United States Court of Appeals
                                                                                  Fifth Circuit
                                  REVISED August 22, 2007                     FILED
                                                              July 19, 2007
                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                   For the Fifth Circuit
                                                          Charles R. Fulbruge III
                              ___________________________
                                                                  Clerk
                                        No. 06-30686
                                ___________________________


                              DILBERT IVAN CALIX-CHACON,
                                                                                Plaintiff - Appellee,

                                                v.

                        GLOBAL INTERNATIONAL MARINE, INC.,
                                                                           Defendant - Appellant.


                          Appeal from the United States District Court
                             for the Eastern District of Louisiana



Before KING, DAVIS, and BARKSDALE, Circuit Judges.

W. EUGENE DAVIS, Circuit Judge:

       Defendant Global International Marine, Inc. appeals the judgment of the district court

denying its motion to dismiss the action for maintenance and cure brought by seaman Dilbert Ivan

Calix-Chacon. The district court refused to enforce the forum selection clause in the employment

agreement between the parties on public policy grounds. Because we conclude that the public

policy grounds relied on by the district court were improper, we vacate and remand for further

proceedings to determine whether the forum selection clause is enforceable under the guidelines

established in Bremen and its progeny.1


       1
           M/S Bremen v. Zapata Off-Shore Co., 

(1972).
                                                  I.

                                                 A.

       Honduran native Dilbert Ivan Calix-Chacon (“Calix”) was hired by Global International

Marine, Inc. (“Global”), a U.S. corporation operating out of Houma, Louisiana, to work as a

seaman on its ship, the M/V SAMSON. Global used the Honduran crewing agency Sitralmahr to

hire Caliz. Calix, who speaks limited English, signed an employment contract which was written

in English for a term beginning December 19, 2005, and ending March 19, 2006.2 The contract

contained a choice of law clause providing that Honduran law would apply to the employment

agreement, including recovery or compensation for injury, death, or medical expenses. It also

included a forum selection clause providing that any claim arising out of the employment

agreement or for injury would be brought exclusively in a court of competent jurisdiction in

Honduras. Sitralmahr’s owner, Felipe Rodriguez, submitted an affidavit stating that he explained

the terms of the contract, including the forum selection clause, to Calix.

       The M/V SAMSON is a U.S. flagged vessel that ordinarily operates in the Carribean. At

the time Calix was hired, it was in dry dock in Louisiana undergoing routine maintenance and

inspections for United States certification.

       While doing maintenance aboard the SAMSON on January 31, 2006, Calix experienced

severe stomach pain. He was diagnosed with an inflamed gall bladder and his gall bladder was

removed at Terrebonne General Medical Center in Houma, Louisiana. After the gall bladder



       2
        This was his second employment engagement with Global.

                                                  2
surgery doctors determined that Calix had an enlarged heart (cardiomegaly). His physician

recommended an immediate heart transplant.

                                                   B.

         Although Global paid for Calix’s gall bladder surgery, it refused to pay for his heart

transplant. Calix filed suit in district court seeking maintenance and cure including the cost of a

heart transplant and ancillary care. Global responded with a Motion to Dismiss under Federal

Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(3), asking the court to enforce the forum selection clause in the

employment contract. The district court held an expedited hearing and denied Global’s motion.

The court concluded that the forum selection clause was unenforceable based on the Supreme

Court’s decision in M/S Bremen v. Zapata Off-Shore Co., 

(1972). The court

concluded that the forum selection clause was not enforceable under Bremen because its

enforcement would “contravene a strong public policy of the forum in which suit is brought,

whether declared by statute or by judicial decision.” 

         The district court concluded that both the general maritime law and the Shipowner’s

Liability (Sick and Injured Seamen) Convention of 1936, an international treaty ratified by the

United States, express a strong public policy preventing the contractual abridgment of

maintenance and cure liability. The court noted that the Convention codified the pre-existing

federal common law of American maintenance and cure as binding international law for those who

ratified it.

         The district court then held an expedited trial on the merits of Calix’s claim for

maintenance and cure. The district court found that Calix’s medical condition arose in the service



                                                   3
of the vessel and that Global was obligated to provide cure to Calix. The court’s judgment

ordered Global to pay for all necessary past and future care as recommended by Calix’s physician,

including the immediate transfer of Calix to an accredited heart transplantation facility to await an

available heart for a transplant. Counsel advised the court at oral argument that while this appeal

was pending, Calix underwent a successful heart transplant operation. He is currently receiving

followup care including round-the-clock nurses, and anti-rejection medication.

       The district court issued a Rule 54(b) certificate to allow an immediate appeal. Global

appeals.

                                                  II.

           “[T]he enforcement of a forum selection clause is an issue of law, and we review the

district court’s conclusions of law de novo.” MacPhail v. Oceaneering Int’l, Inc., 

,

278 (5th Cir. 2002). We also review de novo a district court’s determination that a contract clause

is unenforceable based on public policy grounds. 

is a case in admiralty, federal

law governs whether the forum selection clause in Calix’s employment contract with Global is

enforceable. Carnival Cruise Lines, Inc. v. Shute, 

, 590 (1991).3

                                                  III.

                                                  A.

       In analyzing the enforceability of the forum selection clause in Calix’s employment

contract we begin with the Supreme Court’s decision in M/S Bremen v. Zapata Off-Shore Co..

(1972). In Bremen a tugboat owner (a German corporation) entered into a contract


       3
           Any discussion by Calix of Louisiana law, particularly La. R.S. 23:921A(2), is irrelevant
to this case.

                                                   4
with Zapata (a Texas corporation) to tow Zapata’s oil rig from Louisiana to Italy. The contract

provided that “[a]ny dispute arising [out of the contract] must be treated before the London Court

of Justice.” 

        While the tug and tow were in the Gulf of Mexico they encountered a storm which

resulted in damage to the rig which was then brought to Florida. Zapata later filed suit against the

German company in admiralty in federal court in Tampa seeking damages for negligent towage

and breach of contract. The German company sought to enforce the forum selection clause and

challenged the jurisdiction of the U.S. court asking the court to dismiss the suit based on lack of

jurisdiction or forum non conveniens.

        The district court held the contract’s forum selection clause unenforceable and this court

affirmed. The Supreme Court reversed and held that in maritime actions forum selection clauses

are to be enforced unless the forum selection clause is fundamentally unfair and therefore

unreasonable. The court established four bases for concluding that a forum selection clause is

unreasonable:

        (1) the incorporation of the forum selection clause into the agreement was the
        product of fraud or overreaching; (2) the party seeking to escape enforcement
        "will for all practical purposes be deprived of his day in court" because of the
        grave inconvenience or unfairness of the selected forum; (3) the fundamental
        unfairness of the chosen law will deprive the plaintiff of a remedy; or (4)
        enforcement of the forum selection clause would contravene a strong public policy
        of the forum state.

Haynsworth v. Corporation, 

, 963 (5th Cir. 1997), citing Carnival Cruise Lines, 

, 595 (1991), and 

.

        The Supreme Court next addressed the enforceability of forum selection clauses in



                                                 5
Carnival Cruise Lines v. Shute, 

(1991). In this case Russell and Eulala Shute

purchased cruise tickets through a Washington travel agency for a 7 day Carnival Cruise Lines

cruise. The agent forwarded the Shutes’ payment to Carnival’s headquarters and Carnival sent

the Shutes their tickets. The forum selection clause was on the back of the tickets and required

that all suits relating to the cruise be litigated in Florida. The Shutes boarded the ship destined for

Puerto Vallarta, Mexico in Los Angeles. While in international waters off Mexico, Eulala Shute

was injured when she slipped on a deck mat during a guided tour of the ship’s galley. The Shutes

sued in federal court in the State of Washington. The district court granted Carnival’s motion to

dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction due to insufficient contacts with the State of Washington.

The Ninth Circuit reversed. In addition to the personal jurisdiction question the Ninth Circuit also

concluded that because the forum selection clause “was not freely bargained for” it was invalid.

       The Supreme Court reversed and held that the clause in question was enforceable though

not the product of bargaining, because it was unreasonable to assume that a cruise line would

negotiate with a passenger over a provision in a passage contract. The court followed the

Bremen analysis and held that, as a general rule, forum selection clauses in cruise ship passage

contract tickets are valid and should be enforced unless enforcement is shown to be unreasonable.

The court declined to deny enforcement against a routine consumer cruise ticket holder based on

the passenger’s argument that the provisions incorporated in the printed ticket were not

negotiated agreements between parties of equal bargaining power. Rather the court gave broad

approval of forum selection clauses despite the lack of equal bargaining position and the fact that

the provision was not negotiated.



                                                  6
       The case which is most factually analogous to today’s case is a decision by this court in

Marinechance Shipping, Ltd. v. Sebastian, 

(5th Cir. 1998). In that case, we applied

the Bremen/Shute analysis to a forum selection clause included in a seaman’s employment

contract. In Marinechance, two seaman, both citizens of the Philippines were injured in an

accident aboard the M/V ELLISPONTOS while in the Mississippi River near Burnside,

Louisiana. The seamen were transported to a hospital in Baton Rouge, Louisiana for treatment.

       The M/V ELLISPONTOS was owned by Marinechance, a corporation with its principal

place of business in Nicosia, Cyprus. Marinechance sued in federal district court seeking a

declaratory judgment that any litigation arising from the accident must proceed if at all in the

courts of the Philippines under the law of the Philippines. The district court granted summary

declaratory judgment in favor of Marinechance and enjoined the seamen from filing suit in the

Louisiana state courts.

       The seamen were employed under a contract approved by the Philippine Overseas

Employment Administration. The contract required that “any disputes . . shall be referred for

settlement solely to the exclusive jurisdiction of the competent Courts or Authorities, as the case

may be, in the country of the seaman’s nationality where the contract of employment was signed

and approved.” In holding that the forum selection clause was valid and enforceable Judge

Wisdom, speaking for this court, stated:

       In M/S Bremen v. Zapata Off-Shore, the Supreme Court held that forum selection
       clauses in admiralty cases are presumptively valid and enforceable. Forum
       selection clauses are important in international cases such as the instant case
       because there is much uncertainty regarding the resolution of disputes. Ocean-
       going vessels travel through many jurisdictions, and could become subject to the
       laws of a particular jurisdiction based solely upon the fortuitous event of an


                                                  7
        accident. “The elimination of all such uncertainties by agreeing in advance on a
        forum acceptable to both parties is an indispensable element in international trade,
        commerce, and contracting.” To overcome the presumption that the forum
        selection clause is enforceable, the party challenging the clause must make a
        “strong showing” that the clause is unreasonable.

We concluded that:

        The similarities between the present case and Carnival Cruise Lines are many. The
        contracts of employment for seamen aboard international vessels are routine; the
        seaman individually do not have much bargaining power. The selection of a forum
        in advance reduces the vessel owner’s exposure to suits in forums all over the
        world. Furthermore, it informs the seamen of where their causes of action can be
        maintained.

        We also rejected the seamen’s argument that the forum selection clause in their contract

did not apply to their tort causes of action. We pointed out that the action in Carnival Cruise

Lines was a slip and fall case on the deck of the vessel and that the Supreme Court held that the

forum selection clause was enforceable in that case.

        We found Justice Kennedy’s views in his concurrence helpful on understanding the strong

presumption in favor of enforcement of forum selection clauses. “Justice Kennedy summarized

the strong presumption in favor of the enforceability of forum selection clauses as follows: ‘a valid

forum selection clause is given controlling weight in all but the most exceptional cases.’ Stewart

Org., Inc. v. Ricoh Corp., 

, 

(Kennedy, J., concurring).” 

n.16.

                                                 B.

        With this background we now turn to the question presented to the district court: whether

this is an exceptional case where the forum selection clause in the seaman’s employment contract


                                                  8
should be considered so unfair and unreasonable as to be unenforceable. The district court found

the clause to be unreasonable and therefore unenforceable because enforcement would contravene

a strong public policy of the U.S. which favors a seaman’s maintenance and cure remedy as

expressed in the Shipowner’s Liability (Sick and Injured Seaman) Convention of 1936.

       The Shipowners’ Liability Convention of 1936 (the “Convention”) is an international

treaty ratified by the United States Senate in 1938. Article 2 of the Convention declares that

“[t]he shipowner shall be liable in respect of (a) sickness and injury occurring between the date

specified in the articles of agreement for reporting for duty and the termination of the

engagement.” Article 1(1) of the Convention declares that it applies to “all persons employed on

board any vessel, other than a ship of war, registered in a territory for which this Convention is in

force and ordinarily engaged in maritime navigation.”

       The Supreme Court, however, has made it clear that the Convention restates the rule as it

exists under the General Maritime Law. By signing on to the Convention there was no intent to

change existing law. Rather,

       [t]he aim of the Convention "was not to change materially American standards but
       to equalize operating costs by raising the standards of member nations to the
       American level." Warren v. United States, 

, 527 (1951). Thus Art. 4,
       P. 1, is declaratory of a longstanding tradition respecting the scope of the
       shipowner's duty to furnish injured seamen maintenance and cure, Farrell v. United
       States, [

] at 518.

Vella v. Ford Motor Co., 

, 1384 (1975).

       This policy statement regarding the shipowner’s duty to furnish injured seaman

maintenance and cure did not bar this court from deciding in Marinechance that a forum selection

clause is valid and enforceable against all of the claims raised by the injured seamen. The record


                                                  9
in Marinechance reflects that the seamen in that case had requested maintenance and cure. Their

briefs made it clear that they asserted claims under the General Maritime Law, the source of their

maintenance and cure action, as well as damage claims under the Jones Act.

          The district court has in effect held that the Convention prohibits a federal district court

from refusing to entertain maintenance and cure claims brought by foreign seamen in a United

States court. Based on our decision in Marinechance, that is clearly not the law. Also, in In re

McClelland Engineers, Inc., foreign seamen were injured in foreign waters and brought suit

against American defendants in the Southern District of Texas. Regarding the district court’s

conclusion that the Convention precluded a court from choosing foreign law when it imposes a

lower standard of care or relief than domestic law and that “any foreign seaman injured on the

high seas (as these may not have been) is entitled to access to United States courts and United

States remedies, apparently whether he is suing a United States vessel or not; and to deny him

that access is to deny him ‘equality of treatment,’” this court viewed the ruling as “a candidly

novel and clear departure from our holdings and those of the Supreme Court.” In re McClelland

Engineers, Inc., 

, 839 (5th Cir. 1984), cert. denied, 

(1985), overruled

on other grounds by In re Air Crash Disaster Near New Orleans, La., 

(5th Cir.

1987).4

          Thus we conclude that the district court erred in relying on the Convention as representing



          4
         McClelland came to this court on a petition for Writ of Mandamas directing the district court
to vacate its order denying forum non conveniens motion and dismiss the actions or certify its order
for interlocutory review. Although no forum selection clause was at issue in that case, the opinion
makes clear that the district court’s reliance on the Convention as a basis for a blanket bar against
forcing seamen to raise their claims outside the United States’ court system was unsupportable.

                                                    10
a strong public policy in favor of the maintenance and cure remedy that renders a forum selection

clause unenforceable. We therefore vacate the district court’s judgment finding the forum

selection clause unreasonable on this basis and remand this case to the district court for further

proceedings on this issue. On remand, the burden of establishing unreasonableness is on Calix,

the party seeking to set aside the provision. 

. On remand the district

court should make factual findings so it can apply the Bremen factors and determine whether “(1)

the incorporation of the forum selection clause into the agreement was the product of fraud or

overreaching; (2) [Calix] ‘will for all practical purposes be deprived of his day in court’ because

of the grave inconvenience or unfairness of the selected forum; (3) the fundamental unfairness of

the chosen law will deprive [him] of a remedy; or (4) enforcement of the forum selection clause

would contravene a strong public policy of the forum state.” 

.

        At oral argument, Calix’s counsel focused on the third Bremen factor - “the fundamental

unfairness of the chosen law will deprive the plaintiff of a remedy.” Calix argued that Honduran

law would not provide sufficient funds to permit him to maintain his anti-rejection drug regime

necessary to sustain life following his heart transplant. Calix argued that unless he can recover

medical expenses sufficient to prevent rejection of his new heart, it will fail and he will in effect be

deprived of a remedy.

        On the assumption that Calix will present a similar argument to the district court it will be

necessary for the district court to determine what remedy is available to Calix under Honduran

law and whether such recovery will be likely adequate for Calix to avoid his body’s rejection of

the transplanted heart. The available medical care in Honduras may also be relevant in this



                                                  11
context. The district court should make factual findings on these and other issues presented by

the parties related to whether plaintiff will for all practical purposes be deprived of his day in court

or be deprived of a remedy if the court enforces the forum selection clause.

        In applying the facts to the Bremen exceptions, we do not mean to suggest Calix is

entitled to medical care that could be considered standard in the United States. In a forum non

conveniens context, the Supreme Court has stated that a dismissal “may be granted even though

the law applicable in the alternative forum is less favorable to the plaintiff’s chance of recovery.”

Piper Aircraft Co. v. Reyno, 

, 250 (1981).5 As the court stated in Carnival Cruise

Lines v. Shute, we will declare forum selection clauses unenforceable only when the remedies

available in the chosen forum are so inadequate that enforcement would be fundamentally unfair.

Shute, 

, 595. See also Piper 

(An unfavorable change in

law is a relevant consideration in a forum non conveniens inquiry “if the remedy provided by the

alternative forum is so clearly inadequate or unsatisfactory that it is no remedy at all.”)

        Concerning Calix’s physical limitations, Carnival Cruise Lines did not accept the Court of

Appeal’s justification that a choice of forum clause should not be enforced because the plaintiffs

are physically and financially incapable of pursuing litigation in the forum chosen in the choice of

forum clause when the district court made no factual findings on the 

. And

as the Second Circuit has held, with modern conveniences of electronic filing and



        5
           A forum selection clause is a contractual waiver of the right to seek transfer or dismissal
based on the parties own inconvenience. Northwestern Nat’l Ins. Co. v. Donovan, 

, 378
(7th Cir. 1990). Where the parties have agreed on a forum, as in this case, the factors relevant in a
forum non conveniens analysis would seem to apply with even greater force in favor of the chosen
forum.

                                                  12
videoconferencing, “[a] plaintiff may have his ‘day in court’ without ever setting foot in a

courtroom.” Effron v. Sun Line Cruises, Inc., 

, 11 (2d Cir. 1995). Thus, a conclusion

that Calix’s legal remedy must be pursued in Honduras does not necessarily mean that he

physically must travel to that jurisdiction.6

                                           CONCLUSION.

        For the reasons stated above, we VACATE the judgment of the district court and

REMAND this case to the district court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.




        6
         It would, of course, be relevant to consider whether Honduran law requires his physical
presence to pursue litigation. Repatriation is a separate issue not yet addressed by the district court.

                                                  13