'To deliver up to justice by means of requisition duly made as herein provided any person who may be charged with * * * any of the crimes committed within the jurisdiction of one of the contracting parties and specified in Article II.'

Appellant argues that the Judicial Council of the Fifth Circuit was authorized under 28 U.S.C. 332 only to 'administer the business of the courts'; that a 'judge' in an extradition case is not a 'court' and 'the assignment of a judge to an extradition matter does not vest him with jurisdiction' since 'jurisdiction is invoked only after a warrant is made returnable to him'; and that Judge Mathes never lost and Judge Whitehurst never acquired jurisdiction in the extradition case.

Appellant cites cases, including collateral proceedings in this extradition case2 showing that jurisdiction in an extradition matter is vested in justices, judges or commissioners, and not 'in courts'. These cases relate to discovery motions and only determine that the jurisdiction of appellate courts has been confined to review of certain orders and judgments of 'courts' and does not extend to review of the extradition 'judge's' findings. This extradition proceeding was 'the business of the courts' and Judge Whitehurst's assignment to hear the evidence of criminality under the ordr of the Judicial Council of the Fifth Circuit and Chief Judge Whitehurst's order was a proper exercise of their authority. The reassignment did not constitute any attempt to review any action of Judge Mathes as extradition magistrate. Certainly the office of United States District Judge held by Judge Whitehurst is one that under 18 U.S.C. 3184 has jurisdiction of extradition proceedings, and he was authorized to act.

Moreovr, the orders of Judge Whitehurst of March 23, 1961 and May 2, 1961 ordering that the appellant personally appear before him for the purpose of hearing and considering the evidence, with the Second Amended Complaint actually before him, together with appellant's bond conditioned upon compliance with the orders of the court, would satisfy the requirement of a warrant even as construed by appellant in this case since the purpose of the order commanding the accused to appear under 18 U.S.C. 3184 is 'that the evidence of criminality may be heard and considered.' Appellant did not object to Judge Whitehurst presiding on this ground until the judge had found against him. The omission complained of provides no ground for release on habeas corpus.3

At argument this court sua sponte raised the question as to whether the Judge of a United States District Court established under Section 2 of Article III of the Constitution called 'constitutional courts' (Ex parte Bakelite Corp., 279 U.S. 438, 449, 49 S. Ct. 411, 73 L. Ed. 789; 1 Moore's Federal Practice P0.4) can be, either authorized or required to perform the functions of an extradition magistrate. Counsel for all parties agree that the constitutional judge may be so authorized. In re Metzger, 5 Howard 176,46 U.S. 176, 12 L. Ed. 104 (1847) was cited. In that case the Judge acted at the instance of the executive before Congress, in 1848, 9 Stat. 302, made specific provision for a judicial proceeding in extradition. We have been cited to no case in which this question has been raised. We agree that the Judge of a constitutional court may be so authorized. It is unnecessary for us to decide whether such a judge could be required to act as an extradition magistrate.

Appellant's second point urges that Judge McRae erred in restricting his review of the extradition proceedings on habeas corpus to the following: '(1) whether the magistrate had jurisdiction, (2) whether the offense charged is within the Treaty, and (3) whether there was any evidence warranting the finding that there was reasonable ground to believe the accused guilty'; and in not determining that appellant was denied due process of law in that (1) Judge Whitehurst had not heard, examined, considered and read all of the evidence of criminality as required by Article XII of the Treaty and 18 U.S.C. 3184, (2) Judge Whitehurst did not examine and consider separately the evidence presented to determine whether in each case there existed probable cause that a crime enumerated within the Treaty had been committed by appellant as charged, and (3) Judge Whitehurst refused appellant's request to take the deposition of Dupouy.

The standard applied by Judge McRae in conducting the habeas corpus hearing was correct. Mr. Justice Holmes in Fernandez v. Phillips, 268 U.S. 311 at 312, 45 S. Ct. 541 at 542, 69 L. Ed. 970 stated:

'* * * That writ as has been said very often cannot take the place of a writ of error. It is not a means for rehearing what the magistrate already has decided. The alleged fugitive from justice has had his hearing and habeas corpus is available only to inquire whether the magistrate had jurisdiction, whether the offence charged is within the treaty and, by a somewhat liberal extension, whether there was any evidence warranting the finding that there was reasonable ground to believe the accused guilty. * * *'

All of Venezuela's evidence of criminality was documentary and was presented before Judge Mathes. It was voluminous. All of appellant's evidence (including testimony of witnesses) was presented before Judge Whitehurst. Both sides had, at the request of Judges Mathes and Whitehurst, submitted fact memoranda or analyses of the evidence. On June 16, 1961 Judge Whitehurst announced at the conclusion of extended hearings and arguments before him that probable cause had not been established with respect to the murders, but that probable cause had been established with respect to the financial crimes charged.

While discussing the form of the order of certification and findings to be entered by Judge Whitehurst on June 23, 1961, and after counsel had called to the attention of the court the provisions of paragraph 12 of the proposed order of certification finding that the evidence submitted sustains each of the charges of financial crimes according to the probable cause standard contemplated by 18 U.S.C. 3184, Judge Whitehurst read the paragraph and stated

'All right. This, in a general way, finds that each of the specifications has been sustained. That is the general findings, that each of these specifications is supported by the evidence.'

Then appellant's counsel inquired whether the judge had 'read all of the evidence in connection with this?' Judge Whitehurst replied:

'No, I haven't read all the evidence. I simply took counsel's analysis of the evidence.'

From Judge Whitehurst's certification to the Secretary of State that the certification was made by him 'upon consideration of all of the evidence submitted, the pleadings of the parties, the arguments of counsel, written and oral, and the orders heretofore entered herein' and other comments of Judge Whitehurst on this occasion and from a realistic view of his conduct of this proceeding we conclude that although he may not have read 'all'-- in the sense of every word in the enormous record before him, he did read the record and hear, examine and consider the evidence of criminality of appellant as required by the Treaty and the statute.

Appellant's contention that Judge Whitehurst did not examine and consider the evidence presented and determine in each case whether there existed probable cause that a crime was committed by appellant as charged is refuted by the above quoted statement of Judge Whitehurst that 'each of these specifications is supported by the evidence' and by his certification to the Secretary of State that the evidence submitted sustains each of the charges of financial crimes separately and independently alleged in Venezuela's Second Amended Complaint according to the probable cause standard contemplated by18 U.S.C. 3184 and the Treaty.

In support of his contention that he was denied due process of law in Judge Whitehurst's refusal of his request to take the deposition of Napoleon Dupouy appellant points to 18 U.S.C. 3191 which provides that 'witnesses' whose evidence is material to his defense may be subpoenaed on behalf of persons unable to pay the fees of 'such witnesses'. Section 3191 relates to the subpoenaing of witnesses and not to depositions. In re Luis Oteiza y Cortes, 136 U.S. 330, 10 S. Ct. 1031, 34 L. Ed. 464 held that the predecessor statute to Section 3191 'does not apply to documents or depositions offered on the part of the accused' and 'that all the provisions of the law and the statute contemplated the production of the defendant's witnesses in person before the magistrate for examination by him.' It was held in a collateral discovery proceeding in this case that 18 U.S.C. 3190 permitting the use of properly authenticated ex parte depositions presented by the demanding country 'are not available to the defendant'.4 The accused is not entitled to introduce evidence which merely goes to his defense but he may offer limited evidence to explain elements in the case against him, since the extradition proceeding is not a trial of the guilt or innocence but of the character of a preliminary examination held before a committing magistrate to determine whether the accused shall be held for trial in another tribunal. Collins v. Loisel, 259 U.S. 309, 42 S. Ct. 469, 66 L. Ed. 956; Charlton v. Kelly, 229 U.S. 447, 33 S. Ct. 945, 57 L. Ed. 1274. Even if a deposition were available the denial of appellant's belated request for the deposition of Dupouy would not constitute abuse of the extradition judge's 'judicial discretion, and his judgment cannot be reviewed upon this proceeding.' In re Luis Oteiza y Cortes, supra.5 Dupouy was in the United States. He was a party to the case in New York City opposing Venezuela's effort to secure evidence regarding appellant's funds on deposit in certain banks, and Judge Whitehurst did not deny appellant the right to offer Dupouy as a witness.

There is no merit to appellant's contention that he was denied due process of law in the extradition proceeding.

Appellant contends that the acts with which he is charged are 'acts done in the exercise of or in color of his sovereign authority and by virtue of the law of nations as stated in Underhill v. Hernandez, 168 U.S. 250, 18 S. Ct. 83, 42 L. Ed. 456, was entitled to be discharged from custody inasmuch as the judicial authorities cannot review the acts done by a sovereign in his own territory to determine illegality'.6

Seizing upon Venequela's characterization of appellant as a 'dictator' he argues that as a 'dictator' he himself would be the sovereign-- the government of Venezuela-- and that all his acts constituting the financial crimes with which he is charged and as to which probable cause of guilt has been found are acts of state or sovereign acts, the legality of which the Act of State Doctrine precludes an extradition judge or magistrate from adjudicating.

Essentially the Act of State Doctrine is 'the principle that the conduct of one independent government cannot be successfully questioned in the courts of another * * *.' Oetjen v. Central Leather Co., 246 U.S. 297, 303, 38 S. Ct. 309, 311, 62 L. Ed. 726 (1918).

Even though characterized as a dictator, appellant was not himself the sovereign-- government-- of Venezuela within the Act of State Doctrine. He was chief executive, a public officer, of the sovereign nation of Venezuela. It is only when officials having sovereign authority act in an official capacity that the Act of State Doctrine applies. Bernstein v. Van Heyghen Freres, S.A., 163 F.2d 246, 249 (2d Cir.1947), cert. den. 332 U.S. 772, 68 S. Ct. 88, 92 L. Ed. 357 (1947); Banco de Espana v. Federal Reserve Bank, 114 F.2d 438, 444 (2d Cir.1940).

Appellant's acts constituting the financial crimes of embezzlement or malversation, fraud or breach of trust, and receiving money or valuable securities knowing them to have been unlawfully obtained as to which probable cause of guilt had been shown were not acts of Venezuela sovereignty. Judge Whitehurst found that each of these acts was 'for the private financial benefit' of the appellant. They constituted common crimes committed by the Chief of State done in violation of his position and not in pursuance of it. They are as far from being an act of state as rape which appellant concedes would not be an 'Act of State'.

A policy underlying the Act of State Doctrine is that to adjudicate the validity of an act of a foreign government under its own law in the courts of the United States would 'imperil the amicable relations between governments and vex the peace of nations.' Oetjen v. Central Leather Co., supra.

The judiciary abstains from decision in the ordinary Act of State case in deference to the executive, the branch of government charged with international relations. In a comprehensive and discriminating opinion on the Act of State Doctrine by Judge Waterman of the Second Circuit, in Banco Nacional de Cuba v. Sabbatino,7 it was held that

'* * * when the executive branch of our Government announces that it does not oppose inquiry by American courts into the legality of foreign acts, an exception to the judicial abnegation required by the act of state doctrine has arisen.'

In this extradition case the executive branch, through its representation of the appellee United States Marshal, has manifested its desire that the judiciary act and decide this case on its merits.

Underhill v. Hernandez does not support appellant's claim of sovereign immunity. In that case a citizen of the United States brought an action in United States courts for damages for unlawful detention and assault in Venezuela by soldiers in the revolutionary forces in Venezuela under the command of Hernandez. The Supreme Court held that Hernandez, as a military commander representing a de facto government in the prosecution of a war, was not civilly responsible for those acts; pointed out that Hernandez was not 'actuated by malice or any personal or private motives;' and made it clear that its decision would have been otherwise had defendant's action been differently motivated, as is the case here. Judge Whitehurst expressly found that the acts of appellant establishing probable cause of guilt of the financial crimes were 'for the private financial benefit of the defendant'.

The very reason for this extradition case is that the United States has agreed with Venezuela for the extradition of persons charged with crimes enumerated in the Treaty. This Treaty deals expressly in paragraph 14 of Article II with embezzlement or criminal malversation by public officers. Appellant notes that a public officer is one who exercises 'in part sovereign power'.8 The two governments intended the tribunals to act when the accused is a public officer charged with crimes enumerated in the Treaty. The acts constituting crimes charged for which the extradition of appellant is sought are not 'acts of Venezuela' as in Hernandez, and the Act of State Doctrine is no bar to this extradition proceeding or justification for the discharge from custody of appellant.

Even though Judge Whitehurst found that the evidence failed to connect appellant with the murders and that it was unnecessary to determine whether or not these crimes were of a political character, appellant contends that Judge Whitehurst also should have made a finding as to whether the murders were political crimes and found that the murders were political and that the financial crimes were 'acts connected with such (political) crimes or offenses' within the meaning of Article III of the Treaty because they were joined in the same complaint with the murders. He argues that the word 'claim' in Article III (that 'the provisions of this convention shall not import claim of extradition' for political offenses) refers to the extradition complaint and that if any crime or offense contained in the complaint is of a political character or is an act connected with a political crime or offense, the entire 'claim' must be denied, notwithstanding the absence of any relationship of the several crimes or offenses with each other. Article III speaks of 'acts connected with' political crimes and not of 'charges' in a legal document. The necessary connection is between such acts or events and other acts or events. It is not the connection effected by charges being in the same legal paper.

Since appellant had no connection with the murders charged in the complaint, those acts could not be political acts or crimes attributable to appellant and whether or not the homicides were political crimes by those who committed them can have no bearing on the appellant.

The murders are no longer in the case.

Judge Whitehurst's decision that the financial crimes were not political was based upon the evidence and is not reviewable here. Cf. Ornelas v. Ruiz, 161 U.S. 502, 509, 16 S. Ct. 689, 40 L. Ed. 787.

In In re Ezeta, 9 Cir., 62 F. 972, five separate extradition complaints charging five persons with murder, attempted murder and robbery were heard and considered in one proceeding in which one final order was entered. One defendant, Cienfuegos, was charged with three crimes; two murders and an attempted murder. The extradition magistrate held that the crimes charged, save the attempt to murder, 'were all committed during the progress of actual hostilities between the contending forces * * * against the active operations of a revolutionary uprising', Id. p. 997, and were therefore political crimes immune from extradition, but the attempted murder occurring before the rebellion, was 'free from any political aspect', Id. 986, and the magistrate committed Cienfuegos for extradition for the non-political crime of attempted murder.

The fact that there were five separate complaints in Ezeta and one in the present case is a difference of form and not of substance.

Nothing in Karadzole v. Artukovic, 247 F.2d 198 (C.A. 9, 1957) reversed, 355 U.S. 393, 78 S. Ct. 381, 2 L. Ed. 2d 356, suggests that a finding of whether or not an alleged offense is political must be made when no probable cause of guilt of the offense has been found. This case supports our view that, where several offenses are charged and one or more may be political, extradition may nevertheless follow for those which are not political. The memorandum from the Secretary of State9 submitted in the Artukovic case expresses the Secretary's opinion that no valid reason exists for not allowing an extradition hearing to take place since it could not 'reach the conclusion that all of the acts alleged by the Yugoslav government to have been committed by Artukovic are necessarily of a 'political character' merely on the basis of the pleadings' and 'that it does not appear on the face of the pleadings that all of the offenses which Artukovic is therein alleged to have committed were necessarily connected with such struggle for power.' The State Department memorandum comments that while there is a suggestion in the indictment that the acts of Artukovic constituted war crimes, it is nevertheless the opinion of the Department 'that some of the murders alleged to have been committed might constitute 'murder within the terms of the extradition Treaty here involved". Implicit in the Supreme Court's per curiam order vacating the judgment of the Court of Appeals and remanding the case for hearing under 18 U.S.C. 3184 is a holding that even if some crimes charged in a single complaint are political, a hearing that may result in a finding of extraditability shall nevertheless be had under Section 3184, where the complaint may include other crimes that are non-political.

There is no evidence that the financial crimes charged were committed in the course of and incidentally to a revolutionary uprising or other violent political disturbance.

Venezuela seeks the surrender of appellant by the executive officers of the United States (who must ultimately determine whether fugitives shall be surrendered) for trial of appellant on the financial crimes only. The claim of extradition for appellant, within the meaning of the Treaty, is not based on any crime or offense of a political character or on acts connected with such crimes or offenses. Judge McRae did not err in failing to remand the extradition proceedings for further findings.

Judge Whitehurst's finding that the evidence was sufficient to sustain the charges specified, as certified to the Secretary of State, was based upon legal, competent and adequate evidence under 18 U.S.C. 3190. A prima facie case was established by the filing of the charges by the Attorney General of Venezuela, the findings of the highest court of that country that the charges and evidence established cause for prosecution and arrest, the warrant of arrest, and a substantial quantity of evidence submitted to the Supreme Court of Justice of Venezuela. First National City Bank of New York v. Aristeguieta, 287 F.2d 219, 227 (2 Cir., 1960), cert. granted 365 U.S. 840, 81 S. Ct. 803, 5 L. Ed. 2d 807.

The record shows that appellant, in November, 1948, was a young lieutenant colonel in the Venezuelan army, of very modest means. By a coup d'etat, appellant and two other lieutenant colonels established a three-man military junta, which was to rule in accordance with the Constitution and laws of Venezuela. As a member of the Junta, the appellant was required by law to file a statement of his assets upon taking office. His sworn statement, filed on March 14, 1949, showed that he and his wife then possessed total net assets equivalent to $31,343.28.

In the succeeding nine years the record discloses that appellant was enriched by more than $13,000,000 in excess of his opening net worth and his legitimate compensation. All during this period the laws of Venezuela prohibited anyone in appellant's position from engaging in commercial transactions with the nation, directly or indirectly. Evidence of Appellant's financial dealings was found in a suitcase which he left behind when he hastily fled Venezuela, on January 23, 1958. The suitcase bore the initials of appellant's wife, 'F.P.J.,' and contained securities, title deeds, banking documents, personal memoranda, currency, and a major general's uniform. That the suitcase and its contents belonged to appellant is clear from a radiogram sent by appellant's wife from the Dominican Republic, appellant's first stop in his flight from Venezuela, and from a letter he wrote on October 24, 1958, from Miami, Florida.

The record reflects that Dr. Napoleon Dupouy was an intimate and close associate of appellant; that he exerted a strong influence in connection with government contracts; that he reported regularly to appellant and received commissions on government contracts which were shared with appellant. Papers and memoranda in the handwriting of Dupouy and appellant, found in appellant's suitcase, evidence the fact that appellant received commissions or 'kickbacks' in the ten specific instances alleged in the second amended complaint.

Dupouy was nominal president of a construction company, Empresas Champenon Bernard de Venezuela, S.A., a subsidiary of the French firm Champenon Bernard. On September 12, 1950, Champenon Bernard entered into a contract with the Venezuelan government for the construction of three viaducts on the Caracas-LaGuaira expressway. Dupouy received as his commission 250,000 bolivares, which the written memoranda reflect that he shared equally with appellant.

On March 18, 1949, the appellant, as Minister of Defense, contracted with the Swedish armaments manufacturer Akticbolaget Bofors for cannon, guns, parts and ammunition for the amount of $2,358,060. Evidence from appellant's suitcase reflects that he received $58,951.50, which is precisely 2 1/2 per cent of the Bofors contracts.

The memorandum written in Dupouy's hand found in appellant's suitcase evidences that appellant received $19,136.25 on a government contract of June 30, 1950, and $11,983 plus $5902 'to be delivered,' totaling '$17,885, on a contract of December 15, 1950.

Appellant, as Minister of Defense, on July 24, 1951 contracted with the British firm Vickers-Armstrong (Shipbuilders), Ltd. for the construction of a destroyer, 'Aragua,' for the amount of Lb. 2,637,000. A memorandum by Dupouy evidences the fact that appellant received.$168,979.

In connection with a contract for a ground-to-air communications system for 47 airports in Venezuela with International Standard Electric Company of New York, at a cost of $2,948,754, the evidence shows that appellant received $60,000 through checks from one Virgil C. Applewhite, who was vice-president of a Caracas firm which did preliminary work on the communications contract.

A handwritten memorandum prepared by Dupouy, found in appellant's suitcase, indicated that appellant received $785,000 on the purchase of six destroyers from the Italian firm of Ansaldo, S.A.; $190,272 on a contract for the purchase of three Viscount aircraft, spare parts and spare engines; $258,744 on the purchase of 40 tanks with spare parts and ammunition from two French concerns; and $170,175 on the purchases of boats by the government of Venezuela.

The accountings and memoranda found in appellant's suitcase, in Dupouy's and appellant's own handwriting, and the depositions in the record establish probable cause that appellant unlawfully received commissions or kick-backs through Dr. Napoleon Dupouy in the ten instances alleged in the Second Amended Complaint.

The record shows that appellant, through a close associate, Fortunato Herrera, and a corporation called Polinversiones, received a portion of the compensation paid by the Venezuelan Government for two tracts of land expropriated by decrees promulgated by appellant. One of the transactions involved the property of a Mrs. Carmen Rafaela Agreda de Jiminez, which the government was taking over pursuant to a decree issued by appellant on August 15, 1952. In 1950 Mrs. de Jiminez had offered to sell the property to the government for B's 8,500,000 and on September 5, 1952 again inquired about compensation for her land. Unable to secure the compensation due her, she gave an option to her attorney, Ascanio, to purchase the property for B's 10,000,000. Ascanio sought out Herrera, who assured him and Mrs. de Jiminez that his friendship with appellant would enable him to solve their problem. The official government appraisal of the property was B's 13,320,210.50. The government paid Mrs. de Jiminez with interest-bearing obligations, and Mrs. de Jiminez turned over the amount in excess of B's 10,000,000 to Herrera.

In the acquisition of land for highway construction Herrera acquired for Polinversiones an option from Industrial del Carton for the purchase of 40,304 square meters of land at B's 30 per square meter. The land was subsequently appraised by the government at B's 120 per square meter. Thus Polinversiones received a profit of B's 3,627,360 in less than a year on an investment of B's 1,209,120. It is clear from the evidence that appellant shared with Herrera in the profits of Polinversiones.

Appellant owned 20% of the stock in a construction company known as Empress Venezuelana de Ingeniera y Construccion, S.A., called by its initials, EVICSA. This company, on an initial capital investment of B's 500,000, earned profits of B's 6,713,223.96 beween 1954 and 1958, largely on six government construction contracts.

The record reflects that appellant used on his private estate services of gardeners and other workmen on the public payroll and that a government agency drilled a well at appellant's El Penon estate.

The evidence was competent under 18 U.S.C. 3190, which makes admissible, and therefore competent, documents submitted by the demanding government that satisfy certain specifications. Section 3190 provides that documents authenticated by the demanding government's authorities, so as to be admissible for similar purposes in tribunals of the demanding government, 'shall be received and admitted as evidence' at an extradition hearing in this country 'for all the purposes of such hearing'; and the certification of the principal United States diplomatic officer in the demanding nation 'shall be proof' that the documents are so authenticated.

It has been held by the Supreme Court and the lower federal courts that 'competent evidence to establish reasonable ground is not necessarily evidence sufficient to convict, nor only such as can pass technical rules governing the admissibility of evidence in criminal trials.' U.S. ex rel. Klein v. Mulligan, 50 F.2d 687, 688 (2 Cir. 1931), cert. den., 284 U.S. 665, 52 S. Ct. 41, 76 L. Ed. 563 (1931), and the cases cited therein.

With respect to the evidence upon which the extradition magistrate acted, it must be remembered that the extradition magistrate merely determines probable cause, making an inquiry like that of a committing magistrate and no more. Benson v. McMahon, 127 U.S. 457, 463, 8 S. Ct. 1240, 32 L. Ed. 234 (1888). Probable cause was given its classic definition, on April 1, 1807, by Chief Justice John Marshall, sitting as committing magistrate in the treason prosecution of Aaron Burr. He held that he should not require evidence to convince himself that the defendant was guilty, but only that 'furnishing good reason to believe that the crime alleged had been committed by the person charged with having committed it.'10

The evidence of appellant's enrichment, with no proof of any lawful source of the funds, when considered with the evidence of appellant's transactions with Dupouy, Herrera, Polinversiones, EVICSA, and others is sufficient to warrant the finding that there was reasonable ground to believe the accused guilty of the financial crimes charged.

The crimes charged to appellant as to which probable cause has been found are offenses extraditable by Article II of the Treaty of Extradition. The record is clear that these charges are, if proved, crimes in the demanding nation, that question having been determined by the highest court of Venezuela. It is significant in this regard that the charges come here as a result of proceedings before the Supreme Court of Justice of Venezuela.

The crimes as to which probable cause has been shown are within Article II, paragraph 14, of the Treaty-- embezzlement or criminal malversation-- which provides for the extradition of persons charged with:

'14. Embezzlement or criminal malversation, committed within the jurisdiction of one of the parties by public officers or depositaries, where the amount embezzled exceeds 200 dollars in the United States of America or B. 1.000 in the United States of Venezuela.'

Criminal malversation includes a broad category of corrupt official practices. Webster's New International Dictionary defines the word 'malversation' thus: 'Evil conduct; fraudulent practices; misbehavior, corruption, or extortion in office.' P. 1490 (2d ed. 1957). The Oxford English Dictionary lists two current meanings: 'corrupt behaviour in an office, commission, employment, or position of trust'; and 'corrupt administration of something'-- and gives a number of instances of the use of the word in such broad senses, beginning in 1549 and continuing through the nineteenth century. 6 O.E.D. 94 (1933)

Black's Law Dictionary sets out the accepted definition:

'In French law, this word is applied to all grave and punishable faults committed in the exercise of a charge or commission, (office,) such as corruption, exaction, concussion, larceny.' P. 1112 (4th ed. 1951).

There is evidence showing that appellant, as chief executive of Venezuela, used his position of power and authority to divert funds and services belonging to Venezuela to his own use and benefit. The offenses as to which probable cause has been certified constituted 'embezzlement or criminal malversation.'

The crimes as to which probable cause has been shown are within Article II, paragraph 20, of the Treaty-- fraud or breach of trust, which provides for extradition of persons charged with:

'20. Fraud or breach of trust by a bailee, banker, agent, factor, trustee, executor, administrator, guardian, director, or officer of any company or corporation, or by any one in any fiduciary position, where the amount of money or the value of the property misappropriated exceeds 200 dollars in the United States of America or B. 1.000 in the United States of Venezuela.'

The phrase 'fraud or breach of trust' by an 'agent * * * or by any one in any fiduciary position,' is very broad and covers the great variety of offenses alleged in this case. As chief executive of Venezuela, appellant was under a duty to supervise the contracting and other financial affairs of the nation as a public trust. The evidence shows that appellant, through arrangements with Dupouy, received a cut on government contracts; through a front man, Fortunato Herrera, engaged in self dealing; through his secret interest in EVICSA, received unlawful gains; and through the use of government labor and services on his private estate, failed to discharge the public trust which was imposed upon him.

Except for the improvements upon appellant's estate, the crimes as to which probable cause has been found are within Article II, paragraph 18 of the Treaty-- receiving-- providing for extradition of persons charged with:

'18. * * * receiving any money, valuable securities or other property knowing the same to have been unlawfully obtained, where the amount of money or the value of the property so * * * received exceeds 200 dollars in the United States of America or B. 1.000 in the United States of Venezuela.'

The phrase 'receiving any money or valuable securities * * * knowing the same to have been unlawfully obtained' reaches thirteen of the fifteen alleged acts. In the ten Dupouy contract 'kickbacks', the two Herrera land frauds, and EVICSA the evidence shows that appellant received money or valuable securities knowing the same to have been unlawfully obtained.

Appellant contends that the extradition magistrate was without jurisdiction by virtue of Article XII11 of the Treaty because appellee failed to lay before the extradition magistrate legal evidence of the appellant's guilt within the two months prescribed by the treaty.

The two-month limitation of Article XII of the Treaty is inapplicable, for by its terms the provisions relates only to an arrest resulting from a telegraphic request. This extradition case was not initiated by a telegraphic request, but by a sworn complaint filed on August 24, 1959 in the United States District Court. Even if applicable, Article XII was complied with, for the original extradition documents were filed on October 21, 1959, less than two months after appellant was first arrested, on August 25, 1959.

The Second Amended Complaint was filed on March 8, 1960, and a new warrant of arrest was issued and executed the same day. Almost all of the evidence of appellee was on file by April 9, 1960, well within the two-month period. In Voloshin v. Ridenour, 299 F. 134, 137-38 (5 Cir., 1924), it was held by this court that the period prescribed by a treaty is measured from the date on which the defendant is arrested on the basis of the complaint on which the hearing is held. It is therefore evident that the two-month limitation period of Article XII was not exceeded on either of the two warrants.

The record contains no reversible error and the judgment of the District Court dismissing the appellant's petition for habeas corpus and discharging the orders to show cause issued thereon is hereby Affirmed. The mandate of the Court will issue forthwith.