The Motor vessel "Doromar," transporting a cargo of bananas from Cuba to Miami, Florida under charter party1 as a private carrier, while attempting to cross the Bahama Banks, went aground on Guinchos Cay at 1:10 o'clock the morning of August 14, 1947. A portion of the cargo was jettisoned in an attempt to refloat the vessel, and the remainder of the bananas spoiled. The shipper-charterer libelled the Doromar for the resulting damages, basing liability upon the allegations that the Doromar was "improperly equipped, manned and outfitted and her engines and compass were in an unseaworthy condition." The answer specifically denied these allegations.

The cause was referred to a Commissioner, who heard evidence, made findings of fact and conclusions of law, and recommended the entry of a decree for the amount of damage claimed, less $800, the balance due by shipper on the charter hire. The District Judge overruled the respondent's exceptions and, adopting the Commissioner's report, decreed that libellants recover. Appellant here insists that the Court should have sustained the exceptions and entered a decree for the respondent.

There is no substantial conflict in the testimony, but from it the parties urge contrary conclusions. The shipper offered proof of receipt in good order, nondelivery, and damages and rested. The Doromar introduced testimony showing that six weeks before the vessel left Miami for Cayo Mambi, Tanamo Bay, Cuba, to take on the shipment of bananas in accordance with the terms of the charter, its engines had been replaced and the vessel overhauled. A "shakedown" run showed the engines and the vessel to be in good condition. At this time the compass of the Doromar was "spotchecked" by a Marine Captain by lining the vessel with known direction markers. The compass properly checked on two headings. The compass had been checked by an expert on May 10, 1946 and showed deviations within the normal of the average compass. These were stated upon the compass card of the Doromar. In this connection, a compass expert, called as a witness by the shipper, was unwilling to state whether the replacement of the engines would affect the accuracy of the compass and "the only way to tell would be to check it. There is no set rule." The only "way to be sure" would be to check it and adjust the compass to eight headings as had been done by him on May 10, 1946. The Captain of the Doromar had come well recommended and was competent, and the vessel was fully manned with a competent crew. While en route to Cayo Mambi its port engine became disabled. Thereupon the agent of the charterer was notified. Upon arrival of the vessel at Cayo Mambi the cargo of bananas had already been cut and were on the wharf ready for shipment. No other vessel was available and the master assured the shipper that the return voyage could be made by one motor. Under these circumstances the shipper directed the cargo loaded. After leaving port the starboard engine went out. A tow was obtained and the vessel proceeded, and the engine was repaired while in tow.

The master was dead at the time of the hearing, and subsequent events, material here, are predicated upon the log entries. From these it is shown that at 7:47 p. m., August 13, 1948, in the vicinity of Cay Lobos light, the Doromar cleared the towing vessel and was full away for Miami. From the log entries, interpreted by those familiar with such matters, it is possible to compute its approximate course and distance from the light at that time, and again at 10:00 o'clock when the light was dipping on the horizon. The vessel was following a course of 308 degrees with one degree error allowed. This course continued until the time of the stranding some five hours later. The log showed no allowance for either moderate or fresh easterly winds, except one point at 12:00 o'clock, and no allowance for the known deviations of the compass, though entry of a one degree deviation, normal for that vicinity, was made, and no allowance for the current. The normal course from the vicinity of Cay Lobos light across the Bahama Banks to Miami is 308 North by Northwest, the charted course, but allowance must be made for the wind and current conditions. As stated by one witness, the normal course is "always from the northwest about 309 to 315 varying for weather conditions," and this would take the vessel anywhere from four to six miles from Guinchos Cay "dependent upon the weather." There is no light on Guinchos Cay and it is not visible at night. A master mariner testifying as an expert from the log entries, thought it evident that proper allowances had not been made, and there was testimony, based upon the approximate location of the point of change of course near Cay Lobos, with due consideration given the compass deviations and the wind force that the indicated compass course of 308 should have carried the vessel 4.7 miles north of Guinchos Cay. However, this did not take into consideration the effect of the current, which if going out, dependent upon its strength, would take it off course from one-half knot to better than a knot an hour. The mate who had taken over the wheel from the master about forty-five minutes before the stranding testified he had been instructed to run a course of 308 and was so steering the vessel. He was not specific as to how long the current had been running out, but stated that immediately prior to and after the stranding there was a very strong tide going out. In his opinion the tide caused the grounding.

The findings of fact by the Commissioner which are now material are set forth below.2

The Commissioner after stating the high degree of diligence required of the Doromar, and that the burden was upon it to disclose the cause of loss, and referring to the presumption raised by proof of delivery to the carrier in good order and proof of nondelivery in like condition, concluded that since the evidence did not support a finding that the stranding resulted from an error of navigation, there was a presumption it was caused either as a result of the compass being out of order, or as the result of negligence in the management of the vessel. He determined that the Doromar had not overcome that presumption and was therefore liable for the loss. Since we view the question of nonliability of the Doromar to be clearly established by the facts, (which we adjudge contrary to the findings made below), we do not discuss the correctness of the legal conclusions adopted by the Court, except to say that silence must not be construed as giving consent.

We discover no basis in the evidence to support a finding that the Doromar was not seaworthy because the compass was defective, or that the vessel was improperly equipped or manned. Other than the fact the Doromar ran aground, there is no basis for finding the compass defective. The evidence is undisputed that the master was a qualified mariner, who "came well recommended," and likewise that the vessel was manned by a competent crew. It is true that the Commissioner found that the engineer was drunk when the vessel left Cuba. He found that this had nothing to do with the grounding. Neither can we find that this condition of the engineer contributed to the grounding. We think it clear from the evidence that the stranding resulted from an error of navigation. Since the normal accuracy of the compass is established, the testimony; that the course followed was the usual one, but that the log shows that no allowance was made for deviation in the compass, for the wind, or for the current; and the extent to which the current would carry the Doromar off the compass course, clearly establishes that the grounding was caused by the failure to evaluate and apply these elements, and was therefore the result of an error in navigation. Liability for loss from this cause was excepted by the terms of the charter. The finding of the Commissioner to the contrary, adopted by the Court, is therefore clearly erroneous.

The Court erred in adopting the Commissioner's recommendations and in decreeing recovery in favor of the shipper. The exceptions of the Doromar to the Commissioner's report should have been sustained and judgment entered in favor of the vessel for the $800 balance of charter hire.

The cause is remanded, with directions to enter judgment in accordance with this opinion.

Judgment reversed.