REVISED January 6, 2010

       IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT United States Court of Appeals
                                                                Fifth Circuit

                                                              FILED
                                                          December 15, 2009
                                No. 09-40132
                                                        Charles R. Fulbruge III
                                                                Clerk

EDWARD WERNECKE, Individually; MICHELLE WERNECKE, Individually;
KW, a minor, by and through her parents and legal guardians Edward Wernecke
and Michelle Wernecke; JW, a minor, by and through his parents and legal
guardians, Edward Wernecke and Michelle Wernecke; JW, a minor, by and
through his parents and legal guardians, Edward Wernecke and Michelle
Wernecke; JW, a minor, by and through his parents and legal guardians,
Edward Wernecke and Michelle Wernecke

                                          Plaintiffs - Appellees,
v.

LINDA KIM GARCIA, in her individual capacity; CLAIRA TRAINER, in her
individual capacity

                                          Defendants - Appellants



                Appeal from the United States District Court
              for the Southern District of Texas, Corpus Christi


Before KING, DAVIS, and BENAVIDES, Circuit Judges.
KING, Circuit Judge:
      Edward and Michelle Wernecke and their four minor children (KW, JW,
JW, and JW) brought suit under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against Linda Kim Garcia and
Claira Trainer for alleged violations of the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments.
The Werneckes allege that Garcia and Trainer illegally searched their residence
                                       No. 09-40132

without a warrant and seized three of the children without a custody order.
Garcia and Trainer bring an interlocutory appeal of the district court’s order
denying their motion for summary judgment on the ground of qualified
immunity. We REVERSE in part, AFFIRM in part, and REMAND to the district
court for further proceedings.
              I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
      Edward and Michelle Wernecke are the parents of three sons—JW (age
14), JW (age 5), and JW (age 2)—and one daughter, KW (age 12).1 KW was
diagnosed with Hodgkin’s disease in January 2005, and she received
chemotherapy treatments during the spring of 2005 at the Driscoll Children’s
Hospital in Corpus Christi, Texas. KW responded well to the chemotherapy
treatments, but around May 2005, her physicians recommended that KW also
receive radiation treatment to prevent reoccurrence of the disease; her parents
refused to consent to radiation treatment. The physicians suspected medical
neglect and referred KW’s case to the Texas Department of Protective and
Regulatory Services—now known as the Texas Department of Family and
Protective Services (TDFPS).
      Linda Kim Garcia, an investigative specialist for TDFPS, contacted Mrs.
Wernecke by phone several times during May of 2005, encouraging her to make
an appointment for KW to begin radiation treatment. One of KW’s treating
physicians had informed Garcia that KW needed to begin radiation treatment
within ten days of May 27, 2005, in order to prevent reoccurrence of the cancer.
Based on this information, Garcia told Mrs. Wernecke that the Werneckes
needed to schedule an appointment by May 31 for KW to begin radiation
treatment by June 6. On June 1, Garcia determined that the Werneckes had
failed to schedule an appointment, and she executed an affidavit in support of



      1
          The children’s ages are as of June 2005.

                                              2
                                          No. 09-40132

a petition to take emergency temporary custody of KW. The petition and
affidavit were presented that same day to a Nueces County judge, who granted
the petition and signed an order giving TDFPS temporary custody of KW under
Texas Family Code § 262.102. This order was based on the court’s findings that
(1) an immediate danger was posed to KW’s physical health and safety; (2) there
was no time for a full adversary hearing; and (3) TDFPS workers had made
reasonable efforts to prevent or eliminate the need for removing KW.2 Garcia
neither sought nor received a warrant entitling her to enter or search the
Wernecke home.
       Around 5:30 p.m. on June 1, Garcia proceeded to the Wernecke home,
accompanied by another TDFPS worker, Ben Campbell, and two Nueces County
Deputy Constables.3 Garcia presented the temporary custody order to Mr.
Wernecke and asked to see KW; Mr. Wernecke told Garcia that KW was not at
home and refused to disclose her location. An extended discussion between Mr.
Wernecke and Garcia ensued, and at some point Mr. Wernecke gave his consent
for the constables to enter the home to verify that KW was not there. Once the
constables entered, they invited Garcia and Campbell in; Mr. Wernecke
maintains that Garcia and Campbell entered the house without his permission.
       Once inside the home, Garcia and Campbell inspected each room and each
closet to verify if KW was present, but they did not find her.4 While looking for
KW, Garcia observed what she described as “deplorable” conditions, including
piles of paper, food, trash, and clothes all over the house, and medications and


       2
           The validity of the order is not at issue on this appeal.
       3
        Apparently, it is “standard practice” in Texas for police officers to accompany TDFPS
workers on home visits and to execute court orders. See Bennett v. Thomason, No. Civ.A.3:99-
CV-0672-L, 

, at *2 (N.D. Tex. April 18, 2002).
       4
       Some time later, Garcia was able to contact Mrs. Wernecke, who informed her that
KW and the youngest Wernecke son were with her, approximately four hours away from the
Wernecke home.

                                                 3
                                         No. 09-40132

syringes sitting out on the kitchen counter and dining room table.                             The
Werneckes dispute this description of the condition of the house and specifically
contest Garcia’s statement that medication and syringes were within reach of
the children; the Werneckes contend that the medications were actually
vitamins for KW, stored in plastic containers with child locks, and that the
syringes were in their original packaging, with a hard plastic covering around
each syringe. According to the Werneckes, the children were not allowed near
the medications or syringes without adult supervision.5
       Garcia, concerned about the safety of the two boys in the Wernecke home,
asked Mr. Wernecke to sign a safety plan requiring him to clean the house; he
refused. Garcia contacted Claira Trainer, the on-call supervisor for TDFPS, who
asked that Garcia attempt to institute a voluntary placement with family
members. When that placement fell through, Garcia again contacted Trainer,
who discussed the situation with the TDFPS program director, Lourdes Ramirez,
who made the determination that the boys needed to be placed in foster care.
The following day—June 2, 2005—Garcia obtained an order from a Nueces
County judge granting TDFPS temporary custody of all three boys.
       The Werneckes filed suit against TDFPS, Nueces County, the two
constables, and six TDFPS workers—including Garcia and Trainer—in federal
district court under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleging violations of their Fourth and
Fourteenth Amendment rights.6                Garcia and Trainer moved for summary


       5
         As discussed in greater detail below, the district court recognized that the Werneckes
raised a genuine issue of material fact as to whether it was objectively reasonable to conclude
that the sum total of the conditions observed amounted to exigent circumstances sufficient to
justify taking custody of the children. In undertaking our review, we assume the Werneckes’
version of the facts to be true and then decide if that version of the facts suffices for a claim of
illegal seizure under these circumstances. See Wagner v. Bay City, Tex., 

, 320
(5th Cir. 2000).
       6
        Other defendants—TDFPS, Nueces County, the two constables, and four other TDFPS
workers—were dismissed from the case on various grounds, none of which is at issue in this
appeal.

                                                 4
                                        No. 09-40132

judgment based on qualified immunity, but the district court denied the motion.
As to the entry and search of the Wernecke home, the district court found that
the Werneckes had raised a genuine issue of material fact as to whether Garcia’s
entry was objectively reasonable, precluding qualified immunity. The district
court did not specifically discuss Trainer’s involvement with the entry.
Regarding the seizure of the boys, the district court found that a genuine issue
of fact existed as to whether exigent circumstances justified the seizure and as
to whether Trainer acted with deliberate indifference in approving the removal
of the boys. The district court did not separately address the Werneckes’
Fourteenth Amendment due process claims in its order.7 Garcia and Trainer
take this interlocutory appeal from the district court’s denial of their motion for
summary judgment.
             II. JURISDICTION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW
       While ordinarily courts of appeals may not review interlocutory decisions
of lower courts, “the Supreme Court has held that the denial of a motion for
summary judgment based upon qualified immunity is a collateral order capable
of immediate review.” Kinney v. Weaver, 

, 346 (5th Cir. 2004) (en
banc) (citing Mitchell v. Forsyth, 

, 530 (1985)). “Our jurisdiction is
significantly limited, however, for it extends to such appeals only ‘to the extent
that [the denial of summary judgment] turns on an issue of law.’” 

472 U.S. at 530).


       7
          In previous cases, where individuals bring both Fourth and Fourteenth Amendment
claims premised upon the same underlying facts—the removal of children—the Fifth Circuit
and other circuits have held that the procedures required for a constitutional search and
seizure under the Fourth Amendment are adequate to protect the parents’ procedural due
process rights and liberty interest in directing the upbringing of their children. See Gates v.
Tex. Dep’t of Protective & Regulatory Servs., 

, 434–35 (5th Cir. 2008) (citing cases).
The Werneckes’ Fourteenth Amendment family integrity claims center on the seizure of JW
and JW. Because the same facts underlie both the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendment claims,
see 

this case must be remanded for further factual development, we will not
conduct a separate analysis of the Werneckes’ Fourteenth Amendment claims.

                                                5
                                  No. 09-40132

      In denying a motion for summary judgment on qualified immunity
grounds, the district court makes two determinations: first, whether “a certain
course of conduct would, as a matter of law, be objectively unreasonable in light
of clearly established law,” and second, whether “a genuine issue of fact exists
regarding whether the defendant(s) did, in fact, engage in such conduct.” 

jurisdiction to review the first type of determination—“the purely legal
question whether a given course of conduct would be objectively unreasonable
in light of clearly established law”—but we may not review the second type of
determination—“the district court’s assessments regarding the sufficiency of the
evidence.” 

Stated differently, “we have jurisdiction only to decide
whether the district court erred in concluding as a matter of law that officials
are not entitled to qualified immunity on a given set of facts . . . . ‘[W]e can
review the materiality of any factual disputes, but not their genuineness.’” 

(quoting Wagner v. Bay City, Tex., 

, 320 (5th Cir. 2000))
(emphasis in original; modification added).
      While the Werneckes contend that genuine issues of material fact preclude
jurisdiction in this case, our inquiry does not seek to determine disputed
questions of fact. Rather, this appeal “concerns the purely legal question
whether [Garcia and Trainer] are entitled to qualified immunity on the facts
that the district court found sufficiently supported in the summary judgment
record.” 

on this question, we must assume that the Werneckes’
version of the facts is true. 

(“Even where, as here, the
district court has determined that there are genuine disputes raised by the
evidence, we assume plaintiff’s version of the facts is true, then determine
whether those facts suffice for a claim of [illegal search and seizure] under these
circumstances.”).   While ordinarily our standard of review on a denial of
summary judgment would be de novo, applying the same standard as the district
court, the standard changes because we lack jurisdiction, in the qualified

                                        6
                                  No. 09-40132

immunity context, to review the decision that a factual dispute exists. 

. Instead, we consider “whether the district court erred in
assessing the legal significance of the conduct that the district court deemed
sufficiently supported for purposes of summary judgment.” 

      The doctrine of qualified immunity offers a shield against civil liability for
government employees “insofar as their conduct does not violate clearly
established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would
have known.” Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 

, 818 (1982). This doctrine
“balances two important interests—the need to hold public officials accountable
when they exercise power irresponsibly and the need to shield officials from
harassment, distraction, and liability when they perform their duties
reasonably.” Pearson v. Callahan, — U.S. —, —, 

, 815 (2009).
“[W]hether an official protected by qualified immunity may be held personally
liable for an allegedly unlawful official action generally turns on the ‘objective
legal reasonableness’ of the action, assessed in light of the legal rules that were
‘clearly established’ at the time it was taken.” Anderson v. Creighton, 

, 639 (1987) (quoting 

–19) (citations omitted).
      In Saucier v. Katz, 

(2001), the Supreme Court articulated a
mandatory “two-step sequence for resolving government officials’ qualified
immunity claims.” 

. Saucier required that lower
courts consider first, whether “the challenged conduct, viewed in the light most
favorable to the plaintiff, would actually amount to a violation of [constitutional
or] federal law,” 

, and second, if a violation has been
alleged, “whether the right was clearly established” at the time of the alleged
government misconduct, 

. In the recent case of Pearson
v. Callahan, the Court reconsidered the Saucier procedure, determined that
“while the [two-step] sequence . . . is often appropriate, it should no longer be

                                         7
                                  No. 09-40132

regarded as mandatory,” and gave lower courts “permi[ssion] to exercise their
sound discretion in deciding which of the two prongs of the qualified immunity
analysis should be addressed first in light of the circumstances in the particular
case at 

. In conducting our initial inquiry—whether the
Werneckes have alleged a violation of a constitutional right—we “employ
currently applicable constitutional standards.” 

.
      On the second inquiry—whether the right allegedly violated is “clearly
established”—“‘[t]he contours of the right must be sufficiently clear that a
reasonable official would understand that what he is doing violates that right.’”

–350 (quoting Anderson v. Creighton, 

, 640
(1987)). “The ‘clearly established’ standard does not mean that officials’ conduct
is protected by qualified immunity unless ‘the very action in question has
previously been held unlawful.’” 

(quoting 

).
“[W]hat ‘clearly established’ means . . . depends largely ‘upon the level of
generality at which the relevant “legal rule” is to be identified.’” Wilson v.
Layne, 

, 614 (1999) (quoting 

). “[A]n
official does not lose qualified immunity merely because a certain right is clearly
established in the abstract.” 

. Officials should receive
the protection of qualified immunity “unless the law is clear in the more
particularized sense that reasonable officials should be ‘on notice that their
conduct is unlawful.’” 

533 U.S. at 206). The court’s focus,
for purposes of the “clearly established” analysis, should be on “fair warning”:
qualified immunity is unavailable “despite notable factual distinctions between
the precedents relied on and the cases then before the Court, so long as the prior
decisions gave reasonable warning that the conduct then at issue violated
constitutional rights.” Hope v. Pelzer, 

, 740 (2002).
                A. Entry of Wernecke Home and Search for KW



                                        8
                                  No. 09-40132

      Garcia contends that the district court erred in denying her qualified
immunity for her entry into the Wernecke home and her search for KW. Under
the Supreme Court’s qualified immunity jurisprudence, we first ask if the
Werneckes have asserted a violation of a constitutional right. The Fourth
Amendment protects against unreasonable searches and seizures, and “it is well
established in this circuit that the Fourth Amendment regulates social workers’
civil investigations.” Gates v. Tex. Dep’t of Protective & Regulatory Servs., 

, 420 (5th Cir. 2008). “In assessing the reasonableness of a search . . . ,
we must balance ‘the nature and quality of the intrusion on the individual’s
Fourth Amendment interests against the importance of the governmental
interests alleged to justify the intrusion.’” Wooley v. City of Baton Rouge, 

, 925 (5th Cir. 2000) (quoting United States v. Place, 

, 703
(1983)).   “Warrantless searches of a person’s home are presumptively
unreasonable unless the person consents, or unless probable cause and exigent
circumstances justify the search.” 

(quoting United States
v. Gomez–Moreno, 

, 354 (5th Cir. 2007)) (modification omitted).
      Garcia indisputably engaged in a search when she entered the Werneckes’
home to look for KW. The Werneckes assert that this entry and the ensuing
search were neither permitted by a search warrant (or its equivalent) nor
reasonable. Garcia argues that the Nueces County court order giving TDFPS
temporary emergency custody of KW under Texas Family Code § 262.102 gave
her the implied authority to enter the home and search for KW; alternatively,
she argues that the entry and search were reasonable under the circumstances.
The district court found that the Werneckes’ allegations of an illegal search
satisfied the first Saucier inquiry and continued on to consider whether the right
allegedly violated was clearly established. The district court’s finding that the
Werneckes alleged a Fourth Amendment violation was predicated on the district
court’s understanding that “Garcia did not possess a warrant or an equivalent

                                        9
                                     No. 09-40132

court order authorizing her to enter the Wernecke residence on June 1, 2005,”
and that under Texas Family Code § 261.303(b), “[f]amily courts in Texas may
issue orders authorizing caseworkers to enter a private home to investigate child
abuse or child neglect.” To evaluate whether this understanding is correct, we
turn to the Texas Family Code and the procedures for seeking emergency
custody orders.
       Under the Texas Family Code, TDPFS may seek a temporary court order
giving custody of a child to TDFPS on an emergency basis. See TEX. FAM. CODE
ANN. § 262.102(a) (Vernon 2009). This order may be obtained ex parte and
without notice to the parents of the child; however, the court must first make
three findings:
       (1) there is an immediate danger to the physical health or safety of
       the child . . . and . . . continuation in the home would be contrary to
       the child’s welfare;
       (2) there is no time, consistent with the physical health or safety of
       the child and the nature of the emergency, for a full adversary
       hearing . . . ; and
       (3) reasonable efforts, consistent with the circumstances and
       providing for the safety of the child, were made to prevent or
       eliminate the need for removal of the child.

omitted). The court order that Garcia obtained was issued
under this section of the Texas Family Code,8 and the order specifically stated
that TDFPS “is named temporary sole managing conservator of [KW], with all

       8
         The question whether the Nueces County court reached the correct result in issuing
this order is not before us. The district court concluded that:
       the custody battle over [KW] in 2005 is outside the scope of the [federal] case.
       Any claims that the [Werneckes] might wish to assert regarding the actions of
       [TDFPS] in assuming custody of [KW] in June 2005 are barred by either or both
       of the parallel doctrines of claim preclusion (res judicata) and issue preclusion
       (collateral estoppel). . . . [T]he [Werneckes] had a full and fair opportunity to
       litigate the issue of [KW]’s custody [in state court]. It goes without saying that
       this [federal district c]ourt does not and cannot sit as an appellate court over the
       County Court at Law of Nueces County or any other Texas court.
The Werneckes do not question that conclusion, nor could they.

                                            10
                                      No. 09-40132

of the rights and duties listed in § 153.371, Texas Family Code, until a full
adversary hearing is held.” Section 153.371, entitled “Rights and Duties of
Nonparent Appointed as Sole Managing Conservator,” gives the appointed
managing conservator “the right to have physical possession . . . of the child
[and] the duty of care, control, protection, and reasonable discipline of the child.”
TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 153.371(1), (2). Section 261.303(b), on which the district
court relied, is entitled “Interference With Investigation; Court Order,” and
states that “[i]f admission to the home, school, or any place where the child may
be cannot be obtained, then for good cause shown the court . . . shall order the
parent . . . to allow entrance for the interview, examination, and investigation.”
TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 261.303(b).
       The Supreme Court has been clear in its interpretation of the Fourth
Amendment that “[a]n arrest warrant founded on probable cause implicitly
carries with it the limited authority to enter a dwelling in which the suspect
lives when there is reason to believe the suspect is within.” Payton v. New York,

, 603 (1980); see also United States v. Barrera, 

, 501,
504 (5th Cir. 2006) (applying Payton).9 Garcia argues that this reasoning should
extend to child custody orders as well.
       In our most recent opinion on the interplay between child abuse and
neglect investigations and the Constitution, we held that “the government may
not seize a child from his or her parents absent a court order,[] parental consent,
or exigent circumstances.” 

(footnote call omitted). We
noted that in the context of a seizure, “[a]n order properly issued by a court


       9
         In Steagald v. United States, the Court considered “whether an arrest warrant—as
opposed to a search warrant—is adequate to protect the Fourth Amendment interests of
persons not named in the warrant, when their homes are searched without their consent and
in the absence of exigent circumstances.” 

, 212 (1981). There, the Court declined
to extend the Payton search warrant exception to the homes of third parties not named in an
arrest warrant. See 

For purposes of our inquiry, Payton, rather than Steagald,
controls, as KW resided with her parents in the Wernecke home.

                                             11
                                       No. 09-40132

pursuant to Texas Family Code § 262.102, which authorizes state courts to issue
emergency orders to take possession of a child, . . . suffice[s] to meet the
‘warrant’ requirement . . . .” 

n.16. At least one other circuit has made
the same observation. See Burgess v. Houseman, 268 F. App’x 780, 783 & n.1
(10th Cir. 2008) (quoting J.B. v. Washington County, 

, 930 (10th
Cir. 1997), for the proposition that “[i]n the context of a seizure for child
protection, a juvenile court order often serves the function of a warrant”). If a
court order under § 262.102 suffices to meet the Fourth Amendment warrant
requirement for a seizure, we see no reason that it should not also meet the
warrant requirement in the context of a search of a child’s home to locate the
child.        Applying the rule from Payton v. New York, if the social workers
executing a court order have reason to believe that the child is located within his
or her home, the order itself will suffice to satisfy the warrant requirement. We
note in particular that Texas law imposes on TDFPS workers the “duty of care,
control [and] protection” of the child named in the § 262.102 order. TEX. FAM.
CODE ANN. § 153.371(2).10 Under the Fourth Amendment, we find it reasonable
and permissible for state workers in possession of a facially valid temporary

         10
           Furthermore, Texas also requires that a full adversary hearing be held within
fourteen days of the removal of a child under a § 262.102 order. 

(“Unless the
child has already been returned to the parent . . . a full adversary hearing shall be held not
later than the 14th day after the date the child was taken into possession by the governmental
entity.”). At this adversary hearing, the court
        shall order the return of the child to the parent . . . unless the court finds
        sufficient evidence to satisfy a person of ordinary prudence and caution that: (1)
        there was a danger to the physical health or safety of the child which was
        caused by an act or failure to act of the person entitled to possession and for the
        child to remain in the home is contrary to the welfare of the child; (2) the urgent
        need for protection required the immediate removal of the child and reasonable
        efforts, consistent with the circumstances and providing for the safety of the
        child, were made to eliminate or prevent the child’s removal; and (3) reasonable
        efforts have been made to enable the child to return home, but there is a
        substantial risk of a continuing danger if the child is returned home.

In this case, a full adversary hearing was held on June 15–16, 2005, ten days
after the initial attempt to take custody of KW. The Nueces County court decided not to return
KW to her parents at that time.

                                              12
                                       No. 09-40132

custody order, with a duty under state law to take care of the child, to enter the
child’s home to look for the child.
       In this case, Garcia investigated the report of medical neglect from KW’s
physicians in accordance with her state law duties.11 She encouraged the
Werneckes to schedule an appointment for KW to begin radiation treatment;
when they did not do so, she presented the results of her investigation to a
neutral and detached judge, who issued an order giving TDFPS temporary
custody of KW. When she arrived at the Wernecke home on the afternoon of
June 1, she had reason to believe that KW would be inside; in the absence of
other information, it was reasonable to believe that a twelve-year-old
child—particularly one who had recently undergone extensive chemotherapy
treatment for a life-threatening disease—would be at home on a weeknight.
Garcia did not need to take Mr. Wernecke at his word that KW was not at home;
in fact, a parent might well not be candid about the child’s whereabouts in this
situation. In those circumstances, Garcia did not violate the Fourth Amendment
by entering the Wernecke home to look for KW.
       The district court reached the conclusion that Garcia’s entry was
warrantless—and thus improper—based on § 261.303(b) of the Texas Family
Code, which allows a court to issue an order allowing TDFPS workers to enter
“any place where the child may be” in order to “interview, examin[e], and
investigat[e]” the child upon a showing of good cause.                      However, this
section—entitled “Interference with Investigation”—is purely an investigative
tool and is not relevant to our constitutional analysis. Once Garcia obtained the
§ 262.102 order, she was not required to acquire an additional court order aimed
only at the investigative process—just as a police officer who obtains a facially


       11
           The Texas Family Code requires that TDFPS “make a prompt and thorough
investigation of a report of child abuse or neglect allegedly committed by a person responsible
for a child’s care, custody, or welfare.” TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 261.301(a).

                                              13
                                  No. 09-40132
valid arrest warrant is not required to secure an additional search warrant in
order to arrest the suspect in his home. Cf. 

.
      We address three points raised by the Werneckes. First, the Werneckes
note that Garcia “admitted . . . that the state court order [did] not permit her to
enter and search the Wernecke home.” However, the subjective understanding
of a state official is not relevant to our constitutional inquiry. Cf. Graham v.
Connor, 

, 397 (1989) (conducting constitutional analysis based on
whether officers’ actions were objectively reasonable, “without regard to [the
officers’] underlying intent or motivation”). To the extent that the Werneckes
suggest that TDFPS training and procedures prohibit social workers from
entering private homes absent a search warrant, consent, or exigent
circumstances, we decline to penalize TDFPS for exercising prudence in enacting
procedures that offer greater protection than the constitutional minimum.
      Second, the Werneckes contend that there was no emergency or exigent
circumstances that would justify a warrantless entry into their home. This
argument is misdirected, given our discussion above.           However, in brief
response, the Nueces County court had to find explicitly that the need for
removal was urgent before issuing the § 262.102 order. See TEX. FAM. CODE
ANN. § 262.102(a)(1), (2) (requiring a finding of “immediate danger” to child and
“no time” for full adversary hearing). These findings supported an objectively
reasonable belief that exigent circumstances existed justifying the entry and
search for KW (the only child named in the § 262.102 order).
      Third, the Werneckes also argue that Wooley v. City of Baton Rouge stands
for the proposition that officers may not rely on a custody order to enter a
private home. This reliance is misplaced for two reasons. First, Wooley involved
a private custody dispute between the child’s mother and grandparents—not a
child abuse or neglect investigation by a state 

. Second,
the Louisiana custody order the officers relied upon in entering the home and

                                        14
                                   No. 09-40132
seizing the child was not analogous to a § 262.102 order—it was merely a
“[g]eneral order[] stating that one parent is to have custody of the child,” not “a
specific order signed by a judge and direct[ing] law enforcement to pick up a
certain child and deliver him/her to a certain place.” 

      We conclude with a reflection upon the policy concerns underlying both our
Fourth Amendment jurisprudence generally and our holding on this issue in
particular. The Supreme Court has recognized the problem posed to law
enforcement by inherently mobile subjects of an investigation, cf. Chambers v.
Maroney, 

, 51 (1970) (approving warrantless search of automobile
based on probable cause in part because “the opportunity to search is fleeting
since a car is readily movable”), and the Fifth Circuit has reiterated this concern
in the child protection investigation context in Gates, where the panel included
“the risk that the parent will flee with the child” on a list of factors informing the
Fourth Amendment reasonableness 

. The facts of this
case validate our continuing concern with the risk of flight in Fourth
Amendment cases: KW was not present in the Wernecke home because Mrs.
Wernecke had, in fact, absconded with her to prevent TDFPS from taking KW
into protective custody. TDFPS did not take physical custody of KW until June
4, 2005, three days after the § 262.102 order was issued, because of Mrs.
Wernecke’s evasion. With these concerns firmly in mind, we reiterate that when
a state social worker obtains from a judge a temporary emergency custody order
that imposes legal duties on the state agency and has reason to believe the child
is within the child’s home, the social worker may, consistent with the Fourth
Amendment, enter and search the home for the child.
                           B. Seizure of Wernecke Boys
      Garcia and Trainer also challenge the district court’s denial of summary
judgment as to the seizure of the Wernecke boys. We again begin our qualified
immunity analysis by asking if the Werneckes have asserted a violation of a

                                         15
                                    No. 09-40132
constitutional right. “To determine the constitutionality of a seizure ‘we must
balance the nature and quality of the intrusion on the individual’s Fourth
Amendment interests against the importance of the governmental interests
alleged to justify the intrusion.’” Tennessee v. Garner, 

, 8 (1985)
(quoting 

). In Gates, we laid out the standard for the Fifth
Circuit to apply in reviewing seizures of children by government agency workers
following abuse or neglect investigations: “[T]he government may not seize a
child from his or her parents absent a court order, parental consent, or exigent

. Gates defined “exigent circumstances” to mean
“that, based on the totality of the circumstances, there is reasonable cause to
believe that the child is in imminent danger of physical or sexual abuse if he
remains in his home.” Id.12 We described the analysis as “a flexible inquiry that
considers all of the facts and circumstances with no one factor being dispositive,”
and listed as non-exclusive factors:
      whether there was time to obtain a court order . . . [,] the nature of
      the abuse (its severity, duration, and frequency), the strength of the
      evidence supporting the allegations of abuse, the risk that the
      parent will flee with the child, the possibility of less extreme
      solutions to the problem, and any harm to the child that might
      result from the removal.

social workers removed children from their home without a court
order or warrant after investigating “allegations of recent physical abuse” by
their father. 

Gates considered the “information [that] was known by
the [TDFPS] employees making the decision to remove” the children in
determining whether exigent circumstances existed. 

. We specifically
noted that one young child “displayed two small wounds that had allegedly been


      12
        We also confined this standard to removals from the home and laid out a separate
standard for removals from other locations, including schools. 

.


                                          16
                                  No. 09-40132
inflicted by” the father, and several siblings corroborated the story that the
father had inflicted those wounds that morning. 

the children
had described “unusual discipline methods,” including forcing children “to throw
up food they had eaten” and handcuffing one child to a bed. 

We
found that “obtaining a court order in a timely fashion was likely not possible,”
as the investigation had continued past the close of the state courts for the day,
and we also observed that TDFPS employees had “considered and ruled out . . .
less drastic options” before deciding to remove the children. 

deemed the case a “close call,” we ultimately decided that, given the totality of
the circumstances, the TDFPS employees did not violate the Fourth Amendment
by seizing the Gates children without a court order. 

  Gates    standard    to   fit   a   child    endangerment
investigation—rather than an abuse investigation—we consider most of the
same factors, including the available time to obtain a court order, the risk that
a parent might flee with the child, the availability of less extreme solutions, and
any harm to the child that might arise from the removal. See 

we adapt several factors to fit the child endangerment context and consider the
nature of the danger facing the child (its severity, duration, frequency, and
imminence), the strength of the evidence supporting immediate removal, and the
presence or absence of parental supervision. Cf. 

this standard to Garcia’s removal of JW and JW from the
Wernecke home, we must view the summary judgment evidence in the light
most favorable to the Werneckes, as the non-moving parties. See 

.     Therefore, we summarize the summary judgment evidence
regarding the condition of the home in the light most favorable to the
Werneckes. When Garcia arrived, Mr. Wernecke was in the home with his
fourteen-year-old son JW and his five-year-old son JW.              Garcia observed
medications and syringes, allegedly within reach of the two boys. However, the

                                        17
                                  No. 09-40132
Werneckes assert that Mr. Wernecke was in the process of dispensing KW’s
medications for the week when Garcia arrived, and some of the pills were out on
the kitchen counter, but they were in plastic containers with child locks. Animal
syringes were also on the kitchen counter, but they were encased in their
original packaging—a hard plastic covering around each individual syringe—and
located inside a paper bag. The Werneckes state that the plastic covering would
be difficult for a child to break through, and that Mr. Wernecke was present to
supervise both boys around the medications and the syringes. The Werneckes
own firearms, but they were stored in a locked closet, away from the children.
      According to Garcia, the Wernecke home was “unsanitary” and in
“deplorable condition.” Garcia described seeing piles of paper, food, trash, and
clothes throughout the home. She claimed to see animal feces on the floor, but
the Werneckes argue she mistook watermelon and sunflower seeds for feces.
The Werneckes aver that their home was not in an unsanitary condition, but
was merely cluttered. Taking these facts in the light most favorable to the
Werneckes, we assume that the home was cluttered but not unsanitary.
      The Werneckes do not dispute the following facts. The entry into the
Wernecke home occurred in the evening, after the conclusion of business hours.
Prior to removing the boys, Garcia first attempted to institute a safety plan that
would allow the boys to stay at home if Mr. Wernecke cleaned up the home;
when Mr. Wernecke refused to sign the safety plan, she attempted to place JW
and JW with Mr. Wernecke’s parents. Mr. Wernecke’s parents initially agreed
to let Garcia inspect their home to ensure it was safe for the boys, but then they
refused to unlock several rooms within their home. Because Garcia was unable
to complete her inspection, she consulted with Trainer, her supervisor (who in
turn consulted with Ramirez, the program director) and received permission to
place the boys in state custody rather than with their grandparents.




                                       18
                                  No. 09-40132
      Taking these facts in the light most favorable to the Werneckes, we
conclude that, under the totality of the circumstances, an exigency did not exist
that justified the removal of JW and JW on the evening of June 1, 2005.
Although several factors seem to weigh towards the reasonableness of the
removal—(1) business hours were concluded and obtaining a court order would
likely not be possible in a timely fashion, (2) the risk of flight was high, as Mrs.
Wernecke had already absconded with KW, and (3) Garcia attempted to institute
both a safety plan and a placement with extended family before placing the boys
in state custody—the sum of the Werneckes’ facts does not indicate the existence
of truly exigent circumstances. The presence of medications and syringes in the
home, in child-proof containers and under parental supervision, does not rise to
the level of exigency. Nor does mere clutter in the home. In the light most
favorable to the Werneckes, a reasonable person would not believe that an
immediate danger would be posed by JW and JW remaining in the home.
Therefore, the Werneckes have asserted a Fourth Amendment violation by
Garcia.
      Although the Werneckes have asserted a constitutional violation, the
question whether the applicable law was clearly established remains. The
Werneckes argue that the general contours of the Fourth Amendment sufficed
to give “fair warning” to reasonable officials of the alleged unlawfulness of the
seizure of the boys. Although “[i]t could plausibly be asserted that any violation
of the Fourth Amendment is ‘clearly established,’” we recall that “the right
allegedly violated must be defined at the appropriate level of specificity before
a court can determine if it was clearly established.” 

.
Therefore, we must consider the state of the clearly established law in 2005 and
whether it gave TDFPS employees “fair warning that their alleged treatment of
[the plaintiffs was] unconstitutional.”      Roe v. Tex. Dep’t of Protective &
Regulatory Servs., 

, 409 (5th Cir. 2002).


                                        19
                                  No. 09-40132
      As of June 1, 2005, Fifth Circuit precedent clearly established that the
Fourth Amendment governs social workers’ investigations of allegations of child
abuse. See 

& n.17 (noting that “[t]he Fourth Amendment governs the
lawfulness of a social worker’s entry into a dwelling” and citing Franks v. Smith,

, 186 (5th Cir. 1983), as applying Fourth Amendment standards to
both a police officer and a social worker).      We indicated in Roe v. Texas
Department of Protective & Regulatory Services that “[s]ocial workers retain the
power to seize a child if ‘exigent circumstances’ exist; if they ‘have reason to
believe that life or limb is in immediate jeopardy,’ they need not obtain a court

(quoting Tenenbaum v. Williams, 

, 604 (2d
Cir. 1999)). We also discussed in Wooley v. City of Baton 

,
that, absent a warrant or probable cause, state officials must have some
“evidence of danger” prior to seizing a child.
      Garcia argues that in June 2005 the law was not yet clearly established,
and she points us to our 2008 Gates decision, which purports to “define the
Fourth Amendment standards that apply” in the context of warrantless seizures
of children by social 

. In Gates, we stated:
      In Roe, we noted in dicta that social workers may seize a child when
      exigent circumstances exist, specifically if they have reason to
      believe that life or limb is in immediate 

.
      However, we have never described in more detail the circumstances
      that will permit the warrantless seizure of such a child.

Garcia argues that this statement indicates a lack of clarity in our
law, such that she should be entitled to qualified immunity. We disagree. The
Gates decision articulated a standard for determining when some evidence of
danger rises to the level of an emergency justifying immediate removal, but
Gates was not the first case to require, at a minimum, some evidence of
imminent danger prior to removal. The quoted language from Roe, combined
with the reference to “evidence of danger” in Wooley, clearly established that, at


                                       20
                                 No. 09-40132
the very least, some evidence of imminent danger to a child was required to
justify a warrantless seizure. See 

; 

.
Officials do not receive the protection of qualified immunity when “in the light
of pre-existing law the unlawfulness [of the challenged act is] apparent,” and in
the light of Roe and Wooley, Garcia’s actions (as alleged by the Werneckes) were
clearly unlawful. 

.
      While the “flexible,” factor-based standard of Gates gives additional
guidance to social workers, the essentials of what was required in June 2005 for
a social worker to effect a warrantless seizure in the factual circumstances
confronting Garcia, as described by the Werneckes, were clear. According to the
Werneckes, their home was merely cluttered; and animal syringes and
medications were contained in child-proof containers in reach of JW and JW, but
Mr. Wernecke was present to supervise.        As discussed above, this factual
scenario did not constitute an imminent danger to the boys. Based on the
Werneckes’ version of the facts, Garcia had no indication that either JW or JW
faced an immediate threat to life or limb. On a scale of reasonableness, some
actions are clearly reasonable, some are clearly unreasonable, and some fall into
a gray area. Gates clarifies the law in the gray area, but Gates was not required
to give social workers fair notice that imminent danger must exist before a child
may be removed without a warrant or court order. On the facts as stated by the
Werneckes, Fifth Circuit law clearly established in June 2005 that the
warrantless seizure of the Wernecke boys—in the absence of any imminent
danger—was a constitutional violation. Therefore, Garcia is not entitled to
qualified immunity on the Werneckes’ claim that she unconstitutionally seized
JW and JW.
      Finally, we turn to the question of whether the district court properly
found that qualified immunity was unavailable to Trainer, the TDFPS
supervisor on the evening of the removal. The Werneckes assert that Trainer

                                       21
                                  No. 09-40132
violated their Fourth Amendment rights by approving, via telephone, Garcia’s
removal of JW and JW. Under § 1983, “a supervisory official may be held liable
. . . only if (1) [s]he affirmatively participates in the acts that cause the
constitutional deprivation, or (2) [s]he implements unconstitutional policies that
causally result in the constitutional injury.” 

. At this
stage in the litigation, the Werneckes are not arguing that TDFPS’s policies are
facially unconstitutional; therefore, their argument rests upon Trainer’s alleged
affirmative participation in the seizure of JW and JW.
      In order to establish supervisor liability for “constitutional violations
committed by subordinate employees,” plaintiffs must show that the supervisor
“act[ed], or fail[ed] to act, with deliberate indifference to violations of others’
constitutional rights committed by their subordinates.” Atteberry v. Nocona Gen.
Hosp., 

, 254 (5th Cir. 2005). In this context, deliberate indifference
“‘describes a state of mind more blameworthy than negligence,’” the equivalent
of reckless disregard for a substantial risk. 

v. Brennan, 

, 835–36 (1994)). “The test for deliberate indifference is subjective,
rather than objective, in nature because ‘an official’s failure to alleviate a
significant risk that he should have perceived but did not, while no cause for
commendation, cannot under our cases be condemned as the infliction of
punishment.’” 

(quoting 

).
      In its order denying qualified immunity, the district court found that the
Werneckes raised “a genuine fact issue as to whether . . . Trainer . . . acted with
deliberate indifference toward [the Werneckes’] Fourth Amendment rights.”
However, based upon the record as developed by the Werneckes, Trainer was
neither the ultimate decision-maker, nor was she actively involved in the
decision to remove the boys. The record only contains one item submitted by the
Werneckes that sheds light on the extent of Trainer’s knowledge and
involvement: the transcript of Trainer’s deposition testimony, submitted by the

                                        22
                                  No. 09-40132
Werneckes in their response to the motion for summary judgment. Notably, Mr.
Wernecke’s affidavit does not mention Trainer or describe her involvement with
the removal.
      In her deposition, Trainer recounts that Garcia informed her that the
home posed a danger to the children, and that based upon the information from
Garcia, she “believed that there was enough danger to the children in that home
and [she] needed to call the program director, which was [her] obligation.”
Trainer states that she called Ramirez twice, “once to let her know [Garcia was]
working on a safety plan with relatives, and then the other time to say that the
relative placement fell through.” Trainer further states that Ramirez approved
the removal; that she communicated Ramirez’s decision to Garcia; and that
Garcia removed JW and JW following the communication passed along by
Trainer. While Trainer states that she participated in the communication
between Garcia and Ramirez, and that she agreed with Ramirez’s decision to
remove, she clearly recounts that “ultimately, though, [she] did not have the
authority to remove.”
      Based on Trainer’s deposition—the only piece of evidence in the record put
forth by the Werneckes that contains any information about her knowledge and
involvement—Trainer was merely a conduit for information between Garcia, the
case worker in the field, and Ramirez, the program director. Trainer believed
that she had no independent authority to approve the removal of the Wernecke
boys, and she did not, in fact, do so. Even taken in the light most favorable to
the Werneckes, there is simply no basis for Trainer’s liability on these facts, as
a matter of law. The Werneckes have not pointed to any evidence to support a
finding that Trainer acted with deliberate indifference towards their
constitutional rights. Therefore, the Werneckes have not alleged a constitutional
violation by Trainer, and she is entitled to qualified immunity.
                              IV. CONCLUSION


                                       23
                                No. 09-40132
      For these reasons, we REVERSE the order denying Garcia and Trainer’s
motion for summary judgment on the Werneckes’ illegal search claim; we also
REVERSE the order’s denial of summary judgment on the illegal seizure claim
as to Trainer. However, we AFFIRM the order’s denial of summary judgment
on the illegal seizure claim as to Garcia, and we REMAND for further
proceedings consistent with this opinion.




                                      24