REVISED SEPTEMBER 28, 2009
       IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT    United States Court of Appeals
                                                  Fifth Circuit

                                                                   FILED
                                                                September 28, 2009
                                 No. 08-31032               Charles R. Fulbruge III
                                                                    Clerk

ANGELA SMITH, in Her Own Rights, and as Representative of
her husband’s estate and on behalf of her minor child, on behalf
of D’Angela Noel Smith

                                           Plaintiff-Appellee
v.

AMERICAN FAMILY LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY OF COLUMBUS

                                           Defendant-Appellant



         Appeal from the United States United States District Court
                    for the Western District of Louisiana


Before GARWOOD, OWEN, and SOUTHWICK, Circuit Judges.
GARWOOD, Circuit Judge:
      After her husband’s death in a helicopter crash, plaintiff-appellee,
Angela Smith (Mrs. Smith), in her own right and as representative of her
husband’s estate and on behalf of her minor child, sued defendant-appellant,
the American Family Life Assurance Company of Columbus (Aflac), seeking
to recover sums allegedly owed under the terms of an accident insurance
policy issued by Aflac. Both parties moved for summary judgment. The
district court granted Mrs. Smith’s motion, denied Aflac’s motion, and entered
judgment in favor of Mrs. Smith. Aflac now appeals both the judgment in
favor of Mrs. Smith and the denial of its motion for summary judgment. For
the following reasons, we reverse.


                   FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS BELOW
      Mrs. Smith’s husband, Darrel Smith (Mr. Smith), was an employee of
Island Operating Company, Inc. (Island). The Apache Corporation (Apache)
provided oilfield services to Island. On March 14, 2006, Mr. Smith boarded a
helicopter in Patterson, Louisiana, that had been chartered by Apache to
transport him and several other employees to an offshore platform in the Gulf
of Mexico. The helicopter crashed shortly after takeoff, and he was burned to
death when the wreckage caught fire.
      At the time of her husband’s death, Mrs. Smith was the insured under
an accident insurance policy that she had purchased from Aflac. The policy’s
effective date was May 20, 2004. It provided for a two-tiered lump sum
benefit in the event of the accidental death of the insured’s spouse. If the
insured’s spouse died in a “Common-Carrier Accident,” the insured was
entitled to a benefit of $150,000. But if the insured’s spouse died in an “Other
Accident,” then the insured was only entitled to a benefit of $40,000.
“Common-Carrier Accidents” were defined as:
      “accidents that occur on or after the Effective Date of coverage
      and while coverage is in force directly involving a vehicle in which
      a covered person is a passenger at the time of the accident and
      which is duly licensed by a proper authority to transport
      passengers for a fee. Common-carrier vehicles are limited to
      airplanes, trains, buses, trolleys, and boats that operate on a
      regularly scheduled basis between predetermined points or cities.
      A taxi is not a common-carrier vehicle.” (Emphasis in
      original.)
“Other Accidents” were defined as:


                                       2
      “accidents that occur on or after the Effective Date of coverage
      and while coverage is in force that are not classified as Common-
      Carrier Accidents and that are not specifically excluded in the
      Limitations and Exclusions section.”
The “Limitations and Exclusions” section of the policy provided that:
      “[Aflac] will not pay benefits for an accident or Sickness that is
      caused by or occurs as a result of a covered person’s:
            ...
            9.     Participating in any form of flight aviation other than
                   as a fare-paying passenger in a fully licensed,
                   passenger-carrying aircraft.”
      The helicopter that crashed with Mr. Smith on board was owned and
operated by Rotorcraft Leasing Company, LLC (Rotorcraft). Rotorcraft had
conducted the flight pursuant to a contract between it and Apache that
provided for Apache, from time to time at Apache’s discretion, to request of
Rotocraft chartered helicopter transport for workers to offshore platforms in
the Gulf as needed. These chartered helicopter flights were operated under
an “FAR 135” certification from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA).
“FAR 135” stands for “Federal Aviation Regulations Part 135,” which governs
“commuter or on-demand operations.” See 14 C.F.R. § 135.1(a) (2009).
According to a report concerning the accident made by the National
Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), the flight was operated under an “On-
demand Air Taxi” certificate. The NTSB report also described the type of
flight as “Non-scheduled.”
      On April 10, 2006, Mrs. Smith signed a “PROOF OF DEATH -
BENEFICIARY’S STATEMENT” verifying her husband’s death and
submitted it to Aflac. On May 23, 2006, Aflac paid Mrs. Smith $40,000 after
determining that the accident was an “Other Accident” under the terms of the
policy. Aflac refused to classify the accident as a “Common-Carrier Accident,”


                                       3
because it stated that the helicopter had not been an airplane, train, bus,
trolley, or boat that operated on a regularly scheduled basis between
predetermined points or cities.
      Mrs. Smith sued Aflac, seeking $110,000 in additional benefits, as well
as attorneys’ fees and penalties under LA. REV. STAT. ANN. § 22:1821(B)1 on
the ground that Aflac had acted in bad faith by refusing to classify her
husband’s accident as a “Common-Carrier Accident.” Mrs. Smith initiated
her action against Aflac by amending the petition of her suit against
Rotorcraft and several other defendants that was already underway in
Louisiana state court. Aflac removed the suit to federal court based on
diversity jurisdiction and then successfully moved to sever all claims against
Rotorcraft and the other defendants.2
      Aflac then moved for summary judgment to dismiss Mrs. Smith’s claims
on the ground that the helicopter crash could not qualify as a “Common-
Carrier Accident” under the terms of the policy, because a helicopter was not
an airplane. Aflac also moved for partial summary judgment to dismiss Mrs.
Smith’s claims for penalties and attorneys’ fees on the ground that there was
no evidence that Aflac had acted in bad faith by denying her request for
additional benefits. Mrs. Smith opposed both of Aflac’s motions and filed a
cross-motion for summary judgment, arguing that the language of the policy
was ambiguous and therefore had to be interpreted in favor of the
policyholder under established principles of Louisiana law. Aflac filed a
response to this motion in which it reasserted that a helicopter was not an


      1
         Formerly LA. REV. STAT. ANN. § 22:657(B). The Louisiana legislature renumbered
its Insurance Code effective January 1, 2009. 2008 La. Sess. Law Serv. 665 (West).
      2
       The claims against Rotorcraft and the other defendants were subsequently
remanded to state court.

                                           4
airplane and added that, even if “airplane” were interpreted to include
helicopters, Mr. Smith’s helicopter could not have been a “common-carrier
vehicle,” under the policy because its flight had not been “regularly scheduled
. . . between predetermined points or cities.” Aflac had not previously raised
this not “regularly scheduled” argument, so Mrs. Smith requested a
continuance to conduct additional discovery on the issue. The district court
granted her request, but there is no indication that Mrs. Smith ever
conducted any discovery on this issue. Aflac asserts that she did not, and
Mrs. Smith does not deny that assertion.
      On September 29, 2008, the district court issued a memorandum ruling
granting Mrs. Smith’s cross-motion for summary judgment and denying
Aflac’s motion for summary judgment. The memorandum ruling also granted
Aflac’s motion for partial summary judgment and dismissed Mrs. Smith’s
claim for statutory penalties and attorney’s fees. In accordance with its
memorandum ruling the district court entered a separate judgment without
specifying the monetary relief. Aflac reserved its rights to appeal and moved
to amend the judgment, asking the court to correct a typographical error and
to enter a final monetary judgment. On October 17, 2008, the district court
entered an amended judgment accordingly, rendering judgment that Mrs.
Smith recover $110,000, and prejudgment interest, from Aflac. Aflac timely
filed a notice of appeal. Mrs. Smith did not appeal the dismissal of her claims
for statutory penalties and attorneys’ fees.
                                DISCUSSION
      The sole issue before this panel is whether or not the district court
erred when it granted summary judgment on Mrs. Smith’s cross motion and
denied Aflac’s motion for summary judgment. The issue is one of pure
contract interpretation. There are no contested facts, and the law in this area

                                       5
is well-defined.
I. Standard of Review
      The grant or denial of a motion for summary judgment is reviewed de
novo. E.g., Robinson v. Orient Marine Co., 

, 366 (5th Cir. 1999).
Summary judgment is appropriate if “the pleadings, depositions, answers to
interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any,
show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the
moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” 

R. CIV. P. 56(c)). Interpretation of an insurance contract generally involves a
question of law. In re Katrina Canal Breaches Litig., 

, 206 (5th
Cir. 2007) (citing Bonin v. Westport Ins. Corp., 

, 910 (La. 2006)).
Whether or not ambiguity exists in an insurance policy is also a question of
law. Am. Marine Underwriters, Inc. v. Holloway, 

, 1456 (5th
Cir. 1987).
II. Principles of Louisiana Insurance Law
      The parties agree that Louisiana law governs the interpretation of Mrs.
Smith’s insurance policy. Under Louisiana law, an insurance policy is a
contract between the parties and should be interpreted according to the
general rules of interpretation of contracts prescribed in the Louisiana Civil
Code. Katrina Canal 

.
      An insurance contract must be construed according to the entirety of its
terms and conditions as set forth in the policy. LA. REV. STAT. ANN. § 22:881
(2009).3 “The words of a contract must be given their generally prevailing
meaning.” LA. CIV. CODE ANN. art. 2047 (2008). When the words of a contract
are clear and explicit and lead to no absurd consequences, no further


      3
          Formerly LA. REV. STAT. ANN. § 22:654.

                                             6
interpretation may be made in search of the parties’ intent. LA. CIV. CODE
ANN. art. 2046 (2008).
      Where a contract is ambiguous, the ambiguity may be resolved using
either one of two methods. See Katrina Canal 

(citing La. Ins. Guar. Ass’n v. Interstate Fire & Cas. Co., 

, 763
(La. 1994)). The first method is to construe the ambiguous provisions in light
of the contract as a whole, interpreting words that are susceptible of different
meanings as having the meaning that best conforms to the object of the
contract. Katrina Canal 

. The second method is to
ascertain how a reasonable insurance policy purchaser would have construed
the clause at the time the contract was entered into. 

applying both of these methods, an ambiguity remains, then
the ambiguous contractual provision should be construed strictly against its
drafter. 

insurance context, this means that the ambiguous
provision is to be construed in favor of the insured. 

known as the
“rule of strict construction.” See 

insurance contract should
not be construed in an unreasonable or strained manner under the guise of
contractual interpretation to enlarge or restrict its provisions beyond what is
reasonably contemplated by its unambiguous terms or to achieve an absurd
conclusion. 

District Court’s Reasoning
      The district court examined Mrs. Smith’s policy and concluded that its
definition of “Common-Carrier Accidents” was ambiguous when applied to the
facts of this case.
      “Because Aflac added the statement that a taxi, an unlisted
      vehicle, is not included as a ‘common-carrier vehicle’, the
      provision implies that the list is non-exhaustive or illustrative
      rather than limited to the five listed vehicles. Moreover, Aflac,

                                       7
       the drafter of the provision, chose to specify only that ‘a taxi’ was
       excluded as a common-carrier vehicle and failed to make any
       mention of a helicopter.”
The district court proceeded to try to solve the ambiguity it had found by
reading the contract as a whole. The district court found that reading the
contract as a whole only compounded the ambiguity it had found in the
definition of “common-carrier vehicles,” because the “Limitations and
Exclusions” section of the contract used the broad term “aircraft,” which both
parties agreed included helicopters.
       The district court next tried to resolve the ambiguity by ascertaining
how a reasonable insurance policy purchaser would have construed the
clause. It noted that Mrs. Smith claimed that she and her husband had
thought helicopter travel was covered by the policy. But the district court
stated that the reasonable expectations doctrine was not applicable, because
Mrs. Smith had offered no evidence that she or her husband had discussed
their subjective expectations with Aflac.4
       Having attempted to apply both methods for resolving ambiguity
without avail, the district court invoked the rule of strict construction and
held that the definition of “Common-Carrier Accidents” included Mr. Smith’s
helicopter crash. The district court did not address the policy’s requirement
that “[c]ommon-carrier vehicles are limited to” those “that operate on a
regularly scheduled basis between predetermined points or cities.”
       On appeal, Aflac argues that the district court erred in reaching this


       4
         The district court did not explain how Mrs. Smith’s failure to inform Aflac of her
subjective expectations was in any way relevant to determining what the objective
expectations of a reasonable insurance policy purchaser would have been. However,
because we find that the language of Mrs. Smith’s policy was not ambiguous as applied to
her husband’s helicopter flight, we do not need to reach this component of the district
court’s reasoning on review.

                                             8
result for six reasons. Aflac’s first argument is that the word “airplanes” does
not include helicopters. Therefore, Aflac argues, a helicopter cannot
constitute a “common-carrier vehicle” within the meaning of the policy.
Aflac’s second argument is that the helicopter in this case was not “regularly
scheduled . . . between predetermined points or cities.” Aflac’s third
argument is that the mention of “taxi” did not make the policy ambiguous,
because “taxi” is a broad word that can include “air taxis.” Aflac’s fourth
argument is that the mention of “taxi” did not make the policy ambiguous,
because superfluous exceptions in contracts are common and provide a weak
inference at best as to the provision’s meaning. See generally Williamson v.
J.C. Penney Life Ins. Co., 

, 411 (5th Cir. 2000). Aflac’s fifth
argument is that the strict construction principle is only supposed to be
applied to exclusionary provisions. Aflac argues that there was no
exclusionary provision at issue in this case, since Mrs. Smith still recovered
benefits under the “Other Accidents” provision in her policy. Aflac’s sixth and
final argument is that the district court failed to interpret the insurance
policy as a whole by using its overall structure to create ambiguity rather
than to resolve it.
IV. Analysis
      We agree with Aflac that the district court erred in holding that the
helicopter accident that killed Mr. Smith was a “Common-Carrier Accident.”
We need not reach the issue of whether the mention of “taxi” in connection
with the definition of “Common-Carrier Accidents” rendered that definition
ambiguous in respect to whether it could include helicopters, nor must we
decide whether a helicopter can be a type of airplane, because Mrs. Smith
failed to produce any evidence that her husband’s helicopter had operated on
a regularly scheduled basis between predetermined points or cities. The

                                        9
definition’s “regularly scheduled” requirement was not ambiguous, and Mrs.
Smith failed to satisfy it. Because we do not find that the policy was
ambiguous as applied to Mrs. Smith’s claim, we also decline to reach the
issues of whether the district court correctly read the policy as a whole and
whether the rule of strict construction can be applied to provisions that are
not exclusionary.
      “Rule 56(c) mandates the entry of summary judgment, after adequate
time for discovery and upon motion, against a party who fails to make a
showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that
party’s case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial.”
Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 

, 2552 (1986). Under Louisiana law,
the insured has the burden of proving that his claim is covered by the policy
at issue. E.g., Dickerson v. Lexington Ins. Co., 

, 295 (5th Cir.
2009). “On the other hand, the insurer bears the burden of proving the
applicability of an exclusionary clause within a policy.” Doerr v. Mobil Oil
Corp., 

, 124 (La. 2000). In the insurance context, an “exclusion”
is a “provision that excepts certain events or conditions from coverage.”
Black’s Law Dictionary (8th ed. 2004). The “Common-Carrier Accident”
provision in Mrs. Smith’s policy did not except her from coverage. She
recovered $40,000 for her husband’s death, because Aflac determined that her
claim was covered as an “Other Accident.” Therefore, the “Common-Carrier
Accident” definition was not an exclusion, and Mrs. Smith bore the burden of
proving that her claim should have been classified as a “Common-Carrier
Accident.”
      There was no evidence before the district court on Aflac’s motion for
summary judgment that tended to establish that Mr. Smith’s flight had been
regularly scheduled between predetermined points or cities. The helicopter

                                       10
had been operated under an “FAR 135” certification from the Federal
Aviation Administration (FAA).5 “FAR 135” stands for “Federal Aviation
Regulations Part 135,” which governs “commuter and on-demand operations.”
See 14 C.F.R. § 135.1(a) (2009). According to a report made concerning the
accident by the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), the flight was
operated under an “On-demand Air Taxi” certificate. The NTSB report also
described the type of flight as “Non-scheduled.”
      That Rotorcraft operated its flights for Apache under an “on-demand”
certificate from the FAA may not automatically require the conclusion that
these flights were in fact made “on-demand.” The possibility might arguably
remain that Rotorcraft and Apache could have regularly scheduled flights
that were nevertheless operated under an “on-demand” FAA certificate.
However, the fact that Mr. Smith’s flight was operated under an “on-demand”
certificate did constitute some evidence before the district court on summary
judgment that suggested that Mr. Smith’s flight was not regularly scheduled.
Several courts in other jurisdictions have found that language similar to the
“regularly scheduled” requirement in Mrs. Smith’s policy does not include on-
demand flights or air taxi services. See Fosse v. Allianz Life Ins. Co., No. CIV.
A. 93-1110, 

, at *2-3 (E.D. Pa. Apr. 20, 1994) (mem. op.)
(holding that a “regular scheduled” trip within the meaning of the insurance
policy at issue is one that the air carrier conducts “pursuant to a set schedule
with fixed times,” not a flight operated on-demand or as an air taxi); Frizzell
v. Stonebridge Life Ins. Co., No. A03-155 CV JWS, 

, at *3


      5
          We note the flight’s FAA certification merely as evidence that was before the
district court on Aflac’s motion for summary judgment that was relevant to the issue of
whether or not Mr. Smith’s flight had been “regularly scheduled.” We do not hold that FAA
regulations are (or are not) necessarily relevant to or ultimately determinative in
interpreting the meaning of an insurance policy that does not invoke them.

                                           11
(D. Alaska Oct. 25, 2004) (holding that, “Because the helicopter was operated
on-demand, with the departure date [and] time determined ‘on an as needed
basis,’ the helicopter was not operated with a definite regular schedule of
departures and arrivals, and consequently does not qualify as a ‘Common
Carrier’ under the Policy”); McBride v. Prudential Ins. Co., 

, 99-
100 (Ohio 1947) (holding that a commercial airplane chartered for hire to
transport a passenger on a hunting trip was not a “regularly scheduled
passenger flight” within the meaning of the insurance policy at issue, because
“regularly scheduled passenger flight” meant “trips regularly scheduled as to
[the] time of departure and arrival by commercial airlines operating between
definitely established airports”). While we are not bound by any of these
decisions, we find their reasoning persuasive. A flight made on-demand is
ordinarily the antithesis of a “regularly scheduled” one. The fact that Mr.
Smith’s flight was operated under an “on-demand” certificate from the FAA
suggests that it was an on-demand flight. Mrs. Smith needed to make a
showing that, despite its FAA certificate, her husband’s flight was “regularly
scheduled . . . between predetermined points or cities.”
      In her brief, Mrs. Smith argues that her husband’s flight was “regularly
scheduled” in the sense that such flights were likely frequently requested by
Apache, as evidenced by the terms of its Helicopter Service Agreement
(Service Agreement) with Rotorcraft. She also argues that her husband’s
flight was between predetermined points, because the flight was between a
predetermined point on land and a predetermined point on an offshore rig,
even if those points were only determined minutes prior to takeoff.
      We find Mrs. Smith’s arguments unpersuasive, because they render the
language about “predetermined points or cities” essentially meaningless, and
because they are not supported by the terms of the Service Agreement.

                                       12
Under Mrs. Smith’s reading of “predetermined points,” the only way a
commercial flight could fail to satisfy the terms of the policy’s definition
would be for its pilot to take off literally not knowing where he was going to
land. Under Louisiana law, the words of a contract are to be given their
generally prevailing meaning. LA. CIV. CODE ANN. art. 2047 (2008). The
indisputably more natural reading of “regularly scheduled basis between
predetermined points or cities” is that, in order to qualify, a flight must
operate on a regularly scheduled basis between the same predetermined
points or cities.
      Furthermore, the terms of the Service Agreement do not support Mrs.
Smith’s argument that her husband’s flight was regularly scheduled. The
Service Agreement mostly addresses safety requirements and the pricing of
services. The only provision that deals with scheduling is:
      “Services. Upon Apache’s request, Rotorcraft may, in its sole
      discretion, but shall not be obligated to, provide Apache with non-
      exclusive airport to offshore well platform transportation services
      via its Aircraft, or other Aircraft it may cause to be made
      available, as the parties may agree upon and which is deemed
      airworthy and in compliance with all federal and recommended
      safety guidelines. Air transportation services may include, but
      not be limited to: (i) Apache’s routine offshore operations in the
      Gulf of Mexico including, but not limited to, crew shift changes,
      equipment and supplies transportation, and routine and
      emergency inspections of platforms, facilities, and drilling rigs;
      and, (ii) non-routine exploration and production activities in the
      Gulf of Mexico.” (Emphasis in original.)
We note that the Service Agreement contains no mandatory provisions
regarding scheduling. Even though the Service Agreement contemplates the
use of Rotorcraft’s services in certain “routine” matters, Rotorcraft was not
obligated to provide its services to Apache. Similarly, Apache was not
required to use Rotorcraft for its transportation needs. The result of this

                                        13
arrangement was that any flights that were made under the Service
Agreement must have been chartered on-demand. Therefore, the Service
Agreement alone cannot constitute evidence that Rotorcraft operated Mr.
Smith’s flight on a regularly scheduled basis between predetermined points or
cities.
          Our analysis might perhaps be different if the Service Agreement had
required Rotorcraft to transport Apache employees from Point A to Point B
every Monday at eight o’clock in the morning. In that case, even if Rotorcraft
had operated the flight under an FAR 135 certification, Mrs. Smith would
have a had an argument that the flight met the “regularly scheduled . . .
between predetermined points or cities” requirement of the “Common-Carrier
Accident” definition.6 But this is not that case. Mrs. Smith requested a
continuance to discover evidence on this general issue and produced nothing.
          Mrs. Smith bore the burden of establishing coverage under her policy.

. In order to establish coverage, she had to satisfy
the “regularly scheduled” requirement of the policy. She failed to produce any
evidence that she could satisfy this requirement. Therefore, the district court
erred in denying Aflac’s motion for summary judgment and in granting her
cross-motion. See 

.
                                         CONCLUSION
          For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is reversed
and remanded with instructions that judgment be rendered that Mrs. Smith
take nothing by her suit against Aflac.
                                REVERSED and REMANDED.




          6
              We would then need to reach Aflac’s other assignments of error.

                                                 14