UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                             FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT



                                      No. 96-31256




TORCH, INCORPORATED, Owner of the L/B Torch I
and Operator of the M/V CHANTEL LYNN for Exoneration
from or Limitation of Liability,
                                                                                Plaintiff,
THOMAS ALLEMAND; PATRICIA ALESICH; TEXACO
EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION, INC; TEXACO,
INC; and TEXACO PIPELINE COMPANY INCORPORATED;
ERNEST ALLEMAND,

                                                                      Claimants-Appellants,
                                         versus

RAYMOND ALESICH, Individually and as Administrator of
the Estates of the Minors, Raymond Alesich, Ryan Alesich,
and Catherine Alesich; ALESICH COMPANY, INC.,
                                                                      Claimants-Appellees.


                       Appeal from the United States District Court
                          for the Eastern District of Louisiana


                                      June 11, 1998
Before POLITZ, Chief Judge, REYNALDO G. GARZA and DENNIS, Circuit Judges.

POLITZ, Chief Judge:

      Claimants appeal the trial court’s decision holding that Alesich & Company, as owner

of the CHANTEL LYNN, was entitled to a limitations decree and thus was absolved from
liability exceeding the value of the vessel. For the reasons assigned, we affirm.

                                      BACKGROUND

       These consolidated cases arise out of a tragic accident which occurred on July 6,

1994. Torch, Inc. was hired by Texaco Exploration and Production, Inc. to lay pipelines in

canals in Plaquemines Parish. The job was performed by using the lugger CHANTEL

LYNN to position and move the pipe-laying barge, TORCH I, forward in the canal. The

lugger would push the barge forward at intervals the length of a 30 foot section of pipe. In

order to stop the barge after it was pushed forward, Torch employees would drop the barge’s

9,000 pound spuds into the canal. Once the barge was in place, Torch employees built the

pipeline by screwing each pipe joint into a string of pipe. The joints were then sealed by

using a propane torch to heat a plastic sleeve over same.

       On the day of the accident, Raymond Alesich, a Torch employee, ordered the lugger

to push the barge forward. Thereafter, he gave a hand signal indicating to other employees

to drop the barge’s spuds to stop the barge. Unfortunately, the spuds ruptured a gas line and

a propane torch on the barge ignited the escaping gas. In the resulting fire one crew member

drowned and others were injured.

       After the accident Torch, Inc. and Alesich & Company sought exoneration from or

limitation of liability as owners of vessels involved in the accident. The district court denied

Torch’s right to limitation because it found that the negligence of Torch was within the

privity and knowledge of its management. Alesich’s request for limitation was granted

because the court found a bareboat or demise charter agreement between Torch and Alesich

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and determined that the CHANTEL LYNN was seaworthy at the inception of the charter and

at all relevant times. A timely appeal followed.

                                        ANALYSIS

1. Existence of Bareboat Charter

       The factual findings of the trial court in a bench trial may not be set aside unless

clearly erroneous and due regard must be given to its credibility evaluations.1 Determining

whether a bareboat charter exists is a mixed question of law and fact and is subject to broad

appellate review.2

       The CHANTEL LYNN, the only asset of Alesich & Company, was leased to Torch

at the time of the accident. Torch and Alesich agreed, inter alia, that Torch would: (1) pay

$165 to Alesich for every day the vessel was used;3 (2) provide a crew and the necessary

supplies to work the vessel; (3) maintain insurance on the vessel; and (4) absorb the cost of

all repairs and maintenance to the vessel. Although this agreement was reduced to writing

it apparently was never signed by Torch. Nevertheless, the actions of the parties were

consistent with this agreement. Further, a charter party need not be in writing.4

       1
        FED. R. CIV. P. 52(a).
       

. Braus, 

(5th Cir. 1993).
       3
        The charter agreement found in Torch’s files indicated that Torch would pay
Alesich & Company rent at the rate of $165 plus tax per day. Testimony at trial indicated
that Alesich was to receive $161 per day. This minor discrepancy has no relevance in our
analysis.
       4
        St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co. v. Vest Transp. Co., Inc., 

(5th
Cir. 1982).
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       A bareboat charter requires that the owner relinquish complete and exclusive

possession, command, and navigation of the vessel to the charterer.5 With the exclusive

control of the vessel, the charterer assumes many of the rights and obligations of the owner.

The inquiry whether a bareboat charter exists in this case is complicated by the fact that in

addition to being a Torch employee, Raymond Alesich is the president and principal

stockholder of Alesich & Company, the owner of the CHANTEL LYNN. As part of his

duties as a Torch employee Alesich occasionally served as captain of the CHANTEL LYNN.

While having its president serve as captain seems to call into question whether Alesich &

Company surrendered navigation and control of the vessel, it is clear from the record that

while serving as captain, Raymond Alesich was working as a Torch employee and not as an

individual or an employee of Alesich & Company.           Appellants contend that because

Torch paid for the vessel only on the days that it was actually used negates the existence of

a bareboat charter. The essence of a bareboat charter is the complete surrender of possession

and control by the vessel owner to the charterer. When the factual situation is not otherwise

clear, the assumption of possession and control by the charterer may be evidenced by the

charterer paying for use of the vessel “without regard to whether the charterer uses the vessel

gainfully or not.”6    The existence of other payment arrangements, however, do not

necessarily negate the existence of a bareboat charter. Contracting parties are free to



       5
        Guzman v. Pichirilo, 

(1962).
       

. 

.
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negotiate mutually agreeable terms of payment. Requiring a flat rate of compensation,

regardless of use or profit, has never been an essential to the finding of a bareboat charter in

this circuit.7

        In the case at bar, Torch stored the vessel, provided its crew, provided all necessary

repairs and maintenance, listed the vessel as an available asset when bidding for contracts,

and provided insurance for the vessel. It is clear that Alesich completely and exclusively

relinquished possession, command, and navigation of the CHANTEL LYNN to Torch.

Therefore, the trial court did not err in finding that the CHANTEL LYNN was leased to

Torch pursuant to a bareboat charter.

2. Unseaworthiness Claim

        Despite the existence of a bareboat charter, the owner of the vessel can be liable to

third persons if the vessel was not seaworthy at the inception of the charter.8 The trial court

was correct in its determination that the CHANTEL LYNN was seaworthy at the inception

of the charter and at all times relevant to this case. Testimony reflected that the vessel’s

horsepower was upgraded several years ago, making it capable of handling the tasks to which

it was assigned. Further, appellants’ contention that the vessel was unseaworthy because it

did not contain up-to-date charts or maps of the area in question is without merit in light of

the unanimous record testimony that the ruptured line was not listed on any available chart


        7
       Pan American Airways, Inc. v. Quilez, 

(5th Cir. 1946)(finding a
demise charter when the vessel owner was compensated by a percentage of profit).
        8
         Baker v. Raymond Intern., Inc., 

(5th Cir. 1981).
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or map. The record reflects no evidence of vessel negligence or unseaworthiness attributable

to the CHANTEL LYNN.

3.     Conclusion

       Alesich & Company, as owner of the vessel under a bareboat charter to Torch, is not

liable to anyone as a result of this accident beyond its forfeiture of its vessel. The

CHANTEL LYNN was seaworthy at the inception of the charter and at all times relevant to

this case. Accordingly, Alesich & Company is exonerated from liability. The other issues

raised by appellants are not relevant in light of our finding that a bareboat charter existed

between Torch and Alesich and that the actions of Raymond Alesich were made on behalf

of his employer, Torch, Inc.

       The judgment appealed is AFFIRMED.




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