This diversity1 case, like many other diversity cases is constructed of state (Texas) stone and federal mortar. Susano Falcon and his wife, Ana, brought suit in the United States District Court for the Western District of Texas seeking recovery for injuries sustained by Mrs. Falcon while a passenger on the Auto Buses line. She claimed to have received a 'whiplash' injury when the bus on which she was riding was struck from the rear by a private vehicle. At the close of the plaintiffs' case, the court directed a verdict for the defendant, stating that the evidence revealed no act of negligence on the part of defendant's driver which could have proximately caused the accident. Plaintiffs appeal from this judgment and we reverse.

On August 26, 1967, Ana Falcon, along with a group of her relatives, returned from a shopping trip in Juarez, Mexico to El Paso, Texas on board defendant's bus. While the bus was stopped or in the process of making a stop in El Paso on Paisano Street near the intersection with Cebada, it was struck from the rear by a 1964 Corvair driven by Enriquetta Alvarez. Mrs. Falcon was seated in the rear of the bus near the point of impact.

The collision occurred at a marked bus stop. Though it appears that it was not a regular stop for this particular bus, the driver would stop there when signaled by a passenger. Paisano is a six-lane thoroughfare, with three lanes of traffic on each side moving in opposite directions. The accident occurred around four p.m. when traffic was very heavy.

Other details of the accident remain the subject of speculation from contradictory testimony. The bus driver and Mrs. Alvarez testified that the bus had stopped completely before the collision. Three of the passengers testified that the bus was still moving at the moment of impact. The bus driver testified that the bus was standing about six inches away from the curb. All other testimony on this point placed the bus some distance from the curb, with estimates ranging from two feet to three paces.2

The driver testified that the bus had been stopped for ten or fifteen seconds before the collision and that in this time two passengers had alighted from the bus and a third was making his exit. He stated that during this time interval he was looking into his rear view mirror, in preparation for moving out into traffic, and observed the vehicle driven by Mrs. Alvarez approaching from 'a good distance.' From this observation, he testified that he had a 'notion' that she would hit the bus and was 'sort of prepared' for a collision. On the other hand, Mrs. Alvarez testified that she was only one compact-car length behind the bus when it stopped.

On these facts the plaintiffs emphasized three theories by which they contended the driver was negligent: (1) Aware of the traffic conditions on Paisano, he stopped his bus dangerously far from the curb;3 (2) seeing the oncoming car, he made no effort to pull closer to the curb or otherwise avoid the collision; (3) while he was prepared for the impact, the driver made no warning to the passengers.4 In granting defendant's request for a directed verdict, the court stated, '* * * I can't think of any negligent act that this defendant driver did to proximately cause the injuries this woman may have suffered. * * *'In this case, like other diversity cases, we must pay due obeisance to Texas substantive law, but apply proper federal procedural standards. There is no necessary conflict in this process. In this Circuit the sufficiency of evidence to require jury submission is an adhesive question to be determined by federal standards.5 According to the test recently enunciated by this court, '* * * if there is substantial evidence opposed to the motions, that is, evidence of such quality and weight that reasonable and fair-minded men in the exercise of impartial judgment might reach different conclusions, the motions should be denied, and the case submitted to the jury.'6

In determining whether such substantial evidence exists in the present case, we must seek our substantive material at the quarry of Texas jurisprudence. Texas exacts a high order of care from common carriers toward their passengers, and the conduct of the bus driver in the present case must be viewed in this light. He was obliged, '* * * to exercise such a high degree of foresight as to possible dangers and such a high degree of prudence in guarding against them as would be used by very cautious, prudent and competent men under the same or similar circumstances.'7

Under this extraordinary standard of responsibility it appears clear that there was warrant in the evidence for submission of the case to the jury. Viewing all the evidence, as we must, in the light most favorable to the plaintiffs and giving them the benefit of all reasonable inferences,8 we think a verdict in their favor was possible. This approach to the evidence requires us to accept the factual conclusions urged by the plaintiffs that the bus had stopped several feet from the curb on a busy thoroughfare; and the driver, watching the oncoming vehicles, took no action other than bracing himself in striking and singular silence, against a danger he fully apprehended.9 Of course, these conclusions are not mandatory and the jury could have rejected all of plaintiffs' theories of negligence. They might also have found that none of these alleged acts of negligence proximately caused10 plaintiff's injuries. However, it was the jury's function, not ours and not the trial court's, to resolve the obvious conflicts in substantial evidence and to make reasonable inferences therefrom.

The jury, as reasonable and fairminded men, could have concluded that the bus driver was negligent in stopping his bus so far from the curb, in failing to take any action to avoid the collision, or in not warning the passengers. They could also have found that any or all of the above acts of negligence constituted a proximate cause of the injury to Mrs. Falcon.

Reversed and remanded.