United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit.
*158 Gerald Edward Meunier (argued), Tara Jo Gilbreath, Justin I. Woods, Gainsburgh, Benjamin, David, Meunier & Warshauer, New Orleans, LA, for Bell.
Ryan Estea Johnson (argued), James Conner Percy, Jones Walker, Baton Rouge, LA, Madeleine M. Fischer, Jones Walker, L.L.P., New Orleans, LA, for Keystone RV Co.
Michael David Kurtz, Catherine N. Thigpen, Karen Kaler Whitfield, Baker, Donelson, Bearman, Caldwell & Berkowitz, P.C., New Orleans, LA, for Shaw Environmental, Inc.
*159 Henry Thomas Miller, Senior Trial Counsel, U.S. Dept. of Justice, Torts Branch Civ. Div., Washington, DC, Michele Susan Greif (argued), U.S. Dept. of Justice, Dept. of Environmental Torts, Washington, DC, for Fed. Emergency Management Agency.
Before JONES, Chief Judge, PRADO, Circuit Judge, and O'CONNOR, District Judge.[*]
EDITH H. JONES, Chief Judge:
Appellant Bell challenges the dismissal with prejudice of his case following the district court's denial of his requests either to substitute a new "bellwether"[1] plaintiff or to continue the scheduled trial date. The court's actions were taken in the course of its management of thousands of similar MDL-consolidated suits for allegedly injurious formaldehyde exposure in FEMA trailers following Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. After reviewing all the factors that affected the district court's decisions, we find no abuse of discretion and AFFIRM.
Raymond Bell and his mother, like thousands of other plaintiffs, filed suit against multiple defendants who participated in the government's program to supply temporary housing for victims of the devastating 2005 hurricanes. These cases were assigned by the Multi-District Litigation Panel for pretrial management by Judge Engelhardt in New Orleans. In re FEMA Trailer Formaldehyde Prods. Liab. Litig., MDL. No. 07-1873. After he denied the motion for class certification, the judge systematically began issuing, with counsel's participation, pretrial management orders and trial dates for bellwether trials. Pretrial Order 28, on February 10, 2009, set dates in 2009 and January 2010 for four bellwether cases, each to be prosecuted by a plaintiff against one of the four trailer manufacturers estimated to have the most units at issue in the suits. The parties were to confer on the identity of the plaintiffs in these trials, while the defendant manufacturers were Gulf Stream, Fleetwood, Forest River, and Keystone. The court insisted that proper venue be established in the Eastern District of Louisiana for each of these test cases.
On April 6, 2009, the case of Diana Bell, Raymond's mother, was identified as the bellwether case against Keystone RV, manufacturer of the trailer in which her family had lived. Both Diana and Raymond had been "nominated" as bellwether plaintiffs, but the court selected Diana. A formal scheduling order followed two days later and incorporated an earlier comprehensive trial management order. Trial was set to occupy two weeks in January 2010. Pretrial preparation proceeded concerning the trailer that had housed the Bells.
Five months later, in early September, Diana Bell requested, and the court permitted, her withdrawal as a bellwether plaintiff.[2] Diana then voluntarily dismissed *160 her case with prejudice on September 23. After consulting with counsel, the court promptly selected Raymond Bell as the next bellwether plaintiff in order to maintain the benefit of trial preparation concerning the particular trailer. On September 29, however, Bell moved to substitute a new bellwether plaintiff or obtain a continuance of the January trial date. He made three arguments in support of this dual motion. He asserted he could not take two weeks off from his job to attend trial; moreover, as the supporter of a two-year-old child, he could not afford to forego at least one week of income; and the trial dates would interfere with his participation in Delgado Community College classes at the beginning of the spring semester. Bell suggested no alternative trial date that would be convenient. Keystone RV and its co-defendants questioned how these facts, even if true, could differentiate Raymond Bell's inconvenience at meeting a trial date from that of any other plaintiff, and it pointed out that he had three and a half months before trial in which to resolve these alleged problems.
On October 1, the court denied Raymond Bell's motions "for all the reasons the undersigned has previously discussed with counsel," but it also stated that, "the Court is willing to appropriately instruct the jury as to any absences/prior commitments of bellwether plaintiff Raymond Bell, III that prohibit him from sitting through the entire trial, such that those absences will be excused."
Raymond Bell really did not want to go to trial in January. He moved on October 12 for a dismissal without prejudice and attached an affidavit asserting as fact the arguments noted above. He expressed doubt about the curative impact of the judge's proposed instruction if he were to be absent from part of the trial. He complained, "[t]he fact that the attorneys herein have been readying themselves for months to try a case on January 11 of next year, while a source of frustration, should not obscure the fact that these claimants are being asked to make what is for them an important re-arrangement of their affairs on extremely short notice." He also opined that were this not an MDL case, the request for rescheduling would not be "unexpected."
At this juncture the court ordered dismissal with prejudice, as requested by the defendants. The court's order states:
Plaintiffs' counsel should take notice that all plaintiffs who assert claims in this MDL shall be ready and willing to serve as bellwether plaintiffs in this matter, if called upon to do so, as any other plaintiff would be expected to do in an ordinary case. The claims of those plaintiffs who refuse to do so, when called upon, will be dismissed with prejudice. Such has been the case thus far in this litigation and the Court sees no reason to depart from this mode of procedure for Raymond Bell, III.
As discussed on many previous occasions, the parties have expended much time, effort, and money into readying the case involving the Bell trailer for trial. When Mrs. Bell chose to voluntarily dismiss her claims with prejudice in lieu of fulfilling her role as the bellwether plaintiff, the Court chose her son, Mr. Bell to fulfill the role, reasoning that the same trailer could be used, which would save the parties from incurring more expenses readying a case involving a different trailer for trial. However, despite the offer from the Court to instruct the jury as to any absences/prior commitments of Mr. Bell that would prohibit him from sitting *161 through the entire trial, he still insists on dismissing his claims in lieu of fulfilling his role as the bellwether plaintiff. Based on his decision (and that of Mrs. Bell), all the pre-trial work and discovery relating to the Bell trailer is rendered utterly useless. All of the resources spent in preparing this case for trial have been wasted. Because the parties will now have to choose another bellwether plaintiff, which will involve conducting discovery on an entirely different trailer and readying a completely different case for trial, the claims of Mr. Bell, like those of Mrs. Bell, should be dismissed with prejudice. Not doing so would possibly cause other bellwether plaintiffs to "jump ship" at the last minute; this is obviously a tactic that the Court does not wish to encourage.
Bell has appealed from all three orders: denial of the motion to substitute another bellwether plaintiff; denial of the motion to continue; and dismissal with prejudice. All three orders are reviewed for abuse of discretion. See United States v. Stalnaker, 571 F.3d 428, 439 (5th Cir.2009) (noting that courts examine "the totality of the circumstances" in reviewing the denial of a continuance); United States v. German, 486 F.3d 849, 854 (5th Cir.2007) (noting that "serious prejudice" is required to find abuse of discretion on a motion for continuance); Streber v. Hunter, 221 F.3d 701, 736 (5th Cir.2000) (noting that district courts have broad discretion in scheduling decisions); Transamerica Ins. Co. v. Avenell, 66 F.3d 715, 721 (5th Cir.1995). We do not speculate on whether the motions to continue or dismiss without prejudice might have had some merit had this been ordinary two-party litigation. The challenge to case administration arose here from the court's obligation to manage thousands of claims against numerous defendants in an efficient and expeditious manner that would best serve justice for both plaintiffs and defendants. That multiparty background heavily influenced the trial court and permeates this court's review.
At the heart of the bellwether case approach to handling complex litigation is the court's decision, reached after numerous pretrial conferences with the parties, to select particular plaintiffs' cases whose trials will furnish data that may facilitate settlement of the remaining cases. Judge Engelhardt handled this formaldehyde litigation in the standard fashion by selecting a test case against each of the four prominently involved trailer manufacturers. Of course, in each case, different subsidiary defendants, such as contractors and the United States, would also be involved, but the focus was correctly placed on an attempt to find representative plaintiffs' claims against these four major defendants. When Keystone initially suggested the Bell case as a bellwether, the plaintiff counsels' only objection was that because they were smokers, the Bells' case might not be fairly representative. The court selected Bell over the plaintiffs' alternative choice; this decision has not been challenged on appeal. Either at the time it selected the Bell case, or shortly thereafter, the court was reminded of the practicality of using the suit of an entire family as a bellwether. If one plaintiff's claim was dropped, other family member plaintiffs who had lived in the same trailer could carry on, and the target defendant could develop its case premised on one particular trailer. See Order and Reasons at 2 (RE 43).
When the Bell case was selected for bellwether status in early April, Raymond *162 Bell was on notice that he could become the named plaintiff and that his mother's case was set for trial in January 2010. This is not to say he personally contemplated the possibility of having to go to trial, but his counsel knew of the potential. Further, during the summer's trial preparation, this potential became more likely as Mrs. Bell refused to cooperate in providing evidence about herself and failed to produce her expert witness reports required by the pretrial schedule. In September, after the court granted Mrs. Bell's motion to withdraw and she dismissed her case with prejudice, the court convened counsel to address the situation. Raymond Bell's father, another resident of the trailer and plaintiff in the suit, refused to serve as the trial plaintiff. Raymond Bell then demurred with the brief motions supported only by the three reasons noted above. No affidavit was attached to the motion to substitute or continue, nor did Bell explain where he was working, why he would be unable to get time off for the trial, or exactly how his education would be disadvantaged by attendance at a trial that could last two weeks.
It is not hard to justify the court's decision to deny these alternative motions. Raymond Bell's attempt to withdraw as plaintiff or to continue seemed contrived, especially in light of his mother's less than diligent prosecution of a claim bearing on the same trailer. Nothing in his motion papers distinguishes Bell's inconvenience in going forward with trial from the inconvenience that any plaintiff may suffer from having to try the case he has filed. The case had been pending for months, the parties had been actively preparing for trial, and Bell still had several months to organize his own schedule around the impending trial. The selection of a substitute bellwether plaintiff would inflict considerable inconvenience on the defendants. Not only would Keystone have to explore the condition of another trailer, but the identity and role played by subsidiary defendants would change.[3] In effect, Keystone would be defending an entirely different case without having seen a conclusion of the Bell case.
If, on the other hand, a continuance was considered, Bell's reasons offered no prospect of an early reset. His fears of job loss, loss of income and educational interruption could continue indefinitely. If Bell received a continuance on these flimsy grounds, there would be little basis for denying continuance motions sought by other parties in the pending bellwether cases. The court's attempt to provide trial results that would offer a firm basis for resolution of the thousands of outstanding cases would be thwarted and unreasonably delayed by granting a continuance. The court certainly did not abuse its discretion in denying the alternative motions.
Under Fed R. Civ. Pro. 41(a)(2), the court may dismiss a case following the defendant's answer or summary judgment only "upon order of the court and upon such terms and conditions as the court deems proper." See Elbaor v. Tripath Imaging, Inc., 279 F.3d 314, 320 (5th Cir. 2002). The purpose of authorizing the court to place conditions on a voluntary dismissal is to prevent unfair prejudice to the other side in the case. Typical examples of such prejudice occur when a party proposes to dismiss the case at a late stage of pretrial proceedings, or seeks to avoid an imminent adverse ruling, or may on refiling deprive the defendant of a limitations defense. Hartford Acc. & Indem. *163 Co. v. Costa Lines Cargo Servs., Inc., 903 F.2d 352, 360 (5th Cir.1990); Oxford v. Williams Cos., Inc., 154 F. Supp 2d 942, 951 (E.D.Tex.2001); see generally 9 CHARLES ALAN WRIGHT & ARTHUR R. MILLER, FEDERAL PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE ยง 2366 (3d ed.2010). When a court is faced with a Rule 41(a)(2) motion, it should "first ask whether an unconditional dismissal will cause the non-movant to suffer plain legal prejudice." Elbaor, 279 F.3d at 317. The prejudice to co-plaintiffs may also be considered. If such prejudice would ensue, the court may either refuse to dismiss the case or may "craft conditions that will cure the prejudice." Id. at 318. Requiring dismissal with prejudice is one available option; the court exercises considerable discretion even in selecting this condition, but it "must be careful to craft conditions that are not overbroad." Id. at 320.
Plain legal prejudice would accrue to non-movants from an unconditional dismissal of Raymond Bell's case without prejudice. The court would have to realign Keystone RV with a new bellwether plaintiff who resided in a different trailer and whose suit would almost surely add a different group of subsidiary defendants. Not only would Bell be able to refile his suit, but the appellees were in no way spared the continuing costs of legal defense. Appellees' investment in trial preparation for Bell's case was wasted. Moreover, other plaintiffs in the FEMA trailer formaldehyde litigation were disadvantaged by the tactics employed on Bell's behalf as they were delayed in acquiring trial information important for their cases. The size and scope of this multiparty litigation inescapably heightened the prejudice from Bell's motion to dismiss.
Nevertheless, converting Bell's motion from voluntary dismissal without prejudice to dismissal with prejudice was a step that deserves serious attention.[4] Although we are aware of no cases directly on point concerning the dismissal with prejudice of the claim of a reluctant bellwether plaintiff, we cannot conclude that the court abused its discretion.
Bell wanted to have his cake and eat it by withdrawing from a bellwether trial and then sitting back to await the outcome of another plaintiff's experience against the appellees. When a plaintiff files any court case, however, sitting back is no option. He must be prepared to undergo the costs, psychological, economic and otherwise, that litigation entails. That the plaintiff becomes one of a mass of thousands pursuing particular defendants lends urgency to this reality. Courts must be exceedingly wary of mass litigation in which plaintiffs are unwilling to move their cases to trial. Any individual case may be selected as a bellwether, and no plaintiff has the right to avoid the obligation to proceed with his own suit, if so selected.
Confronted with Raymond Bell's request to substitute or continue, and his abrupt refusal to accept the court's offer to instruct the jury on Bell's trial absence, if it occurred, the court faced a stark choice. If it permitted Bell to dismiss without prejudice, it would set a precedent that other plaintiffs could use to manipulate the integrity of the court's bellwether process. It would have subjected Keystone to the rigors and costs of trial preparation against Bell without reaching a resolution of Bell's claim. Moreover, Bell had been aware of the trial date for his mother's case for nearly six months, and his counsel *164 was surely aware of the importance of hewing to a bellwether trial schedule. Whatever might have been the proper exercise of discretion for a case with just two parties involved, the court correctly saw this case as part of a much larger picture in which for the sake of doing justice to thousands of plaintiffs and multiple defendants, the court had to maintain enforceable deadlines. Allowing Bell to receive a dismissal without prejudice at this stage of his case, on the flimsy basis Bell offered, and at a critical stage in the bellwether process threatened to defeat the court's management effort. The court's order explaining its decision to dismiss with prejudice says all this and more. Its action was not so much a sanction against Bell as a necessary device to maintain an orderly resolution of the massed cases. Under all the circumstances, there was no abuse of discretion.
For these reasons, the trial court's judgment is AFFIRMED.
[*] District Judge of the Northern District of Texas, sitting by designation.
[1] "Bellwether" trials typically are used to assess whether a class should be certified, In re Norplant Contraceptive Prods. Litig., 165 F.3d 374 (5th Cir. 1999), or to assess a claim's value for settlement purposes, Cimino v. Raymark Indus., Inc., 151 F.3d 297 (5th Cir. 1998). The latter purpose is relevant here. See Part II.A, infra.
[2] Before she requested to withdraw, Diana had refused, until a court order was entered, to submit to a medical exam, and had missed the court's deadline to turn over expert reports.
[3] In fact, because of Bell's dismissal, the court had to appoint another bellwether plaintiff, and another contractor defendant has since become involved.
[4] Our authority holds that before requiring a Rule 41(a)(2) dismissal to be with prejudice, a court must allow a plaintiff the opportunity to retract his motion to dismiss. See Elbaor, 279 F.3d at 320. Bell has not suggested that the court's procedure here was deficient or that he would have taken advantage of any such offer.
