PUBLISHED

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT


                                       No. 18-2233


JEXTE BENJAMIN CEDILLOS-CEDILLOS,

                     Petitioner,

              v.

WILLIAM P. BARR, Attorney General,

                     Respondent.



On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals.


Submitted: May 28, 2020                                           Decided: June 26, 2020


Before HARRIS, RICHARDSON, and QUATTLEBAUM, Circuit Judges.


Dismissed in part and denied in part by published opinion. Judge Harris wrote the opinion,
in which Judge Richardson and Judge Quattlebaum joined.


Dree K. Collopy, Sarah B. Pitney, BENACH COLLOPY LLP, Washington, D.C., for
Petitioner. Joseph H. Hunt, Assistant Attorney General, Jessica E. Burns, Senior Litigation
Counsel, Maarja T. Luhtaru, Office of Immigration Litigation, Civil Division, UNITED
STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Washington, D.C., for Respondent.
PAMELA HARRIS, Circuit Judge:

       Jexte Benjamin Cedillos-Cedillos (“Cedillos”), a native and citizen of El Salvador,

seeks review of a final order of removal entered by the Board of Immigration Appeals.

Cedillos contends that he fled El Salvador after he was the only witness to his brother’s

murder, reported the murder to the police, and was threatened by his brother’s attackers on

several occasions. Based on those events, he applied for asylum and other forms of relief

from removal, claiming that he was persecuted and fears future persecution on account of

his family ties. An immigration judge and the Board of Immigration Appeals rejected his

application, and Cedillos timely sought review in this court. For the reasons that follow,

we dismiss in part and deny in part Cedillos’s petition for review.



                                             I.

       Cedillos entered the United States without authorization in April of 2013, near

Laredo, Texas, and was immediately detained by the Department of Homeland Security.

After passing an initial credible fear interview, Cedillos was released of his own

recognizance and served with a notice to appear for a removal hearing at a date and time

to be determined. He subsequently received follow-up notices listing the date and time for

his hearing, and attended that hearing, represented by counsel.        Cedillos conceded

removability as charged as an alien present in the United States without having been

admitted or paroled, see 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(6)(A)(i), but applied for asylum, withholding

of removal, and protection under the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”). Cedillos based

his petition for relief on alleged persecution “on account of” his “membership in a

                                             2
particular social group” composed of his nuclear family. See 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A).

We begin by summarizing Cedillos’s testimony before the immigration judge (“IJ”) and

then outline the legal proceedings that followed.



                                              A.

       The following facts are taken from Cedillos’s testimony, which the IJ deemed

credible, and his application for relief from removal. On November 17, 2012, Cedillos was

walking home from work when he saw two men, whom he recognized as neighbors and

friends of his brother, beating a person he could not immediately identify. After the men

– one of whom Cedillos believed to be a gang member – saw Cedillos and recognized him,

they yelled “‘hoy,’ as a greeting,” stopped beating the victim, and left. When Cedillos

approached the victim, he realized it was his brother, Ruben, whose injuries turned out to

be fatal. Cedillos and his father immediately reported the attack to the police, but the police

were not able to locate the attackers. At some point, the police went to the attackers’ homes

but found that the men no longer lived there.

       Cedillos did not see or hear from the attackers for approximately a month and a half.

Then, on January 1, 2013, Cedillos was leaving his job at a local restaurant when he saw

the attackers waiting in a car outside. He ran to the nearby home of a friend, Nurian

Ramirez, to avoid the attackers, who chased after him but stayed outside. The next

morning, Ramirez received a telephone call from the attackers asking to speak to Cedillos,

but Cedillos did not take the call. The attackers returned to Ramirez’s home on January

10, 2013, and again asked for Cedillos; Ramirez told the men that she did not know who

                                              3
they were talking about. Cedillos had no further contact with the attackers before he fled

to the United States in March of 2013, during which time he “almost never” left the house.

A.R. 116.

       None of Cedillos’s family, all of whom remain in El Salvador, have been threatened

or harmed, nor have the two men who killed Cedillos’s brother tried to contact his family

or ask for his whereabouts.

                                            B.

       The IJ denied Cedillos’s petition for relief from removal on all counts. Most

relevant to this appeal is Cedillos’s application for asylum, which, the IJ held, suffered

from a number of flaws. First, the IJ found that Cedillos failed to establish either that he

“suffered past persecution or that he independently has a well-founded fear of future

persecution.” A.R. 53. Though the IJ recognized this circuit’s determination, in Crespin-

Valladares v. Holder, 

, 126 (4th Cir. 2011), that credible death threats can

amount to persecution, he found that what Cedillos described here – the two attackers

looking for him, without any claim that they physically harmed him or that they

communicated any specific threat to do so – did not meet that threshold. Nor had Cedillos

shown a reasonable possibility of future persecution in El Salvador, the IJ held, given his

testimony that his immediate family – eight surviving siblings and both his parents –

remained there and had not been harmed, or even contacted, by the attackers. And, the IJ

noted, Cedillos also could not establish a well-founded fear of future persecution because

he could avoid persecution by relocating to another part of El Salvador. See 8 C.F.R.

1208.13(b)(2)(ii).

                                             4
       The IJ then held that Cedillos’s asylum application failed for a second, independent,

reason: because “even if [Cedillos] could establish that he was persecuted in the past and

has a well-founded fear of future persecution, he has not established that any such

persecution would be on account of a protected ground.” A.R. 55 (emphasis added).

Among the protected grounds listed in the asylum statute is “membership in a particular

social group.” 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(i). Cedillos claims that he is a member of a

particular social group made up of his immediate family, and the IJ acknowledged that a

family can constitute a particular social group. However, the IJ went on to hold, Cedillos

had not met what is often called the nexus requirement of the asylum statute: That is, he

had not made a showing that “his family membership is at least one central reason for the

harm that he suffered and fears.” A.R. 55. Instead, the IJ found, the record indicated that

“the overwhelming motivation” for any potential harm was that Cedillos “witnessed the

murder,” independent of the fact that he was related to the victim.

same reasons, the IJ held that Cedillos was not entitled to withholding

of removal. 1 Finally, the IJ held that Cedillos failed to establish that it is more likely than

not that he would be tortured if removed to El Salvador, and thus that he did not qualify

for CAT protection.


       1
        Both asylum and withholding of removal are based on an applicant’s showing of
persecution on account of a statutorily protected status. See 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A)
(asylum);

However, the standard of proof for
withholding is higher, requiring the applicant to establish a “clear probability” of
persecution, rather than the less stringent “well-founded fear” of persecution sufficient to
make out an asylum claim. See Marynenka v. Holder, 

, 600 (4th Cir. 2010).
Thus, an applicant who is ineligible for asylum necessarily is ineligible for withholding of
removal. See Tang v. Lynch, 

, 183 (4th Cir. 2016).
                                               5
       Cedillos appealed to the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”). As a threshold

matter, Cedillos cited the Supreme Court’s opinion in Pereira v. Sessions, 

(2018) – which had issued after the IJ’s decision – to argue that because the first notice to

appear (“NTA”) he received had not specified the time and place for his removal hearing,

the IJ lacked jurisdiction over his removal proceedings altogether. He also argued that the

IJ erred on the merits in denying his claims for relief.

       A one-member panel of the BIA dismissed Cedillos’s appeal and affirmed the IJ’s

findings. The BIA rejected Cedillos’s Pereira argument, explaining that an NTA lacking

the time and place of an initial removal hearing nonetheless “vests an [IJ] with jurisdiction

over the proceedings . . . as long as a Notice of Hearing specifying this information is later

sent to the alien.” A.R. 5. Here, because Cedillos indisputably received later notices that

included this information, there was no jurisdictional defect.

       The BIA also affirmed the IJ’s denial of asylum, agreeing that “the incidents of harm

described by [Cedillos] did not rise to the level of past persecution,” and echoing the IJ’s

determination that the record lacked evidence sufficient to establish an objectively

reasonable fear of future harm. A.R. 4. In addition, the BIA agreed that Cedillos had failed

to establish the requisite nexus between the threatened harm and membership in his family.

Like the IJ, the BIA recognized that it is “well settled that membership in a nuclear family

qualifies as a protected ground for asylum purposes.”

IJ, the BIA also

concluded that the record indicates that the attackers’ motivation was not Cedillos’s family

membership, but rather “their desire to retaliate against [him] for having reported to the

police the crime they committed.”

       Finally, the BIA found no reason to disturb the IJ’s determinations that Cedillos

could avoid persecution by relocating to another part of El Salvador and that he had failed

to establish grounds for withholding of removal or CAT protection.

       Cedillos timely petitioned this court for review.



                                              II.

       On appeal, Cedillos argues that the BIA and IJ improperly denied his claim for

asylum. 2    He identifies several purported errors, including the failure to dismiss

proceedings for lack of jurisdiction following Pereira, and the determination that Cedillos

had not shown past persecution or a well-founded fear of future persecution on account of

his family ties. 3

       Where, as here, the BIA “adopts the IJ’s opinion and supplements it with its own

reasoning,” we consider both rulings on appeal. Hernandez-Avalos v. Lynch, 

,

948 (4th Cir. 2015). We review de novo the legal question of whether the IJ lacked


       2
          Because Cedillos does not meaningfully address his claims for withholding or
CAT, we conclude that he has abandoned those claims on appeal. See Fed. R. App. P.
28(a)(8)(A); Suarez-Valenzuela v. Holder, 

, 249 (4th Cir. 2013) (noting that
it is “a well settled rule that contentions not raised in the argument section of the opening
brief are abandoned” (citations and emphasis omitted)).
       3
          Cedillos also argues, for the first time on appeal, that the IJ erred when it did not
consider additional potential “particular social groups” other than Cedillos’s nuclear
family. But because Cedillos failed to raise this argument before the BIA, we have no
authority to consider it, and therefore dismiss the petition for review insofar as this claim
is concerned. See 8 U.S.C. § 1252(d)(1) (stating that court may review removal order only
if alien exhausted all administrative remedies); Kporlor v. Holder, 

, 226 (4th
Cir. 2010) (“[I]t is well established that an alien must raise each argument to the BIA before
we have jurisdiction to consider it.” (internal quotation marks omitted)).
                                              7
jurisdiction over Cedillos’s removal proceedings, and we review factual findings –

including the determination that the harm alleged was not on account of Cedillos’s family

ties – for substantial evidence, treating them as conclusive “unless any reasonable

adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary.”

§ 1252(b)(4)(B)). Ultimately, we must affirm the BIA’s decision if it is not “manifestly

contrary to the law and an abuse of discretion.” 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(D).

                                             A.

       We first address Cedillos’s jurisdictional argument, though we need not say much.

That is because this claim – that because his initial NTA did not include a time or date for

a hearing, the immigration court lacked jurisdiction over his removal proceeding – is

squarely foreclosed by our recent opinion in United States v. Cortez, 

, 355

(4th Cir. 2019), which was issued only after the parties’ briefing in this case.

       A bit of context: The regulations governing removal proceedings provide that such

proceedings commence and “[j]urisdiction vests” with the IJ “when a charging document

is filed with the [i]mmigration [c]ourt.” 8 C.F.R. § 1003.14(a). One such qualifying

document is a “[n]otice to [a]ppear,”

– as described by the regulations

– need not include a date and time for a hearing

that

information is required to be provided to a noncitizen later, by the immigration court

itself

Immigration and Nationality Act also refers to a “notice to

appear,” and defines that document to include “[t]he time and place at which [removal]

proceedings will be held.” 8 U.S.C. § 1229(a)(1)(G)(i); see also 

(confirming that notice to appear under § 1229(a) “include[s] . . . the time and place of the

                                              8
removal proceedings”). Relying on this statutory provision, Cedillos contends that because

the initial notice in his case omitted the date and time of his hearing, the immigration court

never had “jurisdiction,” rendering his removal proceeding altogether null and void.

       We rejected this precise claim in Cortez, holding that the purported defect here is

not jurisdictional, because the regulation upon which this argument relies – 8 C.F.R.

§ 1003.14(a) – is not “jurisdictional in the formal 

, but instead is

“more like a docketing rule, providing for the orderly administration of proceedings . . .

before the immigration judges,”

(internal quotation marks omitted). And second,

we explained that there is in any event no defect in such circumstances, because “[i]t is the

regulatory definition of ‘notice to appear,’ and not § 1229(a)’s definition, that controls in

determining when a case is properly docketed with the immigration court,” and that

regulatory definition does not require inclusion of the time and date of proceedings.

Thus, Cedillos’s threshold claim fails.

                                               B.

       We turn next to the crux of this appeal: whether substantial evidence supports the

determination of the IJ and BIA that Cedillos has not met his burden of showing eligibility

for asylum. To establish such eligibility, an applicant must show that he has suffered past

persecution or has a well-founded fear of future persecution, and must meet the nexus

requirement by showing that such persecution was or will be “on account of” his

“membership in a particular social group.” 8 C.F.R. § 1208.13(b)(1); see also 8 U.S.C.

§ 1101(a)(42)(A). Both prongs are necessary to make out a cognizable claim for asylum,

and the IJ and BIA determined that Cedillos satisfied neither here. Because the nexus issue

                                               9
is dispositive of this petition, we need not address the agency’s determination that the harm

alleged falls short of persecution. Instead, we begin, and end, our analysis by considering

whether Cedillos satisfied the nexus requirement.

       It is important to note that our role in this context – reviewing the finding that

Cedillos failed to fulfill the nexus requirement – is limited, as we have repeatedly

emphasized: “Because this is a factual finding, our task is not to decide how we would

rule in the first instance. Rather, we must uphold the BIA’s finding unless no rational

factfinder could reach the same conclusion.” Temu v. Holder, 

, 891 (4th Cir.

2014). Put differently, “our review of the BIA’s and IJ’s determination of this factual

question is limited to considering whether their conclusion is ‘supported by reasonable,

substantial, and probative evidence.’” Cruz v. Sessions, 

, 128 (4th Cir. 2017)

(quoting Ngarurih v. Ashcroft, 

, 188 (4th Cir. 2004)). We conclude that it is.

       The BIA and IJ properly determined, and the government does not dispute, that

Cedillos is a member of a cognizable particular social group – his immediate family.

Indeed, we have held that a nuclear family “provides a prototypical example of a particular

social group.” 

(internal quotation marks omitted).

The only question is whether Cedillos has shown the requisite nexus between his family

ties and the alleged persecution, or whether, as the government argues, substantial evidence

supports the agency’s finding that the attackers’ overwhelming motivation was that

Cedillos had witnessed the murder and reported it to the police.

       “Persecution occurs ‘on account of’ a protected ground if that ground serves as ‘at

least one central reason for’ the feared persecution.”

(quoting 8 U.S.C.

                                             10
§ 1158(b)(1)(B)(i)). A central reason is not necessarily “the central reason or even a

dominant central reason,” but it must be more than “incidental, tangential, superficial, or

subordinate” to another reason for harm.

omitted). As the

Supreme Court has explained, the applicant “must provide some evidence of [motive],

direct or circumstantial.” INS v. Elias-Zacarias, 

, 483 (1992).

       Here, the record provides ample support for the IJ and BIA’s conclusion that the

attackers’ motivation was their desire to prevent Cedillos – the only witness – from

reporting the murder of his brother, or to retaliate against him for having done so. Cedillos

testified, credibly, that he witnessed the attackers’ murder of his brother, that the attackers

recognized him, that he reported this crime to the police, and that the attackers subsequently

tried to speak to him at his place of work and a friend’s house. But it does not inevitably

follow that the attackers’ motivation was his relationship to his brother, and Cedillos points

to nothing in the record that would support such a conclusion. Instead, the events as

recounted by Cedillos indicate that the attackers approached him because he was the sole

witness to a crime they committed, in an attempt to prevent him from, or retaliate against

him for, reporting them to the police.

       Cedillos’s testimony and the documentary evidence he provided support this

determination. When asked why he was afraid to return to El Salvador, Cedillos testified

before the IJ that it was “[b]ecause [he is] the only witness who recognized them.” A.R.

101. This rationale is consistent with Cedillos’s application for relief from removal, which

states that the attackers “threatened [him] because [he] was the only witness.” A.R. 302.

Similarly, the letters submitted in support of Cedillos’s asylum application repeat the

                                              11
notion that he feared for his life as the only witness. See, e.g., A.R. 320 (“[Cedillos] was

persecuted . . . after having been the only witness of the death of his brother . . . .”); A.R.

322 (Cedillos’s “life was in danger since he was the only . . . witness of his older brother’s

murder”); A.R. 324 (“[F]or being the only witness [Cedillos] was threatened by the

perpetrators . . . .”); A.R. 333 (Cedillos was threatened “for being the only . . . witness of

the murder of his older brother”).

       It is true, as we have explained, that “more than one central reason may, and often

does, motivate a persecutor’s actions,” Cruz v. Sessions, 

, 128 (4th Cir. 2017),

and evidence that Cedillos’s attackers were motivated by his status as a witness does not

by itself foreclose the possibility that they also might have been motivated by his

membership in his nuclear family, see

On multiple occasions, we have

recognized the existence of “mixed motive” cases, “in which a statutorily protected ground

comprises only part of the persecution.” Quinteros-Mendoza v. Holder, 

, 164

(4th Cir. 2009). And in several of our recent mixed motive cases, we have cautioned the

BIA against taking an “excessively narrow” approach to the nexus requirement,

, especially in the context of family ties. But those

cases are distinguishable, and here the agency was not “compelled” to conclude

on this factual record, that mixed motives were at play.

       In Hernandez-Avalos v. Lynch, 

(4th Cir. 2015), for example, we

considered a case in which gang members threatened to kill a woman if she would not

allow her son to join their ranks. See

The BIA determined that the gang was

motivated by recruitment, rather than the mother’s family relationship to her son, so that

                                              12
Hernandez was not eligible for asylum.

But we disagreed, explaining that the

“recruitment motiv[e] . . . did not preclude the existence of another central reason – family

ties – for that same persecution,” and that the record compelled a finding that it was the

mother’s relationship to her son that explained why she, and not some other person, was

targeted for threats.

.

       At the same time, however, we noted that even a threat that specifically references

a family member is not necessarily made “on account of” the familial relationship.

n.7. Gang members had issued a second threat against Hernandez, vowing to kill her

if she reported them to authorities for murdering her husband’s cousin. It “may well be”

the case, we explained, that this threat “was not made on account of Hernandez’s familial

connections,” because “[t]hat same threat could have been directed at any person who knew

about the gang members’ criminal activities.”

governs here, where

substantial evidence indicates that the threats made to Cedillos could have been directed at

any person who witnessed his brother’s killing. Unlike the threats against Hernandez

concerning her son’s recruitment, for which “there [was] no evidence that she would have

been selected as the recipient . . . absent th[e] familial connection,”

by Cedillos are entirely consistent with a motivation independent of his family ties.

       For much the same reason, the nexus determinations of the IJ and BIA in this case

comport with our decision in Cruz v. Sessions, 

(4th Cir. 2017). In Cruz, the

petitioner’s husband disappeared, and she suspected he was killed by his employer – who,

when asked about the disappearance, threatened that she would “suffer the same fate” if

she filed a police 

. We rejected the BIA’s determination that Cruz

                                              13
was not persecuted because of her relationship to her husband, but rather to deter her from

reporting her husband’s murderer to the police. See

This, we held,

disregarded record evidence that the employer was motivated by his belief that “because

of [Cruz’s] relationship with her husband, she was more likely than others to search for

him and to contact the police.”

The record “unequivocally demonstrate[d],” we

explained, that Cruz was in a position to suspect and report her husband’s employer only

because of information she learned through her husband, as a result of her spousal

relationship with him.

employer specifically told Cruz not to report

her husband’s disappearance; threats were made both to Cruz and to her children over a

period of two years; and those threats – repeated phone calls to Cruz, and the killing of the

family’s dogs – occurred in Cruz’s home, “the center of life for [her deceased husband]

and his nuclear family.”

       The record before us now is very different, and it cannot be said to compel the

conclusion that Cedillos was targeted – in whole or in part – because the men who attacked

his brother were concerned with his membership in his nuclear family. On Cedillos’s own

telling, the attackers never mentioned his brother to him; they did not go to his family’s

home, despite the fact that they were neighbors and presumably knew where the Cedillos

family lived; and they have never contacted any other member of his family – including

his father, who along with Cedillos reported the crime to the police. And Cedillos, unlike

Cruz, knew the attackers’ identity not because of information he learned through his

familial relationship with his brother, but only because he happened upon the assault. On

this record, we think there is ample evidence to support the agency’s determination that

                                             14
family membership was not an “intertwined” reason for the threats against Cedillos. Cf.

(finding that agency erred in “failing to consider the intertwined

reasons for” the threats against Cruz).

       In sum, and consistent with our case law, the record in this case does not compel the

conclusion that family membership was “at least one central reason,” 8 U.S.C.

§ 1158(b)(1)(B)(i), why Cedillos was threatened by his brother’s attackers. Accordingly,

we affirm the agency’s determination that Cedillos cannot satisfy the nexus requirement,

and so is not eligible for asylum.



                                            III.

       For the foregoing reasons, we dismiss in part and deny in part Cedillos’s petition

for review.



                                          DISMISSED IN PART AND DENIED IN PART ∗




       ∗
       This opinion is published without oral argument pursuant to this Court’s Standing
Order 20-01, http://www.ca4.uscourts.gov/docs/pdfs/amendedstandingorder20-01.pdf
(amended Apr. 7, 2020).

                                            15