IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                       FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

                       _____________________

                            No. 00-30214
                       _____________________



     ROBERT MONROE


                                    Plaintiff - Appellant

          v.

     AUBREY MELDER, Shift Captain Allen Correctional Center;
     DELTON HILLMAN, Walk Sergeant Allen Correctional Center;
     MARK SONNIER, Shift Lieutenant Allen Correctional Center


                                    Defendants - Appellees


_________________________________________________________________

           Appeal from the United States District Court
               for the Western District of Louisiana
                       U.S.D.C. No. 98-CV-724
_________________________________________________________________
                          January 10, 2001

Before KING, Chief Judge, and HIGGINBOTHAM and DUHÉ, Circuit
Judges.

PER CURIAM:*

     Appellant-Plaintiff Robert Monroe is a prisoner at Allen

Correctional Center in Kinder, Louisiana.   Defendants-Appellees


     *
        Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined
that this opinion should not be published and is not precedent
except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR. R.
47.5.4.
Aubrey Melder, Delton Hillman, and Mark Sonnier are correctional

officers at Allen Correctional Center.    Monroe appeals the

district court’s judgment, which granted summary judgment in

favor of Defendants-Appellees on Monroe’s Eighth Amendment

excessive force claim brought pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983.     For

the following reasons, we AFFIRM.



               I.   FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

     Robert Monroe filed a pro se, in forma pauperis complaint

pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 alleging that Allen Correctional

Center officers Aubrey Melder, Delton Hillman, and Mark Sonnier

(collectively the “Officers”) used excessive force against him in

violation of the Eighth Amendment.    Monroe contends that on

January 3, 1997, the Officers physically assaulted him without

justification and without penological reason while escorting him

through the cell block.   The Officers deny that excessive force

was used on Monroe.

     According to Monroe, the assault resulted from his refusal

to accept legal mail at an early hour of the morning.    Monroe

claims he was roused at 3:00 am in order to receive his legal

mail.   Unhappy with the hour, he refused to sign for the mail,

and, as a result of this refusal, he was ordered to report to

Captain Melder at the command post.    At the command post, Captain

Melder ordered Sergeant Hillman to handcuff Monroe’s hands behind



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his back.   Melder then reprimanded Monroe.   Monroe alleges that

as he was being led out of the command post still handcuffed,

Hillman placed him in a choke-hold, and Melder punched him three

times in the head and face, causing a one-inch gash over his eye.

Monroe also alleges that Lieutenant Sonnier punched him in the

mouth while being held by Hillman.    Monroe was taken to the

infirmary, and his eye was sutured.    Monroe also received

treatment for headaches.

     The Officers strongly dispute Monroe’s factual allegations.

They aver that Monroe caused a disturbance in his cell block

because he believed he was not receiving his legal mail.

According to the Officers, Monroe refused direct orders to stop

yelling about his mail and was therefore escorted to Melder at

the command post.   After speaking with Melder, Monroe was

handcuffed and ordered to prehearing detention.    The Officers

allege that Monroe broke free of their custody and attempted to

flee down the hall.    After he was under control, Monroe refused

to continue forward.   Despite several verbal orders to move,

Monroe refused, and Melder and Hillman were required to

physically escort him.   The Officers allege that Monroe struggled

with them and, due to that struggle, lost his balance, falling

headfirst against the fence alongside the hallway and then to the

ground.   Sonnier claims he responded to a distress code seeking

assistance by the Officers and witnessed Monroe lose his balance

and fall to the floor.   The Officers state that the injury to

                                  3
Monroe’s eye was the result of the fall against the fence and the

floor.   They concede that Monroe was treated at the infirmary on

January 3, 4, 6, 8, 16, and 24, 1997.

     As a result of the incident, Monroe brought suit seeking

monetary damages and injunctive relief.   Monroe filed claims

through the Louisiana Correctional Administrative Remedy

Procedure (“ARP”) and in both state and federal courts.1   The




     1
        On January 22, 1997, Monroe timely filed an ARP request
pursuant to LA. REV. STAT. ANN. §§ 15:1171-1179. Monroe properly
exhausted all three steps of the ARP system, being denied in all
three stages. Monroe’s “third step review” was denied March 6,
1997. On June 27, 1997, Monroe refiled a petition for review in
Louisiana’s 19th District Court, Parish of East Baton Rouge. The
19th District Court has been designated under Louisiana law as
the court to hear all requests for judicial review of ARP
decisions. See LA. REV. STAT. ANN. § 15:1177 (West 2000).
     On July 28, 1997, Monroe filed suit in federal court along
with several other inmates, seeking declaratory and injunctive
relief from cruel and unusual punishment in the form of excessive
force used by correctional officials. On July 17, 1998, Monroe’s
excessive force claim was severed from the claims of the other
inmates and allowed to go forward as a separate action.
     On December 8, 1998, the Officers moved to stay the federal
proceedings until a final resolution of the matter was achieved
in Louisiana’s 19th District Court. The magistrate judge denied
the motion. On September 16, 1999, the Officers moved for
summary judgment in federal court on the grounds that Monroe’s
ARP appeal before Louisiana’s 19th District Court had been
dismissed on March 30, 1999, and because Monroe had failed to
appeal the adverse decision, was now a final judgment with res
judicata effect. On November 18, 1999, the district court
adopted the magistrate judge order denying the motion for summary
judgment on res judicata grounds, and found that Monroe was not
given a full and fair opportunity to litigate his constitutional
challenges in the state court proceeding. Because we resolve
Monroe’s appeal of the district court grant of summary judgment
on the excessive force claim, we need not reach the Officers’ res
judicata argument.

                                 4
instant Eighth Amendment excessive force case was brought

pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983.

     On November 3, 1999, the Officers moved for summary judgment

on the following grounds: (1) Monroe had failed to establish that

the Officers had exerted excessive force in violation of the

Eighth Amendment; and (2) Monroe had failed to demonstrate that

he had suffered more than a de minimis injury as a result of the

alleged excessive force.    Monroe failed to respond to this motion

for summary judgment.    On January 28, 2000, the district court

adopted the magistrate’s order granting the Officers’ motion for

summary judgment on Monroe’s excessive force claims.

     Monroe timely appeals this grant of summary judgment in

favor of the Officers.



                        II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

     This court reviews a grant of summary judgment de novo,

viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the

nonmovant.   Smith v. Brenoettsy, 

, 911 (5th Cir.

1998); see also Tolson v. Avondale Indus., Inc., 

,

608 (5th Cir. 1998).    “Summary judgment is proper ‘if the

pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and

admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show

that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that

the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.’”



                                  5
See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 

, 322 (1986) (quoting

FED. R. CIV. P. 56(c)).   The moving party bears the burden of

showing the district court that there is an absence of evidence

to support the nonmoving party’s case.     See 

.    “If the moving party fails to meet this initial burden, the

motion must be denied, regardless of the nonmovant’s response.

If the movant does, however, meet this burden, the nonmovant must

go beyond the pleadings and designate specific facts showing that

there is a genuine issue for trial.”     Tubacex, Inc. v. M/V Risan,

, 954 (5th Cir. 1995).     “A dispute over a material

fact is genuine ‘if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury

could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.’” 

(quoting Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 

,

248 (1986)).    The substantive law determines which facts are

material.    See 

.



        III. SUMMARY JUDGMENT MOTION ON EXCESSIVE FORCE CLAIM

       To prevail on an Eighth Amendment excessive force claim, the

central question that must be resolved is “whether force was

applied in a good-faith effort to maintain or restore discipline,

or maliciously and sadistically to cause harm.”     Hudson v.

McMillian, 

, 7 (1992); see also Gomez v. Chandler, 

, 923 (5th Cir. 1999); Eason v. Holt, 

, 601-02

(5th Cir. 1996).    The Court in Hudson “placed primary emphasis on



                                  6
the degree of force employed in relation to the apparent need for

it, as distinguished from the extent of injury suffered.”        

(citing 

).     In determining

whether an Eighth Amendment excessive force claim has been

demonstrated, courts consider: “1. the extent of the injury

suffered, 2. the need for the application of force, 3. the

relationship between the need and the amount of force used, 4.

the threat reasonably perceived by the responsible officers, and

5. any efforts made to temper the severity of a forceful

response.”     

(internal quotations and

citations omitted).

     Further, the physical injury suffered as a result of the

excessive force must be more than de minimis, but need not be

significant.     See 

(“[T]he law of this Circuit is that

to support an Eighth Amendment excessive force claim a prisoner

must have suffered from the excessive force a more than de

minimis physical injury, but there is no categorical requirement

that the physical injury be significant, serious, or more than

minor.”)2; see also Siglar v. Hightower, 

, 193 (5th

Cir. 1997) (finding that plaintiff’s claim of a sore bruised ear

     2
        As was recognized in Gomez and Siglar v. Hightower, 

(5th Cir. 1997), this court has left open the
possibility that “a physical injury which is only de minimis may
nevertheless suffice for purposes of the Eighth Amendment and [42
U.S.C. §] 1997(e)(e) if the force used is of the kind ‘repugnant
to the conscience of mankind.’” 

n.4
(citing 

); see also 

.

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lasting three days to be de minimis).     But see Brooks v. Kyler,

, 108 (3d Cir. 2000) (finding that absence of proof

of minor or significant injury does not mandate dismissal of

excessive force claim); Griffin v. Crippen, 

, 91 (2d

Cir. 1999) (finding that minor injuries in excessive force claim

did not warrant dismissal on summary judgment motion).

     The Officers’ motion for summary judgment included evidence

to support their argument that they did not use excessive force

against Monroe.   See Topalian v. Ehrman, 

, 1131 (5th

Cir. 1992) (“The movant accomplishes [meeting its burden] by

informing the court of the basis for its motion, and by

identifying portions of the record which highlight the absence of

genuine factual issues.”).    First, they provided signed

affidavits stating that they had never physically abused Monroe3

and attached the unsigned and unsworn prison incident reports

which substantiated the Officers’ factual averments that they

acted in good-faith to restore discipline and did not act

maliciously or sadistically.    Further, they provided documentary

     3
         All three defendants signed the following two sworn
affidavit statements, (1) “He has read the complaint filed by
Robert Monroe in this matter and does not recall the events
alleged therein”; (2) “He denies ever having beaten or otherwise
physically abused Robert Monroe on any date, including on January
3, 1997.” While the Officers’ statement, that they do not recall
the events alleged, could be considered in conflict with their
averment that they did not assault Monroe, this internal conflict
will not alone create a genuine issue of material fact. See 11
JAMES WM. MOORE ET. AL., MOORE’S FEDERAL PRACTICE ¶ 56.14[1][f] (3d ed.
1999) (“Two conflicting conclusory affidavits submitted by the
same party do not preclude summary judgment.”).

                                  8
evidence that they claim demonstrated that Monroe did not receive

more than de minimis injuries from the incident.    This evidence,

uncontradicted in the record, includes the medical records

concerning the extent of Monroe’s injury and the medical reports

and records of the incident detailing Monroe’s limited injuries.4

The Officers’ motion also includes a statement of uncontested

facts and a memorandum of law in support of summary judgment.

This evidence, providing documented proof that the Officers did

not assault Monroe, and did not cause more than a de minimis

injury, satisfied the initial burden of the Officers to

“demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact.”

See 

.

     Monroe failed to respond to the Officers’ motion for summary

judgment on the excessive force claim.   In doing so, Monroe

failed to “go beyond the pleadings and designate specific facts

showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.”    See Stults v.

Conoco, Inc., 

, 656 (5th Cir. 1996) (“To meet [its]

burden, the nonmovant must identify specific evidence in the

record and articulate the precise manner in which that evidence

supports its claims.   As to material facts on which the nonmovant

will bear the burden of proof at trial, the nonmovant must come

     4
        The motion for summary judgment also includes an
affidavit from the Health Administrator for Allen Correctional
Center certifying the medical records and an affidavit from a
doctor who treated Monroe for eye problems in June 1997, which
stated Monroe’s June injuries were unrelated to the incident in
January 1997.

                                 9
forward with evidence which would be sufficient to enable it to

survive a motion for directed verdict at trial.” (internal

quotations and citations omitted)); see also Unida v. Levi

Strauss & Co., 

, 975-76 (5th Cir. 1993) (finding that

summary judgment is appropriate when the nonmovant has failed “to

make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an

element essential to that party’s case, and on which that party

will bear the burden of proof at trial.”).   After the burden

shifted to the nonmovant, Monroe made no affirmative showing to

direct the district court toward a material fact at issue or to

establish the existence of an essential element to his excessive

force claim.

     By failing to file any opposition to the Officers’ motion

for summary judgment, Monroe did not identify or demonstrate an

issue of material fact that would defeat summary judgment.5     The

district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of the

Officers was therefore proper.   See Skotak v. Tenneco Resins,

Inc., 

, 915 n.7 (5th Cir. 1992) (“Rule 56 does not

impose upon the district court a duty to sift through the record

     5
        Of course, Monroe’s failure to oppose summary judgment
does not automatically mean a grant of summary judgment is
appropriate. See John v. State of Louisiana, 

, 709
(5th Cir. 1985) (“We hold, therefore, that the summary judgment
cannot be supported solely on the ground that [plaintiff] failed
to respond to defendants’ motion for summary judgment.”). The
burden still rests on the movant to demonstrate the absence of a
material fact at issue for trial. However, since the Officers
met their initial burden, Monroe’s failure to respond means
summary judgment was appropriately granted.

                                 10
in search of evidence to support a party’s opposition to summary

judgment.”); Savers Fed. Sav. & Loan Ass’n v. Reetz, 

, 1501 (5th Cir. 1989) (“[W]e have rejected the assumption

that the entire record in the case must be searched and found

bereft of a genuine issue of material fact before summary

judgment may be properly entered.” (internal quotations and

citations omitted)).   Applying the same standard as the district

court in our review of summary judgment, see 

, we hold that Monroe has failed to meet his burden of

demonstrating that genuine issues of material fact exist for his

claim to survive a motion for summary judgment.   See 

n.7 (“Rule 56 allocates th[e] duty to the opponent of

the motion, who is required to point out the evidence, albeit

evidence that is already in the record, that creates an issue of

fact.”).



                          IV.   CONCLUSION

     For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the

district court granting summary judgment in favor of Defendants-

Appellees on Monroe’s Eighth Amendment excessive force claim.




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