Taxpayers1 instituted these actions2 in 1979 in the United States District Court, Northern District of Alabama, seeking refunds of federal taxes paid for years 1972-1974.3 The district court, sitting without a jury, ruled in favor of the United States thereby denying taxpayers the refund they sought. We reverse.

This case presents a recurring issue in the corporate tax area, the classification of a transaction between a corporation and its majority shareholders as debt or equity. In this case, however, the involvement of a statutorily regulated insurance company distinguishes it from the vast number of debt-equity cases that have reached our Court. Those facts, to our good fortune, are not in dispute.

In 1954, taxpayers and others organized an Alabama insurance corporation, presently known as Associated Doctors Health and Life Insurance Company (hereinafter "Associated Doctors" or "corporation"). The corporation did not fare well in the 1950s, and underwent some significant reorganization in 1961. At that time the corporation redeemed the shares of certain dissatisfied holders leaving taxpayers owning 90 percent of corporate stock, approximately 45 percent each.

The corporation soon began a massive effort to increase its business. A major stumbling block, however, lay in the very nature of state statutory requirements governing insurance companies. Typically, the states in which Associated Doctors wrote insurance required insurers to maintain high levels of cash capital and surplus so that the insurers' "creditors," the policyholders, would be adequately protected.4 Moreover, in arriving at account balances, insurers were required to use highly conservative "statutory accounting" methods rather than the often-used "Generally Accepted Accounting Principles" (GAAP).5 To ensure its compliance with state law, then, the corporation had to keep a close watch on the capitalization levels in these accounts. It was particularly difficult to maintain these levels on conservative accounting methods while simultaneously expending large sums of money in the aggressive generation of new business. Because the statutory accounting method required "expensing" costs in the year expenses are incurred, every sale of an insurance policy worsened the corporation's economic picture for the year of sale. The more new business in a year, the less favorable the short-run economics under statutory accounting. Indeed, by late 1962 the capital surplus account was insufficient to meet the capitalization requirements of the various states in which Associated Doctors did business.

In an effort to inject capital into the deficient account, Associated Doctors, on the suggestion of an insurance commissioner in one of the states in which the corporation did business, executed "surplus capital notes."6 These notes, already in wide use at that time, were approved by many states7 as financing devices since they permitted lenders to hold the insurer liable on the notes only to the extent that the insurer's surplus exceeded a given amount.8 For their part, insurers would set the "given amount" at the surplus capitalization level required by states in which they did business. The surplus account, thus, was not available to a lender, by the very terms of his surplus capital note, for satisfaction of the insurer's debt to him. Policyholders' interests were not infringed by this arrangement since the surplus account designed for their protection remained intact.

Under this scheme, taxpayers in December 1962 began advancing property and cash to Associated Doctors. Between 1962 and 1965, the advances totalled approximately $963,000.9 Annual advances during the period were memorialized by "surplus capital notes" with identical terms; only principal amounts and due dates differed.10 To provide Associated Doctors with these advances, taxpayers borrowed $855,000 from Globe Life and Accident Insurance Company (hereinafter "Globe"), a concern that in 1961 had purchased a large portion of Associated Doctors' business. Globe assigned the short-term notes executed in its favor by taxpayers to the First National Bank and Trust Company of Oklahoma City (hereinafter "FNB"), which retained recourse against Globe. From 1964 through 1969 taxpayers paid FNB interest only on these notes. Beginning in 1967, however, taxpayers were receiving from Associated Doctors interest and principal payments on the surplus capital notes. By that point, the corporation's surplus had reached a level sufficient to withstand those payments.

In October 1969, all parties to all debts restructured their arrangements. Globe acquired through a reinsurance agreement 17 percent of Associated Doctors' insurance business. For this Globe agreed to pay 25 percent of the commissions received on the transferred policies, up to $855,000, the principal amount owed by taxpayers to FNB. Associated Doctors assigned this right to taxpayers, who reassigned to American Finance Company of Oklahoma (hereinafter AFC), a corporate relative of FNB. With the Globe commission contract as security, AFC then paid FNB $855,000, thereby satisfying taxpayers' notes to Globe. Finally, AFC assigned the taxpayers' obligations to it, together with the Globe commission contract, back to FNB. Apparently, that reassignment was for collection purposes.

Globe did not make payments under the commission contract directly to Associated Doctors. Instead, the arrangement envisioned payments by Globe to AFC or its collection agent, FNB. Essentially, this scheme eliminated the taxpayers from receiving and disbursing the funds involved. Furthermore, it alerted the defendant, the United States of America, to potential tax revenue which it promptly assessed and collected from taxpayers.

Upon audit of Associated Doctors and taxpayers for the three calendar years here at issue, the Internal Revenue Service treated Globe's payments as dividend income from Associated Doctors to taxpayers. Taxpayers, however, were permitted a deduction for interest amounts paid by Globe to FNB. Having paid the contested amounts of tax liability, taxpayers sued without success for refund. In this Court, they meet with success.II.

The narrow question is whether Globe's payments to FNB are properly regarded as repayment of Associated Doctors' debt to taxpayers and thus nontaxable, or as dividends taxable under the Internal Revenue Code.11 As earlier indicated, the issue is somewhat atypical because of state regulation of insurance companies and the resulting unavailability of many capital formation options. We do recognize controlling authority on this question in Harlan v. United States, 409 F.2d 904 (5th Cir. 1969). We are further instructed by the plethora of debt-equity cases that have reached this Court in years past and in particular by the factors that weighed in those analyses.

Our cases identify eleven12 flexible13 factors relevant to the determination at hand, several of which are highly relevant to our inquiry. We review the relevant ones well aware that "(e)ach case turns on its own factors; differing circumstances may bring different factors to the fore." Slappey Drive Ind. Park v. United States, 561 F.2d 572, 581 (5th Cir. 1977).

1. Name. The instrument here involved was labeled "surplus capital note," nomenclature common in the insurance business to refer to a debt executed in contemplation of applicable state surplus capitalization requirements.

2. Maturity date. These notes were not paid on the maturity date, a fact which the government would find fatal to taxpayer's case. We do not.14 These "capital surplus notes" contained certain express conditions to commencement of debt repayment, which conditions were mandated by state law. By its terms, the note envisioned "no payment of interest or principal ... which would reduce the surplus below $250,000.00." Without this provision, Associated Doctors simply could not have lawfully executed the note. Once the surplus account permitted interest and principal payments to begin, repayment of the loans by Associated Doctors to taxpayers began.

3. Relationship of would be "creditors" to general creditors. Here again, the government argues that because liability to the taxpayers was subordinated to the debts owing other corporate creditors, the transaction involves equity, not debt. Again we look to the purpose of subordination, and find that it was superimposed on this transaction by state law which sought to protect the insurer's most reliant creditors, the policyholders. Given this fact, we cannot hold that subordination destroyed the debt aspects of this transaction. A similar argument was presented to and rejected by this Court in Harlan, supra, 409 F.2d at 908.

4. Adequacy of capitalization. No contention is raised that this corporation was, in a nonsurplus sense, inadequately capitalized at any relevant point. See Harlan, supra, 409 F.2d at 908. The fact of adequate capitalization indicates strongly that Associated Doctors sought bona fide legal debt in order to expand its business.

5. Identity of ownership and ability of corporation to obtain loans elsewhere. Each taxpayer owned 45 percent of Associated Doctors. The government suggests from this that taxpayers were merely lending themselves money. This, though relevant, is inconclusive in our eyes since it is quite reasonable to assume, as taxpayers assert, that Associated Doctors was not able to obtain financing elsewhere. Outside lenders would require general obligation notes, which Associated Doctors could not execute. The arrangement actually employed placed taxpayers and their personal liabilities as a protective shield to Globe. Globe, more than likely, was not willing to lend directly to Associated Doctors on a surplus capital basis. Only taxpayers, then, would suffer through an arrangement that insulated the debtor's first quarter-million dollars of surplus capital. But it hardly followed that taxpayers' doing so, for lack of another alternative, rendered the transaction anything other than a loan.

6. Other factors. As our analysis above suggests at several points, the critical factor in our view is that state regulations and laws are the reason the parties to this transaction structured it as they did. "No one characteristic is decisive in determining what constitutes a debt, and decisions of the courts must be made on a case-by-case basis, being largely dependent upon their peculiar circumstances." Harlan, 409 F.2d at 907 & n.3. Like Harlan, the peculiar circumstance here is the interposition of state law between the parties and the desired transactional form. A general obligation note was out of the question in this situation. Of course, state law cannot under these circumstances prescribe a transactional form binding upon a federal court analyzing tax consequences to the parties. But the very fact that an insurer seeking to structure a debt transaction is severely limited in his options, as well as the extent to which the transaction here paralleled the required form, leads us to the decision we reach.

Our conclusion, to be explicit, is that these notes, perhaps "hybrid"15 in a sense, represent a debt transaction. The payments, then, from Globe to FNB are not constructive dividends running from Associated Doctors to taxpayers and should not be taxed as such. Taxpayers are entitled to an appropriate refund for the tax years at issue.