Case: 10-10477     Document: 00511839368         Page: 1     Date Filed: 04/30/2012




            IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                     FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT  United States Court of Appeals
                                                     Fifth Circuit

                                                                            FILED
                                                                           April 30, 2012

                                       No. 10-10477                        Lyle W. Cayce
                                                                                Clerk

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                  Plaintiff – Appellee
v.

ROY PERKINS, JR., also known as Lil Roy,

                                                  Defendant – Appellant



                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Northern District of Texas
                          U.S. Dist. Ct. No. 5:09-CV-212


Before REAVLEY, HAYNES, and GRAVES, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
        Roy Perkins, Jr., federal prisoner # 25970-077, appeals from the district
court’s denial of his 28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion to vacate, correct, or set aside his
sentence.      The district court held that equitable tolling does not salvage
Perkins’s untimely filing of his § 2255 motion. Because we conclude that Perkins
failed to diligently pursue his ineffective assistance of counsel claims during the
period he seeks to equitably toll, we AFFIRM.



        *
         Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR.
R. 47.5.4.
   Case: 10-10477       Document: 00511839368         Page: 2     Date Filed: 04/30/2012



                                       No. 10-10477

                         I. Facts and Procedural History
       A grand jury indicted Perkins on multiple drug-related counts. Perkins
pled guilty to one of those counts, for distribution and possession with intent to
distribute fifty grams or more of cocaine base. See 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1),
(b)(1)(A)(iii). On April 27, 2007, the district court sentenced Perkins to 327
months in prison, followed by five years of supervised release. Because no notice
of appeal was filed, Perkins’s conviction became final on May 11, 2007. See FED.
R. APP. P. 4(b). Accordingly, Perkins had until May 11, 2008 to file a § 2255
motion, but he did not formally do so until September 8, 2009. See 28 U.S.C. §
2255(f)(1) (imposing one-year limitation period running from “the date on which
the judgment of conviction becomes final”).
       Perkins twice moved during the limitations period for permission to file an
out-of-time appeal. In the first of those motions, filed in October 2007, Perkins
contended that his trial counsel ignored his instructions to file a notice of appeal
and, therefore, that the Supreme Court’s decision in Roe v. Flores-Ortega, 

(2000), required the district court to allow a tardy appeal. Although
Perkins’s plea agreement contained an appellate waiver, the waiver preserved
his ability to challenge certain sentencing-related errors on direct appeal and to
raise “any” ineffective assistance of counsel claims.1 Citing the waiver, the
district court denied Perkins’s motion but observed in a footnote that, “[t]o the
extent Perkins [sought] to raise an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim, that
claim should be raised in a motion to vacate, set aside, or correct sentence under
28 U.S.C. § 2255.”

       1
         “Perkins waives his rights, conferred by 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and 18 U.S.C. § 3742, to
appeal from his conviction and sentence. He further waives his right to contest his conviction
and sentence in any collateral proceeding, including proceedings under 28 U.S.C. § 2241 and
28 U.S.C. § 2255. Perkins, however, reserves the right: (a) to bring a direct appeal of (i) a
sentence exceeding the statutory maximum punishment, (ii) an upward departure from the
advisory guideline range deemed applicable by the district court, or (iii) an arithmetic error
at sentencing, and (b) any claims of ineffective assistance of counsel.”

                                              2
   Case: 10-10477       Document: 00511839368          Page: 3     Date Filed: 04/30/2012



                                       No. 10-10477

       Almost six months later—but within the limitations period—Perkins filed
another motion, styled “Motion for out of Time Appeal.” Although this motion,
too, requested permission to file an untimely appeal based on counsel’s alleged
failure to file a notice of appeal, it contained additional ineffective assistance
allegations. According to Perkins, his attorney had also failed to attend a “PSI
hearing,” to “file any objection [or] file a brief in [his] behalf,” and to raise an
unspecified Sixth Amendment violation.2 Perkins also briefly explained other
issues he intended to raise on appeal. Quoting his appeal waiver, Perkins asked
the district court to give him “a fair chance to file a direct appeal” on two of the
three direct-appeal exceptions to his waiver: the exceptions concerning a
“sentence exceeding the statutory maximum punishment” and “an upward
departure from the advisory guideline range.” On June 12, 2008, a little more
than a month after the limitations period closed, the district court denied
Perkins’s second motion. Perkins failed to appeal the denial of either motion.
       In the nearly sixteen intervening months between missing the deadline
and filing the § 2255 application, Perkins, proceeding pro se, filed several other
motions with the district court and even participated in an appeal concerning
whether certain amendments to the crack/cocaine provisions of the United
States Sentencing Guidelines entitled him to resentencing.                     These filings
consisted of a motion concerning retroactive application of the crack/cocaine
Guideline amendments to Perkins’s sentence, motions to proceed in forma
pauperis, motions to appoint counsel, a motion for information under the Jencks


       2
         Although Perkins did not identify the unraised Sixth Amendment objection, he noted
that the violation concerned an issue “under In re Winship.” See 

(1970). Winship
held that the reasonable-doubt standard applies to juvenile offenders. Liberally construed,
and in light of Perkins’s later filings, we read Perkins’s motion to have argued that his
attorney should have objected to the district court’s adoption of the conspiracy-related factual
allegations in his PSR. Perkins was not convicted on the conspiracy charges against him, but
precedent permits sentencing based on a preponderance, rather than a beyond-a-reasonable-
doubt, standard. See United States v. Watts, 

, 156-57 (1997).

                                               3
   Case: 10-10477      Document: 00511839368         Page: 4    Date Filed: 04/30/2012



                                      No. 10-10477

Act, 18 U.S.C. § 3500, and a motion to amend the Jencks-Act motion. Perkins
also made several document and status requests, participated in briefing the
crack/cocaine motion, appealed the denial of that motion, and submitted briefs
on that ultimately unsuccessful appeal. In none of these documents did Perkins
raise ineffective assistance of counsel claims or seek review of the denial of his
motions for an out-of-time appeal.
       In July 2009—fourteen months after the § 2255 limitations period closed—
Perkins filed a motion raising an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, styled
as a motion to set aside judgment under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60. In
it, Perkins argued in part that his counsel failed to object to the district court’s
use of certain prior state convictions to enhance Perkins’s sentence as a career
offender. We have previously held that district courts may construe Rule 60
motions alleging ineffective assistance of counsel as motions for § 2255 relief.
See United States v. Rich, 

, 551 (5th Cir. 1998). Rather than obtain
a ruling on this motion, however, on September 3, 2009, Perkins filed a motion
to voluntarily dismiss it without prejudice.
       Five days later, Perkins finally filed a § 2255 motion on a form document
titled “Motion to Vacate, Set Aside, or Correct Sentence by a Person in Federal
Custody” as well as a supporting memorandum of law. Perkins asked the
district court to equitably toll the limitations period, primarily arguing that his
attorney provided ineffective assistance by failing both to file a notice of appeal
and to object to the inclusion of certain prior convictions in calculating his
sentence.3 Perkins also contended that the limitations clock should have started
running later than May 11, 2007, because authorities had initially shuffled him
among several detention facilities, and he lacked access to appropriate legal


       3
        The motion also identified a third grounds for ineffective assistance, substantively
claiming that Perkins’s counsel failed to research relevant case law or to conduct a proper
investigation of the evidence against Perkins.

                                             4
   Case: 10-10477    Document: 00511839368       Page: 5   Date Filed: 04/30/2012



                                   No. 10-10477

materials during that time. Nowhere did he explain what had happened that
finally led him to file the § 2255 motion, why he failed to do so in response to the
district court’s original direction, or how he was able to file so many other legal
documents but not the § 2255 motion. The district court denied the motion as
untimely, reasoning that Perkins had not diligently pursued his federal habeas
claims. The district court also denied Perkins’s later-filed motion for a certificate
of appealability (“COA”) on his ineffective assistance arguments.
      Perkins appealed. We granted a COA on the following issues: Did the
district court abuse its discretion in rejecting Perkins’s request for equitable
tolling without considering that his motions for an out-of-time appeal could have
been construed as timely § 2255 motions? Does the district court’s failure to
construe those motions as § 2255 motions present “rare and extraordinary”
circumstances warranting equitable tolling?
              II. Standard of Review and Guiding Principles
      We review for abuse of discretion a district court’s refusal to apply
equitable tolling. See United States v. Wynn, 

, 229-30 (5th Cir.
2002) (citing Fisher v. Johnson, 

, 713 (5th Cir. 1999)).            “[A]
petitioner is entitled to equitable tolling only if he shows (1) that he has been
pursuing his rights diligently, and (2) that some extraordinary circumstance
stood in his way and prevented timely filing.” Holland v. Florida, 

, 2562 (2010) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). Equitable
tolling “turns on the facts and circumstances of [each] particular case” and “does
not lend itself to bright-line rules.” 

; see also 

(collecting cases). The doctrine “applies principally where the
plaintiff is actively misled by the defendant about the cause of action or is
prevented in some extraordinary way from asserting his rights.” Coleman v.
Johnson, 

, 402 (5th Cir. 1999) (citation and internal quotation
marks omitted). In the context of alleged court-made errors, “extraordinary

                                         5
   Case: 10-10477      Document: 00511839368     Page: 6    Date Filed: 04/30/2012



                                    No. 10-10477

circumstances exist where a petitioner is misled by an affirmative, but incorrect,
representation of a district court on which he relies to his detriment.” Cousin v.
Lensing, 

, 848 (5th Cir. 2002) (citing United States v. Patterson, 

, 931-32 (5th Cir. 2000)).
                    III. Perkins Failed to Diligently Pursue
                        His Ineffective Assistance Claims
          On appeal, Perkins contends that the district court erred in failing to
construe either of his two motions for an out-of-time appeal as § 2255 motions
and that these failures constituted “rare and exceptional” circumstances, in the
form of government-imposed impediments, that prevented him from timely
filing.     Perkins correctly argues that courts should liberally construe the
substance of pro se defendants’ filings, regardless of their form or title. See, e.g.,
Andrews v. United States, 

, 338 (1963). As Perkins notes, we also
previously have required district courts to recharacterize as § 2255 motions both
requests for out-of-time appeals and Rule 60 motions that in substance bring
ineffective assistance of counsel claims. See United States v. Moron-Solis, 388
F. App’x 443, 444-45 (5th Cir. 2010) (unpublished) (motion for out-of-time
appeal); United States v. Flores, 380 F. App’x 371, 371-72 (5th Cir. 2010)
(unpublished) (Rule 60 motion).
          Whatever the merit of Perkins’s arguments, however, we do not reach the
second question of whether the district court’s alleged mistakes constitute “rare
and exceptional circumstances” because, on the facts presented, he cannot meet
the other prong of equitable tolling: reasonable diligence. Because Perkins must
show diligence in order to establish that the district court abused its discretion
in denying equitable tolling, we therefore must answer the first question “no.”
Perkins never appealed the denial of the two motions he now contends should
have been construed as timely § 2255 applications. His argument, then, is



                                          6
   Case: 10-10477       Document: 00511839368          Page: 7     Date Filed: 04/30/2012



                                       No. 10-10477

limited to asserting that the district court’s failure to construe those motions as
§ 2255 applications is a ground for equitable tolling. We disagree.
       As an initial matter, Moron-Solis and Flores are distinguishable because
both concerned appeals taken during the one-year limitations period. Further,
unlike here, the defendants in both cases could have filed timely § 2255 motions
on remand.
       More fundamentally, the district court’s ostensible error did not “prevent”
Perkins from filing a § 2255 motion during the limitations period or within a
reasonable amount of time after the district court denied his second motion for
an out-of-time appeal. See 

.4 “The word ‘prevent’
requires the petitioner to demonstrate a causal relationship between the
extraordinary circumstances on which the claim for equitable tolling rests and
the lateness of his filing, a demonstration that cannot be made if the petitioner,
acting with reasonable diligence, could have filed on time notwithstanding the
extraordinary circumstances.” Valverde v. Stinson, 

, 134 (2d Cir.
2000) (citing, inter alia, 

) (other internal citations,
quotation marks, and footnote omitted).
       Perkins has not pointed to any causal link between the district court’s
alleged error and his untimeliness. Indeed, rather than misleading Perkins in
the exercise of his § 2255 rights, the district court affirmatively informed Perkins
of the precise vehicle to raise any ineffective assistance of counsel claims in its
order denying Perkins’s first motion for an out-of-time appeal. Accordingly,
although Perkins need only have exercised “reasonable . . . not maximum
feasible diligence,” 

(internal quotation marks and



       4
         Perkins appears to argue that his requests for appointed counsel implicitly raised
ineffective assistance of counsel claims. We disagree. Although Perkins’s requests for
appointed counsel evince his desire for effective representation, they cannot be read to advance
any argument that his previous counsel provided ineffective assistance.

                                               7
   Case: 10-10477        Document: 00511839368           Page: 8      Date Filed: 04/30/2012



                                         No. 10-10477

citations omitted), we hold on these facts that Perkins failed to pursue his
ineffective assistance of counsel claims with an amount of diligence justifying
equitable tolling. Cf. 

(“If the person seeking equitable
tolling has not exercised reasonable diligence in attempting to file after the
extraordinary circumstances began, the link of causation between the
extraordinary circumstances and the failure to file is broken, and the
extraordinary circumstances therefore did not prevent timely filing.”). Thus, we
conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion, and we need not
reach the “rare and exceptional” circumstances question.5
       AFFIRMED.




       5
         Perkins’s cause is not advanced by his contention that the limitations clock should
have started only after he had access to appropriate legal materials or discovered his
attorney’s alleged failure to file a notice of appeal. See 28 U.S.C. § 2255(f)(2), (f)(4) (providing
that the limitations period may start on the later of “the date on which the impediment to
making a motion created by governmental action in violation of the Constitution or laws of the
United States is removed, if the movant was prevented from making a motion by such
governmental action,” or “the date on which the facts supporting the claim or claims presented
could have been discovered through the exercise of due diligence”). To the extent this is an
argument for statutory tolling, we lack jurisdiction to consider it as no COA was granted on
that point. To the extent that it relates to his claim of equitable tolling, even if we accepted
that Perkins lacked access to such materials and that his attorney failed to file a notice of
appeal—and nothing in the record supports those conclusions except Perkins’s allegations and
affidavit—the clock would have started no later than when Perkins began researching his first
motion for an out-of-time appeal. Assuming that occurred as late as September 2007, Perkins
gains only four months on the limitations clock; his § 2255 motion would still be a year late.

                                                 8