For this challenge to the dismissal, as time-barred, of the action at hand, filed by Dolphin Services, Inc. (vessel owner pro hac vice/operator), under the Limitation of Vessel Owner's Liability Act, 46 U.S.C. §§ 181-196, at issue is whether, pursuant to 46 U.S.C. § 185 (action must be filed within six months of written notice of claim), the filing-period was triggered by Gene A. Billiot's original petition (written notice of claim), which misidentified the vessel on which he was allegedly injured (named barge with identification number different from one on which he now claims he was injured), even though: Billiot refused, within that filing-period, to correct the misidentification, after Dolphin provided him with the correct identification; and Billiot waited until after expiration of that filing-period to amend his petition, by changing the barge identification. We VACATE and REMAND.

Billiot allegedly was injured on 7 October 1997, while working as a crew member on a spud barge in Texaco's Leesville field. On 19 August 1998, he filed his original state court petition, alleging that the incident occurred on spud barge KS-420. Pursuant to an amendment to his petition, the incident instead allegedly occurred on KS-410.

That October, Dolphin answered incorrectly that, on the date of the alleged incident, it was the bareboat charterer of KS-420, which was operating in the Leesville field. In fact, on that date, KS-420 was neither chartered by Dolphin nor in that area. In addition, Dolphin asserted limitation of liability as a defense. Billiot, inter alia, contested that defense.

In February 1999, less than six months after the petition was filed (six months being the period allowed for filing a limitation of liability action), Dolphin informed Billiot that further investigation revealed the alleged incident occurred on KS-410, not on KS-420 as pleaded:

Please be advised that our investigation has indicated that the spud barge upon which plaintiff was working at the time of his alleged incident was not the KS-420, but rather the KS-410. [Dolphin] did not charter the KS-420 until after plaintiff's alleged incident. ... [W]e will proceed as though all discovery propounded to date which inquired into the KS-420 was in fact inquiring into the KS-410.

(Emphasis added.) Three days later, notwithstanding Dolphin's advising Billiot about his vessel misidentification, and after, in response to discovery requests about KS-420, receiving from Dolphin documentation relating to KS-410, Billiot replied he instead wanted documentation for KS-420.

In April 1999, more than six months after it was filed, Billiot amended his petition to claim the incident occurred on KS-410. Dolphin answered; and, on 18 June 1999, filed this action in federal court, pursuant to the Limitation of Vessel Owner's Liability Act, 46 U.S.C. §§ 181-196 (the Act). This action was filed approximately ten months after Billiot's original petition, but only two months after it wasamended. (Two days earlier, on 16 June, Dolphin had removed Billiot's state court action to federal court.)

Billiot, inter alia, moved to dismiss this limitation of liability action as untimely, because it was filed more than six months after Dolphin received his original petition. According to Billiot, that receipt was the triggering written notice of claim under the Act, 46 U.S.C. § 185.

The district court agreed, holding that, even though Billiot's original petition misidentified the vessel, it was sufficient written notice of claim for a limitation of liability action. Therefore, the action at hand was dismissed as untimely.

We review de novo whether this action was timely filed. Complaint of Tom-Mac, Inc., 76 F.3d 678, 682 (5th Cir. 1996). If, in making its timeliness-ruling, the district court makes findings of fact, they are reviewed only for clear error. Id.

The liability of the owner of any vessel ... for ... any ... loss ... shall not ... exceed the amount or value of the interest of such owner in such vessel, and her freight then pending.

The vessel owner, within six months after a claimant shall have given ... such owner written notice of claim, may petition a district court of the United States ... for limitation of liability....

46 U.S.C. § 185. A "written notice of claim" sufficient to trigger the filing-period must reveal a "reasonable possibility" that the claim is subject to such limitation. Tom-Mac, 76 F.3d at 683.

At issue is whether the original petition, which misidentified the vessel on which the incident allegedly occurred, coupled with Billiot's insistence that the vessel (KS-420) listed in that petition was correctly identified, even after Dolphin informed him otherwise, is sufficient written notice of claim for the vessel (KS-410) not named until the petition was amended, with that amendment being subsequent to the filing-period running from the original petition.

Under the Act, the vessel owner's liability is limited to the value of his interest in the vessel. Limitation cannot be claimed in general; instead, the vessel for which limitation is sought must be identified, because Fed. R. Civ. P. Supplemental Rule for Certain Admiralty and Maritime Claims F(2) requires the limitation of liability complaint to include "all facts necessary to enable the court to determine the amount to which the owner's liability shall be limited". Such facts include the vessel's identity and its value. (Moreover, as referenced infra, Rule F(1) requires, inter alia, the owner to post court-approved security.)

The Act does not require plaintiff to have identified the vessel in his underlying action (written notice of claim). This notwithstanding, Billiot's original petition did identify a specific vessel: KS-420. Dolphin investigated and informed him he had identified the wrong vessel. Initially, Billiot insisted he was correct; but, after expiration of the filing-period for a limitation of liability action, he amended his petition by identifying a new vessel, KS-410, whose identification had been provided by Dolphin to Billiot prior to expiration of the filing- period running from the original petition.

Billiot relies upon Tom-Mac in claiming the original petition provided Dolphin with sufficient written notice of claim for KS-410, even though the claim in that original petition was for KS-420, the wrong vessel. In Tom-Mac, two crew members were killed on a barge attached to a tug. In the resulting action, decedents' survivors' petition alleged defendant Tom-Mac controlled a "fleet of vessels" involved in the incident, and specifically identified the barge on which it occurred. But, morethan a year after the original petition was filed, the petition was amended to "expressly clarify that [its] seaman status allegations [included] the tug". Tom-Mac, 76 F.3d at 684 (as discussed infra, tug with barge in tow considered one vessel). No vessel was substituted for the barge identified in the original petition.

Tom-Mac then filed a limitation of liability action, based upon the amendment being the first "written notice of claim" against the tug. Id. at 682. But, our court held the original petition provided Tom-Mac with a "reasonable possibility" that a claim subject to the Act had been made against the tug, including holding that the amendment to the claim was "very minimal". Id. at 685.

Tom-Mac is distinguishable. Its result is very fact-driven; just as is the result for the action at hand. At the time of the alleged incident in Tom-Mac, the defendant controlled both the barge and the attached tug. Here, KS-420 (named in the original petition) was not controlled by Dolphin at the time of the alleged incident. Instead, it was in dry dock and was not chartered by Dolphin until almost three weeks after the alleged incident.

Furthermore, the original Tom-Mac petition alleged that a fleet of vessels was involved in the incident, thereby triggering the "flotilla doctrine to require for limitation of liability purposes the owner's tender of all of the vessels in the flotilla, or the value thereof, pending resolution of the underlying claims". See id. at 684. In this regard, Tom-Mac noted that, under our court's precedent: "A tug and her barge in tow [are] treated for purposes of the flotilla doctrine as a single vessel, because [they are] owned in common and engaged in a common enterprise". Id. (internal quotation marks and brackets omitted). Billiot's original petition stated only KS-420 was involved. It mentions neither a fleet of vessels nor KS-410.

And, unlike the minimal amendment to the Tom-Mac original petition, Billiot's substituted one vessel for another. Vessel substitution is not a minimal change in the petition, because, prior to the amendment, and based on this record, Dolphin had no notice that a claim subject to limitation was being made against the KS-410. Cf. Complaint of Morania Barge No. 190, Inc., 690 F.2d 32, 34-35 (2d Cir. 1982) (initial petition for damages in amount less than vessel's value insufficient written notice of claim to trigger filing-period; amending petition to seek more than vessel's value does so).

As stated, the result in this action is very fact-driven. Dolphin was entitled to rely on Billiot's original petition (the written notice of claim) and, especially, his response to rejection of Dolphin's advising him he had identified the wrong vessel. See id. To hold otherwise would be to countenance plaintiffs' manipulation of the filing-period for limitation of liability actions, with, among other things, concomitant unnecessary costs in time, effort, and money (including possibly posting security) to defendants having to file such an action when they might otherwise not have been required to do so if the plaintiff, in electing to identify a specific vessel, had simply identified the correct one. And, obviously, limitation of liability actions filed unnecessarily in federal courts adversely affect them.

This holding is limited to the facts at hand. Based on them, the original petition was not a sufficient written notice of claim to reveal to Dolphin the requisite "reasonable possibility" that a claim against KS-410, subject to limitation of liability, had been made.

For the foregoing reasons, the dismissal of this action is VACATED, and it is REMANDED for further proceedings.

VACATED and REMANDED.