The plaintiffs filed a Sec. 1983 suit against Tishomingo County, County Sheriff Richard Dobbs, and State Highway Patrol Investigator Jim Wall, alleging that the defendants violated the plaintiffs' constitutional and state common law rights. The district court ruled for the defendants on a variety of motions. The plaintiffs appealed, and we now affirm.

The facts in this case are described at length in our opinion disposing of an interlocutory appeal in this case. See Enlow v. Tishomingo County, 962 F.2d 501, 503-06 (5th Cir.1992) (Enlow I ). We recount only a portion of those facts here. Throughout the 1980s, Harold Wayne Enlow owned and, with the help of his daughter, Angela Deaton, operated a skating rink in Iuka, Mississippi. In September 1988, he leased the premises to a Tennessee company that, according to Enlow, represented to him that the premises would be used for non-profit bingo games. Tishomingo County law enforcement officials received a tip that, in fact, the premises were being used for illegal gambling. On the night the "bingo game" opened, Sheriff Dobbs, Investigator Wall, and several other officers raided the premises.

Enlow challenged Dobbs' authority to raid the operation, whereupon Enlow was arrested for interfering with the raid.1 Pursuant to Mississippi law at the time of his arrest, Enlow was required to post a two percent bond fee, or $60, for executing his $3,000 security bond to be released from jail.2 The interference charge against Enlow ultimately was "nol. prossed"3 in February 1989. Dobbs testified below that he urged that the charge, which is a misdemeanor offense, be dropped so that he could present a broader range of charges to the next grand jury, whose term was scheduled to begin in April 1989. Dobbs expected the charges to include the misdemeanor interference charge along with various gambling-related charges, one of which is a felony.4

The plaintiffs5 filed this Sec. 1983 suit in March 1989. They originally complained:

(1) Wall and Dobbs violated Enlow's First Amendment right to speak out against the raid and his Fourth Amendment right not to be arrested without probable cause;

(2) the statute pursuant to which Enlow was arrested ("the interference statute") is facially unconstitutional under the free speech clause of the First Amendment;

(3) the two percent bond fee statute ("the bond fee statute") at that time was facially unconstitutional under the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and the takings clause of the Fifth Amendment; and

(4) Dobbs violated the plaintiffs' Fourth Amendment right against improper seizures.

No criminal charges against Enlow and Deaton were pending when they filed their suit. However, Assistant District Attorney (ADA) Roland Geddie, as planned, presented a broader range of offenses to the grand jury in April 1989. Under Geddie's instructions, Investigator Wall testified before the grand jury regarding the events surrounding the raid. Wall was the only witness who testified. The grand jury indicted Enlow and Deaton for various gambling-related offenses, whereupon Enlow (for the second time) and Deaton (for the first time) had to pay two percent of their bond as a fee. The two were prosecuted but were never convicted of any of the offenses.

In response to the criminal prosecution, the plaintiffs amended their complaint in April 1989 to include a retaliation claim against Wall and Dobbs. The plaintiffs specifically complained:

(1) Wall and Dobbs violated Enlow's and Deaton's First Amendment rights to sue the officers without retaliation; and

(2) Wall and Dobbs violated Enlow's and Deaton's Fourteenth Amendment right against malicious prosecution AND their state law rights against malicious prosecution and abuse of process.

After considerable discovery, the plaintiffs and Wall each moved for summary judgment. Wall moved for summary judgment in June 19906 as to the Sec. 1983 claims and the state law malicious prosecution/abuse of process claims. He specifically argued that he was entitled to qualified immunity from any claims arising out of Enlow's and Deaton's arrest in September 1988. In addition, Wall argued that he was entitled to absolute immunity from any claims arising from his grand jury testimony. The plaintiffs, meanwhile, moved for summary judgment in July 1990 on their constitutional challenges to the interference statute and the bond fee statute.

The district court issued its ruling in November 1990. See Enlow v. Tishomingo County, 1990 WL 366913 (N.D.Miss.1990). The court first addressed the plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment as to the constitutionality of the two statutes. The court found that the interference statute was not facially invalid because it "is capable of construction that respects the first amendment." The court also concluded that the bond fee statute violated neither the fourteenth nor the fifth amendments. The court then addressed Wall's motion for summary judgment. The court denied Wall's motion, finding that whether Wall was qualifiedly immune (i.e., whether Wall acted as a reasonable officer with a reasonable understanding of the plaintiffs' constitutional rights) was a fact issue. The court also rejected Wall's claim of absolute immunity regarding his grand jury testimony. Wall appealed the court's denial of his summary judgment motion. We held that the dispute over the facts regarding Wall's claims of immunity was genuine and, therefore, affirmed the district court's ruling. See Enlow I, 962 F.2d at 509-13.

The case then proceeded to trial. Following the presentation of all the evidence, the defendants moved for a directed verdict as to the plaintiffs' claims that Wall and Dobbs retaliated against them for filing the Sec. 1983 suit. The court granted the motion. The plaintiffs then moved for a directed verdict as to their claim that Sheriff Dobbs improperly seized their property. The court denied their motion. The outstanding claims (i.e., whether the defendants violated Enlow's first and fourth amendment rights when they arrested him during the raid, and whether Sheriff Dobbs violated the plaintiffs' fourth amendment rights when he seized their property) were submitted to the jury. The jury ruled in favor of the defendants as to each claim.

The plaintiffs now appeal: (1) the court's directed verdict for Wall and Dobbs on the plaintiffs' retaliation claims, (2) the court's ruling on the constitutionality of both the interference statute and the bond fee statute, and (3) the court's refusal to direct a verdict for the plaintiffs' claim that Dobbs improperly seized their property.II.

We review a directed verdict de novo, applying the same standard as the district court. Becker v. PaineWebber, Inc., 962 F.2d 524, 526 (5th Cir.1992). Accordingly, we must view the facts, and any reasonable inferences that may be drawn therefrom, in the light most favorable to the non-movant. Turner v. Purina Mills, Inc., 989 F.2d 1419, 1421 (5th Cir.1993). If the facts and inferences point so strongly and overwhelmingly in favor of one party, such that reasonable men could not arrive at a contrary verdict, the motion should be granted. Boeing Co. v. Shipman, 411 F.2d 365, 374 (5th Cir.1969) (en banc). A mere scintilla of evidence is insufficient to present a question for the jury. Id.

The plaintiffs at trial had claimed that Wall and Dobbs instigated the state to prosecute Enlow and Deaton in retaliation for their Sec. 1983 suit and, therefore, violated Enlow's and Deaton's rights under the First Amendment (i.e., free speech), the Fourteenth Amendment (i.e., malicious prosecution), and Mississippi common law (i.e., malicious prosecution and abuse of process). The court ruled that, as to all of the defendants, the evidence did not present a question of fact upon which the jury could find that plaintiffs were indicted and prosecuted in retaliation for filing their Sec. 1983 lawsuit.7

On appeal, Enlow and Deaton argue that the evidence adduced below constitutes more than a "scintilla," thereby making a directed verdict inappropriate.8 They concede that all of it is circumstantial, but argue that circumstantial evidence sometimes is sufficient not only to avoid a directed verdict but also to find liability. The plaintiffs argue that a reasonable jury could have inferred retaliatory intent because:

(1) Enlow was charged for a felony gambling offense only after he had filed his Sec. 1983 suit;

(2) Deaton was charged not at the time of the raid but only after she had filed her Sec. 1983 suit;

(3) Wall admitted that, after he learned of the Sec. 1983 suit, several fellow officers told Wall he would be "better off" if Deaton were convicted;

(4) Wall and Dobbs admitted that they discussed the lawsuit prior to Wall's grand jury appearance;

(5) the timing of the indictments was too coincidental;

(6) Enlow and Deaton were custodially arrested after the indictments were issued whereas the other named defendants were not arrested;

(7) the other named defendants were permitted to plead guilty to misdemeanor offenses while Enlow and Deaton were tried for felony offenses; and

(8) Deaton and Enlow at trial below directly contradicted Wall's grand jury testimony that they insisted during the raid that the gambling funds belonged to them.

We disagree. The defendants at trial proffered extensive, uncontroverted direct evidence of their intent, prior to March 1989, to seek indictments. Specifically, each defendant testified that, as early as October 1988, they discussed their intention to seek indictments. Sheriff Dobbs also testified that at the meeting in February 1989, where Enlow's interference charge was nol. prossed, he stressed his intentions to seek indictments against all of the operation's participants. The county attorney who was present at the meeting corroborated Dobbs's testimony. Enlow's attorney at that time also was present at the meeting. The attorney did not testify below and, therefore, could not contradict Dobbs.

We also note that ADA Geddie testified at trial, without contradiction, that he alone directed the grand jury proceeding without encouragement or coercion from Wall or Dobbs. Specifically, Geddie initiated contact with Wall to instruct him to testify before the grand jury, decided which charges to pursue, and drafted the indictments. Finally, as to the remaining named defendants who were not arrested, Dobbs testified that because they resided in Tennessee, he had no authority to cross state lines and arrest them. While the plaintiffs correctly note that circumstantial evidence may be enough to avoid a directed verdict, we cannot overlook the strength of the defendants' direct evidence to the contrary. In the final analysis, the plaintiffs' claim of retaliation rests largely on the sequence of litigation, i.e., the plaintiffs were prosecuted only after they had filed their Sec. 1983 suit. We find this sequence of events, by itself, does not amount to a reasonable inference of retaliatory intent.

The plaintiffs next appeal the district court's ruling as to the constitutionality of the interference and the bond fee statutes.9 We have reviewed the parties' briefs and relevant portions of the record and have concluded that the district court's opinion regarding the plaintiffs' constitutional challenges to the statutes is well reasoned and correctly decided. See Enlow, 1990 WL 366913, at * 3-* 6.

Finally, the plaintiffs appeal the district court's refusal to direct a verdict for the plaintiffs regarding Sheriff Dobbs' seizure of their property. The jury below determined that the length of the seizure was not unreasonable. The plaintiffs, however, do not appeal the jury's verdict. Instead, they claim that the seizure was improper as a matter of law, and that the district court should have granted their directed verdict motion for that reason.

When reviewing a denial of a motion for a directed verdict, we examine the record in a light most favorable to the party opposing the motion. We reverse the district court only if we find there was no conflict in substantial evidence such that reasonable minds could differ. Horton v. Buhrke, A Division of Klein Tools, Inc., 926 F.2d 456, 459 (5th Cir.1991). We find that the district court's ruling in this case was proper. The officers at the time of the seizure were lawfully within the building and seized the entire property in order to determine which items would be used as evidence in the subsequent prosecution.

For the foregoing reasons, the district court is AFFIRMED.