of review that are not completed in accordance with specified time frames
       and, at the same time, to create a record that it can ultimately use for judicial
       review. While the Act gives the Hospital System the clear and indisputable
       right to this administrative process, it does not give it a clear and indisputable
       right to adjudication of its appeals before an ALJ within 90 days.

816 F.3d at 56 (cleaned up). Thus, because the administrative process anticipates and

accommodates potential delays in obtaining ALJ review, the due process validity of the

process does not depend on the timeliness of an ALJ hearing.

       Advantage Health argues nonetheless that judicial review, even if prompt, is not an

adequate substitute for a timely ALJ hearing because an ALJ hearing offers additional

procedural safeguards. Its argument, in essence, is that an ALJ hearing is the sine qua non

of due process. But this argument relies on a faulty understanding of the relative benefits

of an ALJ hearing and judicial review. First, it should be understood that the vast majority

of ALJ hearings are conducted telephonically. See 82 Fed. Reg. 4974, 5045 (Jan. 17,

2017); see also 42 C.F.R. § 405.1020. Moreover, unless HHS or its contractors elect to

become party to the proceedings, no discovery beyond what is contained in the

administrative record — compiled at the first two review stages — can be compelled. See

42 C.F.R. § 405.1036(f)(1); id. §§ 405.1012, 405.1037(a). Similarly, cross examination is

unavailable unless HHS chooses to participate in the proceedings and only as to individuals

who choose to testify. See id. § 405.1036(f)(1). Indeed, as we noted in Cumberland,

                                              16
healthcare providers are very limited in their ability to introduce new evidence at the ALJ

hearing level. See Cumberland, 816 F.3d at 56 (citing 42 U.S.C. § 1395ff(b)(3), which

requires “good cause” before a healthcare provider may present evidence to the ALJ that

was not presented to the QIC). In short, there are no guarantees that Advantage Health

would, at the ALJ hearing level, be able to introduce new evidence, to review any additional

discovery, or to cross examine government witnesses, and thus the very procedural

safeguards that Advantage Health argues are critical are far from assured even at the ALJ

hearing level.

       More fundamentally, Advantage Health’s myopic focus on the delay in providing

one specific procedural step fails to recognize, as we emphasized in Cumberland, that the

administrative process must be considered as a comprehensive whole that ends with an

opportunity for timely judicial review. Indeed, the integrated four-step process outlined in

the Medicare Act specifically addresses the very delay to which Advantage Health objects

through its escalation provisions. And Advantage Health does not ask us to strike down

the statutory scheme as unconstitutional. See Cumberland, 816 F.3d at 56 (denying an

attack on similar delays in the Medicare process because, among other reasons, it would

“undermin[e] important separation-of-powers principles”).

       At bottom, while Advantage Health has elected not to avail itself of the escalation

procedure in favor of pursuing delayed ALJ review, it cannot complain that its election

denies it due process. Because the escalation procedure is specifically made part of the

process to ensure a timely post-deprivation review in a court of law, Advantage Health

cannot succeed on its procedural due process claim. And given that Advantage Health

                                            17
failed to demonstrate a likelihood of success on the merits of its claim, the district court

erred in granting its motion for a preliminary injunction.


                                             IV

       HHS also argues on appeal that the district court’s findings with respect to the other

requirements for a preliminary injunction — irreparable harm, balance of the equities, and

public interest — were also erroneous. But because we conclude that Advantage Health

has not demonstrated a likelihood of success on the merits, we need not reach these other

arguments.

                                      *      *      *

       Accordingly, we vacate the district’s preliminary injunction.

                                                                       IT IS SO ORDERED.




                                             18