UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                              FIFTH CIRCUIT

                                _________________

                                    No. 00-30380

                                (Summary Calendar)
                                _________________


            GLOBAL TOWING, L.L.C.,


                                       Plaintiff-Appellant,

            versus


            MARINE TECHNICAL SERVICES, INC., ETC; ET AL,


                                       Defendants,


            AMOCO ENERGY COMPANY OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO,
            formerly Trinidad Oil Company,


                                       Defendant-Appellee.


                     Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Eastern District of Louisiana
                                 No. 98-CV-1765-N


                                 December 15, 2000

Before EMILIO M. GARZA, STEWART and PARKER, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*

       Global Towing, L.L.C. (“Global”) appeals the district court's ruling that Anthony Aming did

not have actual or apparent authority to sign a financial guarantee on behalf of Amoco Energy

Company of Trinidad and Tobago (“Amoco”). We affirm.

       This dispute arises from Amoco's gas and oil exploration offshore of Trinidad. To help place

a drilling rig, Amoco entered into an oral agreement with Marine Technical Services, Inc. (“MTS”)

to perform a site hazard survey. Larry Tiezzi, the vice president of exploration at Amoco, and Peter

Kane, the president of MTS, later signed a written contract formalizing the deal. MTS, in turn,

enlisted Global as a third-party subcontractor to survey four grids in Trinidad. Amoco was not a

party to this subcontract.

       During the course of the project, MTS encountered financial difficulties, and it stopped

making payments to Global. To be precise, MTS failed to pay nearly $400,000 owed to Global under

their subcontract. Worried by MTS’ precarious financial situation, Michael Blake, the president of

Global, called Kane of MTS to demand a guarantee of the due payments. Kane told Blake to ask

Amoco to ensure this “guarantee.” Kane specifically told Blake to contact Anthony Aming, an

Amoco senior geophysicist who helped oversee this project in Trinidad.

       Blake called Aming and asked that Amoco vouch for MTS’ overdue payments. Blake

threatened to prevent MTS from using Global’s vessels unless Aming signed a letter which stated that

Amoco would pay MTS’ indebtedness to Global. Aming signed the letter, describing his position as

“chief geophysicist.”


       *
         Pursuant to Fifth Circuit Rule 47.5, the Court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in Fifth Circuit
Rule 47.5.4.

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        Meanwhile, Amoco and MTS became embroiled in a dispute over how much Amoco owed

MTS. By this time, Global had filed suit against Amoco to enforce the guarantee letter signed by

Aming. Amoco and MTS eventually reached a settlement, where Amoco paid $40,000 to MTS and

reserved an additional $183,478 in a reserve account in case that Global prevailed in its suit.1

       In district court , Global sought damages of nearly $400,000 from Amoco, claiming that

Aming had contractually bound Amoco to make the overdue payment. Amoco responded that Aming

did not have the authority to sign such a contract, and that in fact, he never informed his superiors

about the letter. The district court held a non-jury trial and found that Aming had neither the actual

nor apparent authority to bind Amoco.

       In admiralty cases, we review the district court’s factual findings for clear error and questions

of law de novo. See E.A.S.T., Inc. of Stamford, Connecticut v. M/V Alaia, 

, 1171 (5th

Cir. 1989) (citations omitted). We further note that federal maritime law incorporates the basic

principles of agency law. See MTO Maritime Transport Overseas, Inc. v. McLendon Forwarding

Co., 

, 218 (5th Cir. 1988).

       The district court correctly held that Aming did not have actual authority to sign the financial

guarantee on behalf of Amoco. There are two classes of actual authority: expressed and implied.

“An express agency is the actual agency created as a result of the oral or written agreement of the

parties, and an implied agency is also an actual agency, the existence of which as fact is proved by

deductions or inferences.” Esso Int’l, Inc. v. SS Captain John, 

, 1148 (5th Cir. 1971).

Global failed to prove either express or implied actual agency.

       First, the district court made a factual finding that Aming, as a mere senior geophysicist, only


       1
               MTS has since filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy.

                                                 -3-
had power o ver “operational” aspects of the survey, and thus did not have the express actual

authority to make financial guarantees. The authority to sign binding contracts was vested in Diana

Friedhoff-Miller, the project manager in charge of the survey. In making this factual determination,

the court relied on the testimony of Stephen Brady, an Amoco business analyst who had knowledge

of the company’s corporate hierarchy. This finding of fact leads to the inevitable legal conclusion that

Aming did not have express actual authority to sign the guarantee letter.

        Global fails to show that the district court’s factual findings are clearly erroneous. It offers

several lines of evidence which allegedly show that Amoco vested Aming with actual authority. The

district court opinion, however, refuted each and one of them, relying on Brady’s testimony. First,

Global refers to an internal e-mail that said that Aming was “responsible” for the Trinidad survey.

The district court, however, found that the responsibility included only to the operational aspects of

the exploration. Second, Global claims that the contract between Amoco and MTS referred to Aming

as the “contact” individual. The district court downplayed its significance. It cited Brady’s testimony

that the designation only meant that invoices would be sent to Aming, not that he would approve it.

Third, Global offers evidence that some non-Amoco employees had called Aming the “project

manager.” But the colloquial title given by non-Amoco employees does not vitiate that Amoco itself

had classified Aming as a “geophysicist.” In essence, Global’s argument boils down to Brady’s

credibility: it claims that he simply cannot be believed. The district court heard live testimony from

witnesses, weighed their credibility, and ultimately found Brady’s explanation credible. Global has

simply failed to show that the district court was clearly erroneous in making these findings of fact.



        Second, Global contends that Aming had implied actual authority to sign the guarantee letter


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on behalf of Amoco. It again tries to dispute the district court’s findings of fact without showing why

they were clearly erroneous. For example, it complains that the district court “discount[ed]...the

testimony of Peter Kane, Andrea Belcher and Robert Mercarini and focuse[d] solely on one witness,

Stephen Brady.” But that is the precise role of a district court))to weigh and judge each witness’

credibility.2 Indeed, the district court at one point noted that it “was left with the distinct impression

that [Glo bal president] Blake did not really believe” his own testimony. Global simply has not

established that Amoco had implicitly clothed Aming with the authority to sign contracts. 

.

        Third, Global maintains that Aming had the apparent authority to sign the guarantee letter.

“Apparent authority is created as to a third person by conduct of the principal which, reasonably

interpreted, causes the third person to believe that the principal consents to the act done on his behalf

by the person purporting to act for him.” Cactus Pipe & Supply Co., Inc. v. M/V Montmartre, 

, 1111-12 (5th Cir. 1985) (citing RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF AGENCY § 27). Put another

way, Global needs to prove that (1) Amoco’s conduct caused Global to believe that its agent, Aming,

had authority; and (2) it reasonably relied upon Amoco’s conduct.

        Global offers scant evidence that Amoco led Global to believe that Aming had apparent

authority. It alleges that Amoco in its internal e-mail and memorandum had designated Aming as a

“project manager.” Global further alleges that Aming signed a draft contract with MTS on behalf of

Amoco, and that MTS began wo rk o n the survey, despite the fact that a final contract (signed by



        2
               The district court also had good reason to give more weight to Brady’s testimony: as
an Amoco business analyst, he is intimately knowledgeable about Amoco’s corporate hierarchy. On
the other hand, Kane, as the president of MTS, presumably has limited knowledge of each Amoco
employee’s authority and power.

                                                   -5-
Amoco’s Tiezzi) would not be formalized until later. This allegedly shows that third parties would

believe that Aming had authority to sign contracts. The record does not reflect these allegations.

First, the e-mail is the same one mentioned previously which only said that Aming was “responsible”

for operational matters. Second, the memorandum at one point does refer to Aming as a “project

[m]anager,” but on top of the memorandum in bold and underlined text, it describes Aming as a “staff

geologist.” Third, Aming did sign a draft contract, but it was not considered binding; indeed, the

president of MTS in his deposition suggested that he was “very worried” and “very concerned” that

the draft contract was not binding on Amoco.

       Most importantly though, Global misunderstands the concept of apparent authority. For

Amoco to be bound by Aming’s action, “the principal [i.e., Amoco] must first act to manifest the

alleged agent’s authority to an innocent third party.” Mary Adams & Assoc. v. Rosenblat, 

, 863 (La.Ct.App. 1989) (citations omitted). Here, Global offers internal Amoco e-mail and

memoranda (propounded through discovery) as evidence. In other words, Amoco could not have

manifested Aming’s authority to Global through these documents because Glo bal never even saw

them until it received them during discovery. Similarly, Global has not provided any evidence that,

at the time it signed the guarantee letter with Aming, it knew that MTS had begun its survey work,

despite only having a draft contract.

       Furthermore, Global fails to show that he reasonably relied on that apparent authority. Global

must show that it did “not blindly rely upon the assertions of an agent” because it has the “duty to

inquire into the nature and extent of the agent’s power.” Commercial Capital Holding Corp. v.

Team Ace Joint Venture, 

, *5 (E.D. La. 2000); see also Richard A. Cheramie

Enter., Inc. v. Mt. Airy Refining Co., 

, 158 (5th Cir. 1983) (“[A]n alleged agent’s


                                                -6-
statements cannot establish an agency relationship.”) Global never inquired into the extent of

Aming’s power. In fact, it admitted that it did not know what the appellation “senior geophysicist”

meant. Instead, Global relied solely on the words of Aming himself and of Kane, the president of

MTS, who not surprisingly did not know the corporate hierarchy of Amoco.

        Finally, Global claims that Amoco ratified Aming’s actions and conferred him authority by (1)

making payments to MTS for survey work done pursuant to a draft contract signed by Aming; and

(2) by reserving nearly $200,000 for Global after it became aware of Aming’s guarantee letter. See

3 A’s Towing Co. v. P&A Well Service, Inc., 

(5th Cir. 1981) (holding that an agent’s

unauthorized acts can be implicitly ratified by the principal). Global cannot raise this issue on appeal

because it waived it. See Reynolds Metal Co. v. Westinghouse Electric Corp., 

(5th

Cir. 1985) (holding that a failure to raise an issue in district court precludes a party from raising it on

appeal). Although Global did mention some of the facts underlying this ratification claim in its pre-

trial memorandum, it failed to raise this issue when it submitted to the court its “List of Issues to Be

Resolved at Trial” and its “Proposed Findings of Facts and Conclusion of Law.”

        Even if Global had not waived it, its argument would fail. Global’s alleges that Amoco

ratified Aming’s authority by making payments to MTS for survey work based on the draft contract

signed by Aming. As a factual matter, Amoco made the payments to MTS only after its vice

president, Larry Tiezzi, signed a formal contract. As mentioned before, MTS’ president did not

believe that Aming’s signature on the draft contract would bind Amoco. Global distorts the record

by suggesting that Tiezzi’s signature ratified Aming’s conduct. Moreover, even if we assume that

Amoco had ratified Aming’s signature in the draft contract with MTS, it is difficult to see what

significance it has in regards to Aming’s signature in a guarantee letter with Global. An earlier


                                                   -7-
ratification of an unauthorized act does not necessarily ratify all future unauthorized acts.

         Global’s second allegation of ratification is similarly baseless. It contends that Amoco ratified

Aming’s guarantee letter by withholding $200,000 from MTS and reserving it for Global in case the

district court ruled against Amoco. Amoco had done this pursuant to a settlement agreement with

MTS. Global’s reliance on 3 A’s Towing for this proposition is inapposite. 3 A’s Towing states that

an unauthorized act can be ratified only if a “corporate personnel with the authority to bind the

corporation acquire, or are charged with, knowledge of the unauthorized act.” 

Global

alleges that Amoco knew about the guarantee letter because Blake had mentioned it to Amoco’s

Brady.     However, Global fails to dispute that Brady, as a business analyst, does not have the

authority to bind Amoco.

         Furthermore, in 3 A’s Towing, the principal ratified the agent’s unauthorized cancellation of

a contract by later affirmatively cancelling the contract. In contrast, Amoco never made any actual

payments to Global, but Global nevertheless alleges that Amoco “ratified” Aming’s guarantee letter

by reserving money in case that it suffered an adverse judgment. It strains the holding of 3 A’s

Towing to construe Amoco’s settlement deal with MTS as a ratification of Aming’s guarantee letter.

         AFFIRMED.




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