Defendant-Appellant Victor M. Gonzalez pleaded guilty to knowingly possessing a computer containing ten or more images of child pornography in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2252A(a)(5)(B), 2252A(b)(2), and 2256(8)(A). Based on the timing of his offense, the district court sentenced Gonzalez in accordance with the 2002 Sentencing Manual, as amended in April 2003.1 Gonzalez's base offense level under U.S.S.G. § 2G2.4(a) was 15, and the presentence report ("PSR") calculated a total offense level of 27 after various enhancements. Among the sentencing enhancements recommended in the PSR were (1) a two-level enhancement under § 2G2.4(b)(2) for possession of ten or more items depicting the sexual exploitation of minors, and (2) a five-level enhancement under § 2G2.4(b)(5) because the offense involved 600 or more images. Combined with a criminal history category of I, Gonzalez's total offense level of 27 resulted in a Guideline imprisonment range of 70 to 87 months. The district court adopted the PSR and sentenced Gonzalez to 87 months' imprisonment. It also ordered a lifetime term of supervised release — the statutory maximum and an upward departure from the Guidelines term of three years — as recommended by the PSR. This appeal followed.

We review the district court's interpretation and application of the Sentencing Guidelines de novo and its factual findings for clear error.2 We review upward departures in sentencing for reasonableness, which requires us to review "the district court's decision to depart upwardly and the extent of that departure for abuse of discretion."3

Gonzalez's offense level was increased twice on the basis of the number of child pornography images he possessed: a two-level enhancement under § 2G2.4(b)(2) for possession of "ten or more" such images4 and a five-level enhancement under § 2G2.4(b)(5) for possession of "600 or more" images.5 The latter provision, § 2G2.4(b)(5), was enacted in the 2003 PROTECT Act, which failed to address, and thus left undisturbed, its predecessor from 1991, § 2G2.4(b)(2). At least technically, then, the two provisions were "on the books" at the time of Gonzalez's offense and at the time he was sentenced, while the 2002 edition of the Sentencing Manual was in effect.

We are satisfied that the PROTECT Act, which became effective on April 30, 2003, and includes the new, graduated scale of enhancements inserted as § 2G2.4(b)(5) of the Guidelines, superseded § 2G2.4(b)(2). There is a distinguishing difference between the routine tweakings of the Guidelines scheme by the Sentencing Commission acting on its own and changes expressly wrought by a direct congressional amendment with an effective date set by Congress. And, the Sentencing Commission itself subsequently recognized that the PROTECT Act's insertion of § 2G2.4(b)(5) "superceded" § 2G2.4(b)(2).6

From the effective date of the PROTECT Act forward, therefore, only the graduated scale of § 2G2.4(b)(5) applied, mandating in Gonzalez's case only a single, five-level enhancement. We thus conclude that the district court erred as a matter of law in cumulatively applying both the two-level enhancement under the superseded provision of § 2G2.4(b)(2) and the five-level enhancement under § 2G2.4(b)(5)(D), which superseded it.7

In departing upward to the statutory maximum lifetime term of supervised release, the district court followed the recommendation of U.S.S.G. § 5D1.2 pertaining to "sex offense[s]."8 Gonzalez challenges this upward departure, arguing that (1) § 5D1.2 does not apply because the offense of which he was convicted is not a "sex offense," (2) the court failed to include specific reasons for the upward departure in the judgment, as required by 18 U.S.C. § 3553(c)(2), and (3) the extent of the upward departure was unreasonable.

1. Violation of § 2252A Is A "Sex Offense"

For purposes of the recommended upward departure under U.S.S.G. § 5D1.2, a "sex offense" is "an offense, perpetrated against a minor. . . ."9 Gonzalez contends that mere consumption — as opposed to production — of child pornography does not qualify because it is not an offense perpetrated directly against a minor. We recognize no such fine distinction. In fact, we have previously rejected the argument that the consumption of child pornography is only an indirect offense, observing that "there is no sense in distinguishing. . . between the producers and the consumers of child pornography. Neither could exist without the other. The consumers of child pornography therefore victimize the children. . . by enabling and supporting the continued production of child pornography, which entails continuous direct abuse and victimization of child subjects."10 Gonzalez's possession of child pornography in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252A is a "sex offense" within the meaning of U.S.S.G. § 5D1.2, qualifying him for upward departure.11 In addition, our holding that Gonzalez's offense is a "sex offense" and is therefore covered by § 5D1.2 nullifies his argument that he did not receive the notice required by FED.R.CRIM.P. 32(h), as the PSR directly cited § 5D1.2 in recommending an upward departure.12

2. Statement of Specific Reasons for Sentence

Gonzalez complains that the district court failed to state, either in its written order or in open court, specific reasons for imposing a sentence outside the Guidelines range, as required by 18 U.S.C. § 3553(c)(2).13 This contention is meritless. The district court provided written reasons for its departure in its "Statement of Reasons" filed with the written judgment. The court stated, under the heading "DEPARTURE," that

[T]he Court departs upward to life, as provided by statute and encouraged under the policy statement at U.S.S.G. § 5D1.2(c). The Court finds a supervised release term of life will benefit society and reflects the Court's experience that persons rarely get better in these types of cases. The Court must ensure the defendant cannot continue to create a lifeline to this type of industry.14

The district court also explained, in open court, that

This Court's experience with these sorts of folks is that they never get better. Sex offenders have the lowest rate of recovery and the highest rate of recidivism of any criminal defendant. This is an addiction that is almost impossible to overcome. And I think for the benefit of society and for the benefit of the protection of those who are victimized by these sorts of crimes to prevent this individual being a proven consumer of this creating a lifeline, as it were, to this kind of insidious industry requires a lifetime of supervision.

On that basis and because I think it's justified under the facts and the applicable law, I'm varying to provide life supervision.

The district court's statements, made both orally in open court and in writing in its Statement of Reasons, satisfied the requirements of § 3553(c)(2).

3. The Extent of the Upward Departure Was Not Unreasonable

The extent of the departure in Gonzalez's term of supervised release — from the Guidelines term of three years to the statutory maximum term of life — was within the district court's discretion and was not unreasonable. "A sentencing court does not abuse its discretion in deciding to upwardly depart when its reasons for doing so (1) advance the objectives set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2); (2) are authorized by 18 U.S.C. § 3553(b); and (3) are justified by the facts of the case."15 The district court's stated reasons for upward departure satisfy these requirements. As already noted, the court expressly adopted the § 5D1.2 policy statement recommended by the PSR. At sentencing and in its Statement of Reasons, the court addressed the nature and circumstances of the offense, including specifically the need for the sentence imposed to reflect the seriousness of the offense, to promote respect for the law, to afford adequate deterrence to criminal conduct, and to protect the public from further crimes of the defendant.16 Further, the court at sentencing stated its view that life supervision was "justified under the facts and applicable law." The extent of the upward departure in Gonzalez's term of supervised release was not an abuse of discretion and was not unreasonable.

Gonzalez's lifetime term of supervised release was not unreasonable. The district court erred as a matter of law, however, in applying the two-level enhancement under § 2G2.4(b)(2), which, prior to sentencing, was superseded by a specific provision of the PROTECT Act of 2003. The court should have applied only the five-level enhancement under the graduated scale of § 2G2.4(b)(5)(D). We therefore vacate Gonzalez's sentence and remand for resentencing.

SENTENCE VACATED and CASE REMANDED for resentencing.