HAYNES, Circuit Judge:
A jury convicted Louis Perez of capital murder for the killings of his ex-girlfriend, her roommate, and the roommate's nine-year-old daughter, and he was sentenced
As more fully discussed below, allegedly without consulting Perez, his attorney decided not to file a timely appeal. Upon motion, the district court vacated and reentered its judgment pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b)(6), thereby allowing Perez to file an appeal within thirty days of the reentered judgment, which he did. In a case designated Case No. 13-70006, the Director of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice's Correctional Institutions Division ("Director") appealed from the district court's grant of Perez's motion to vacate and reenter judgment and subsequently filed a "Motion to Dismiss Appeal for Want of Jurisdiction" with this court, which we ordered carried with the case. In Case No. 13-70002, Perez appealed the reentered judgment, requesting a COA on a number of grounds.
We GRANT the Director's motion, VACATE the Civil Rule 60(b)(6)
The district court entered judgment denying the application for writ of habeas corpus and a COA on March 27, 2012. Accordingly, the deadline to file notice of appeal was April 26, 2012. See FED. R.APP. P. 4(a)(1)(A). Perez's attorney, Sadaf Khan, received notice of the order the same day judgment was entered, but, after conducting research, affirmatively decided not to file an appeal. Khan did not notify Perez or the consulting attorney, Richard Burr, of the judgment in time to timely file a notice of appeal, nor did she consult with them about whether to file an appeal. In other words, Khan never obtained Perez's agreement to waive an appeal. Burr learned of the judgment after the deadline to timely appeal had passed, and he informed Khan that she needed to file an appeal as a matter of course. Accordingly, on June 25, 2012, Khan moved to reopen the time to file a notice of appeal pursuant to Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 4(a)(6). The district court denied the motion, finding that Khan received notice of the judgment when it was entered and adding that she missed the May 29, 2012 deadline to file an Appellate Rule 4(a)(5) motion to extend. See FED. R.APP. P. 4(a)(5).
Perez secured new counsel who subsequently filed Appellate Rule 4(a)(5) and
"[We] review[] a district court's decision to grant or deny relief under [Civil] Rule 60(b) for abuse of discretion." Flowers v. S. Reg'l Physician Servs., Inc., 286 F.3d 798, 800 (5th Cir.2002). "`A district court abuses its discretion if it bases its decision on an erroneous view of the law or on a clearly erroneous assessment of the evidence.'" Hesling v. CSX Transp., Inc., 396 F.3d 632, 638 (5th Cir.2005) (quoting Kennedy v. Tex. Utils., 179 F.3d 258, 265 (5th Cir.1999)).
The first question before us is a simple one, though the answer is less so. Does the district court have the power to allow an otherwise untimely appeal by using Civil Rule 60(b)(6) to reenter a judgment solely in order to permit such an appeal to become timely?
Id. at 7-8.
In 1991, however, Appellate Rule 4(a) was amended specifically to allow the district court to re-open the appeal time when the moving party does not receive notice
Following these amendments, we held that Civil Rule 60(b)(6) is no longer available in cases that are analogous to Smith. See Matter of Jones, 970 F.2d 36, 37-39 (5th Cir.1992) (affirming the denial of a Civil Rule 60(b)(6) motion to vacate and reinstate the judgment where there was no notice because the appellants failed to meet the requirements of Appellate Rule 4(a)(6)); see also Vencor Hosps. v. Std. Life & Accident Ins. Co., 279 F.3d 1306, 1312 (11th Cir.2002) (same); Zimmer St. Louis, Inc. v. Zimmer Co., 32 F.3d 357 (8th Cir.1994) (same). Prior to 1991, we had decided some cases that hinted (without holding) that it was conceivable that a situation could exist that would allow using Civil Rule 60(b) to extend the time for appeal even in situations not governed by Smith. See United States v. O'Neil, 709 F.2d 361, 373 (5th Cir.1983) (stating "[e]xcept in truly extraordinary cases, Rule 60(b) relief should not be used to extend the time for appeal," and thus implicitly suggesting there might be such a "truly extraordinary case");
Instead, in 2002, we decided Dunn v. Cockrell, 302 F.3d 491 (5th Cir.2002). In Dunn, we affirmed a district court's denial of a habeas petitioner's Civil Rule 60(b)(1) motion seeking to vacate the original judgment so that he could timely appeal, holding that "[R]ule 60(b) cannot be used to circumvent the limited relief available under Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 4(a)(5), which advances the principle of protecting the finality of judgments." Id. at 492-93 (citation omitted). The language used in Dunn makes it particularly clear that where the sole purpose of a Civil Rule 60(b) motion is "to achieve an extension of the time in which to file a notice of appeal, it must fail." 302 F.3d at 493; see also O'Neil, 709 F.2d at 373 ("[W]here ... the [Civil] Rule 60(b) motion ... asks only that the order be vacated and reentered.... the [Civil] Rule 60(b) motion is avowedly being used only to extend the time for appeal. It hence squarely collides with [Appellate] Rule 4(a)(5).").
Following our decision in Dunn, the Supreme Court held in Bowles v. Russell, 551 U.S. 205, 214, 127 S.Ct. 2360, 168 L.Ed.2d 96 (2007), that the "timely filing of a notice of appeal in a civil case is a jurisdictional
The strong language in Bowles, while not referring specifically to Civil Rule 60(b), does not permit appellate courts to create exceptions to circumvent the appellate deadlines as set forth in Appellate Rule 4(a) and § 2107. This is particularly true because Appellate Rule 4 "carries § 2107 into practice." Id. at 208, 127 S.Ct. 2360. According to 28 U.S.C. § 2107(a), a party must appeal within 30 days of the entry of judgment, and district courts have limited authority to grant an extension. The limited exceptions stated in § 2107 are present in Appellate Rule 4; however, there is no "extraordinary circumstances" or similar exception. In fact, 28 U.S.C. § 2107 has been amended twice since the Supreme Court decided Bowles. Neither amendment attempts to add an exception for "extraordinary" or "unique" circumstances, suggesting that Congress does not intend for any exceptions, other than the ones already codified, to be used by parties to avoid strict compliance with appellate deadlines. Therefore, using Civil Rule 60(b)(6) to circumvent the exceptions codified in 28 U.S.C. § 2107 runs afoul of Bowles's clear language that courts cannot create exceptions to jurisdictional requirements that are statutorily based. See 551 U.S. at 212-14, 127 S.Ct. 2360.
Perez and the dissenting opinion point to recent Supreme Court cases using equitable rules in death penalty cases to avoid otherwise harsh results occasioned by improper attorney conduct. In Maples v. Thomas, ___ U.S. ___, 132 S.Ct. 912, 917, 181 L.Ed.2d 807 (2012), the Supreme Court held that attorney abandonment constitutes an extraordinary circumstance that can be sufficient "cause" to relieve a federal habeas petitioner from the consequences of a procedural default in state court. There, during the state post-conviction phase, the defendant's pro bono attorneys left their employment at their law firm and discontinued representation of the defendant without informing either the defendant or the court. Id. at 919. No other attorney at the firm took responsibility for the case in any way, and local counsel did not act upon receiving a copy of the dismissal. Id. at 919-20. As a result, the time to file an appeal in the state court expired. Id. at 920. The district court determined that the procedural error precluded federal habeas consideration, and the Eleventh Circuit affirmed. Id. The Supreme Court reversed, distinguishing attorney abandonment, which satisfies the "cause" requirement, from attorney negligence, which does not. Id. at 922-23; see also Martinez v. Ryan, ___ U.S. ___, 132 S.Ct. 1309, 182 L.Ed.2d 272 (2012) (creating an equitable rule to avoid a procedural default in certain defined situations caused by ineffective assistance of counsel in state proceedings).
The Supreme Court cases Perez and the dissenting opinion cite do not involve exceptions to statutory limits on appellate jurisdiction; they address equitable exceptions to judge-created procedural bars or non-jurisdictional statutes. See Holland v. Florida, 560 U.S. 631, 130 S.Ct. 2549, 177 L.Ed.2d 130 (2010) (concluding that AEDPA statute of limitations is not jurisdictional and, therefore, concluding that equitable tolling of the AEDPA limitations period was permissible in the circumstance
More importantly, even assuming arguendo we were convinced that the current Court would not (or should not) continue to follow Bowles, we are not free to disregard Bowles. See Ballew v. Cont'l Airlines, 668 F.3d 777, 782 (5th Cir.2012). "We are a strict stare decisis court and are in no position to challenge the statutory construction utilized by the Supreme Court.... The Supreme Court has sole authority to overrule its own decisions...." Id. (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). In other words, we do not "read tea leaves;" we follow the law as it is, respecting the Supreme Court's singular role in deciding the continuing viability of its own precedents.
Other circuits are in accord, with one exception. See, e.g., Lacour v. Tulsa City-Cnty. Jail, 517 Fed.Appx. 617, 618-19 (10th Cir.2013) (unpublished) (holding that Civil Rule 60(b) motions cannot toll the time for filing a notice of appeal because, under Bowles, the timely filing requirement is mandatory and jurisdictional)
The exception is the Ninth Circuit. In Mackey v. Hoffman, 682 F.3d 1247 (9th Cir.2012), it concluded that Civil Rule
In this case, Perez is solely using a Civil Rule 60(b) motion as a means of achieving an untimely appeal. He does not claim he was denied a "full and fair hearing before the district court nor [does he] seek[] by the ruling to have the district court alter its ruling." Dunn, 302 F.3d at 493 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). We conclude under Supreme Court and our precedents that the district court lacked the power to circumvent the rules for timely appeals in the manner it did. Accordingly, we conclude that we must VACATE the order granting Civil Rule 60(b)(6) relief and reentering the judgment.
Civil Rule 60(b)(6) order VACATED (Case No. 13-70006); Perez's appeal DISMISSED (Case No. 13-70002).
JAMES L. DENNIS, Circuit Judge, dissenting.
I respectfully dissent.
Ordinarily, "the attorney is the prisoner's agent, and under `well-settled principles of agency law,' the principal bears the risk of negligent conduct on the part of his agent." Maples v. Thomas, ___ U.S. ___, 132 S.Ct. 912, 922, 181 L.Ed.2d 807 (2012). However, the Supreme Court has explained that "[a] markedly different situation is presented[] ... when an attorney abandons his client without notice, and thereby occasions the default." Id. (emphasis added). "Having severed the principal-agent relationship, an attorney no longer acts, or fails to act, as the client's representative." Id. at 922-23. Rather,
As the majority opinion states, the district court denied Perez relief and further denied him a certificate of appealability ("COA"). At that point, time began to elapse for Perez to move for a COA in this court. The majority, in essence, concludes that Perez failed to do so in a timely manner, precluding further review of his conviction and sentence. But to say that Perez failed to act in a timely manner is to elide a crucial point. Perez's attorney, Sadaf Khan ("Khan"), timely received notice of the district court's decision denying Perez relief but she silently, autonomously, and independently chose to take no further action in Perez's case. Without informing or conferring with anyone, including Perez, she deliberately let the time to move for a COA expire. Khan egregiously breached her duty to Perez as his attorney by abandoning him without notice and causing him to lose his right to appeal.
Attorney abandonment, the Supreme Court has indicated, is sufficient to constitute the "extraordinary circumstances" necessary to trigger relief from judgment under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b)(6). See id. at 917, 927 (2012); Holland, 130 S.Ct. at 2564; see also Gonzalez v. Crosby, 545 U.S. 524, 535, 125 S.Ct. 2641, 162 L.Ed.2d 480 (2005). Accordingly, the district court did not abuse its discretion when, considering Khan's serious breach of ethical duty and abandonment of Perez at the precise moment when he crucially needed her counsel and representation, it determined that relief from judgment was warranted and reentered the judgment denying Perez habeas relief in order to permit him, aided by new counsel, to timely file a notice of appeal. Holding Perez responsible for Khan's gross breach of duty is a manifest miscarriage of justice that is not compelled by any precedent of the Supreme Court or this court and erroneously creates a circuit split. See Mackey v. Hoffman, 682 F.3d 1247, 1252-53 (9th Cir.2012).
Nor does Bowles v. Russell, 551 U.S. 205, 127 S.Ct. 2360, 168 L.Ed.2d 96 (2007), bar granting Perez relief. In Bowles, the Supreme Court held that the time periods contained in Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 4(a)(6) are "mandatory and jurisdictional." 551 U.S. at 209, 127 S.Ct. 2360. Rule 4(a)(6) permits the district court to reopen the time to file an appeal if the moving party demonstrates that he did not receive notice of the judgment to be appealed under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 77(d). FED. R.APP. P. 4(a)(6). Perez, however, seeks relief pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b)(6) to cure the problem caused when Khan abandoned him. By contrast, at no point in Bowles did the petitioner allege that he was entitled to relief because he had been abandoned by his attorney. Moreover, Perez has not argued on appeal that he failed to receive notice of the judgment under Rule 77(d), so Bowles presents no bar and does not dictate today's unfortunate outcome. Cf. Mackey, 682 F.3d at 1253.
On March 27, 2012, the district court entered judgment denying Perez habeas
Thereafter, Burr instructed Khan that she needed to file a notice of appeal; after all, he said, the decision whether to appeal was not hers to make. Accordingly, on June 25, 2012, Khan moved to reopen the time to file a notice of appeal. See FED. R.APP. P. 4(a)(6).
Khan withdrew as counsel and Perez secured new counsel who subsequently filed Rule 4(a)(5) and 4(a)(6) motions, as well as a motion for relief from judgment pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b)(6), arguing that Perez missed the deadline because Khan had abandoned him. On December 18, 2012, the district court — finding that Khan had abandoned Perez — entered judgment granting the Rule 60(b)(6) motion and directed the clerk to reenter the March 27 judgment so that Perez could timely appeal. The court noted
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b)(6) permits a district court to relieve a party from a final judgment for "any ... reason that justifies relief." FED.R.CIV.P. 60(b)(6). The Supreme Court has explained that only "extraordinary circumstances" justify 60(b)(6) relief. Gonzalez, 545 U.S. at 535, 125 S.Ct. 2641. Accordingly, we must determine (1) whether attorney abandonment that results in a petitioner's failure to timely file an appeal constitutes "extraordinary circumstances" sufficient to justify relief under Rule 60(b)(6) and (2) whether Khan in fact abandoned Perez. The Supreme Court and the Ninth Circuit have answered the first question in the affirmative, and the facts of this case unquestionably indicate that Khan abandoned Perez right when he needed her most. See Maples, 132 S.Ct. at 917, 927; Holland, 130 S.Ct. at 2564; Mackey, 682 F.3d at 1252-53.
In Maples v. Thomas, the Supreme Court held that attorney abandonment constitutes sufficient "cause" to relieve a habeas petitioner, Maples, from the bar to federal review caused by procedural default in state court. 132 S.Ct. at 917; see also id. at 927 (describing Maples's abandonment as "extraordinary circumstances"). Maples's pro bono attorneys, during the state postconviction proceedings, left their employment at their law firm and discontinued their representation of the petitioner without informing either the petitioner or the court. Id. at 916-17, 919. No other attorney at the firm "entered an appearance on Maples'[s] behalf, moved to substitute counsel, or otherwise notified the court of any change in [the defendant's] representation." Id. at 919.
In May 2003, the state court denied Maples's habeas application. Id. at 917. "Notice of the court's order were posted to the New York attorneys at the address of the law firm with which they had been associated." Id. However, "[t]hose postings were returned, unopened, to the trial court clerk, who attempted no further mailing." Id. "With no attorney of record in fact acting on Maples'[s] behalf, the time to appeal ran out." Id. Maples subsequently filed a federal habeas application, but the district court determined that the failure to appeal the trial court's ruling in the state habeas proceeding precluded federal habeas review, and the Eleventh Circuit agreed. See id. The Supreme Court, however, reversed, distinguishing between mere "[n]egligence on the part of a prisoner's postconviction attorney[, which] does not qualify as `cause'" due to the principal-agent relationship between a prisoner and his attorney, and abandonment, which does. Id. at 922. Contrasting the former with the latter, the Court explained:
132 S.Ct. at 924.
Ultimately, the Court concluded that Maples had shown that his attorneys had abandoned him. See id. at 924-27. Maples's putative representatives had left their jobs at the firm and had done so without notifying Maples and without withdrawing as counsel of record as required by the relevant local rules. Id. at 924. And because the attorneys continued to be listed as counsel of record, Maples was not entitled to receive notice of any order. Id. at 925.
Id. at 925 n. 8. Accordingly, the Supreme Court concluded that "[t]here was indeed cause to excuse Maples'[s] procedural default." Id. at 927.
Id.
The Ninth Circuit has applied Maples's reasoning to grant relief from judgment under Rule 60(b)(6) in a situation materially indistinguishable from the present case. See Mackey, 682 F.3d at 1252-53. In Mackey, after the district court had denied the petitioner's habeas application on the merits, Mackey's attorney neither notified
Like Supreme Court in Maples, the Mackey court distinguished between negligence and abandonment. Id. at 1253. The court explained that the Ninth Circuit had previously held that gross negligence amounting to constructive abandonment could constitute extraordinary circumstances under Rule 60(b)(6). Id. at 1251 (citing Cmty. Dental Servs. v. Tani, 282 F.3d 1164, 1169-71 (9th Cir.2002)). "Relief in such a case," the Mackey court explained, "is justified because gross negligence by an attorney, defined as `neglect so gross that it is inexcusable,' `vitiat[es] the agency relationship that underlies our general policy of attributing to the client the acts of his attorney.'" Id. (alteration in original) (quoting Tani, 282 F.3d at 1168, 1171). Thus, the Ninth Circuit held that "when a federal habeas petitioner has been inexcusably and grossly neglected by his counsel in a manner amounting to attorney abandonment in every meaningful sense that has jeopardized the petitioner's appellate rights, a district court may grant relief pursuant to Rule 60(b)(6)." Id. at 1253.
As with the attorneys in Maples, the Ninth Circuit concluded that Mackey's attorney had failed to observe the relevant local rules requiring him to seek permission to withdraw as counsel of record. Id. at 1253.
Id. (citation omitted). However, because the district court had stated that "if it possessed the discretion to vacate and reenter the judgment in order to allow petitioner the opportunity to appeal, [it] would do so," the Mackey court, having concluded that the district court possessed such discretion, remanded the case to the district court to determine, as a factual matter, whether Mackey's attorney had in fact abandoned him. Id. at 1254 (internal quotation marks omitted).
In sum, the Supreme Court has said that attorney abandonment constitutes the kind of extraordinary circumstance that justifies relief from judgment. See Maples, 132 S.Ct. at 917; Holland, 130 S.Ct. at 2552, 2562-63; id. at 2568 (Alito, J., concurring). Applying Maples, the Ninth Circuit, faced with facts nearly identical to those of the present case, held that attorney abandonment constitutes the kind of extraordinary circumstances necessary to trigger relief from judgment pursuant to Rule 60(b)(6). In light of this persuasive authority, based on materially indistinguishable circumstances, together with the
Khan's unilateral decision not to notify Burr or Perez of the district court's judgment and not to pursue an appeal therefrom was an egregious breach of the duties an attorney owes her client and thus constitutes abandonment, not mere negligence for which Perez would ordinarily be responsible. Khan knew of the district court's judgment but elected to do nothing and inform no one despite the fact that, under the relevant ethical rules, the decision not to appeal was not hers to make. See, e.g., TEX. DISC. R. PROF. CONDUCT 1.02-1.03.
TEX.DISC. R. PROF. CONDUCT 1.02 cmt. 6 (emphasis added).
Not only did the decision whether to take an appeal belong to Perez, not Khan, but when Khan unilaterally made this decision for him, she exposed herself to a serious conflict of interest further underscoring the extent of the abandonment. See Downs v. McNeil, 520 F.3d 1311, 1314 (11th Cir.2008) ("[U]nder fundamental tenets of agency law, a principal is not charged with an agent's actions or knowledge when the agent is acting adversely to the principal's interests."); see also Maples, 132 S.Ct. at 925 n. 8. On discovering the seriousness of her error, Khan should have immediately ceded Perez's representation to new counsel who could have made Perez's strongest argument — that she had abandoned him — as soon as possible. That Khan instead moved, unsuccessfully, to reopen the time to file a notice of appeal underscores this conflict. Why would an attorney argue that she had abandoned Perez when to do so would expose her to significant professional and ethical consequences? This perhaps explains why it was months before new attorneys stepped in to represent Perez to assert his only and best argument for relief — that his previous attorney had abandoned him. The professional risk to which Khan exposed herself on failing to consult with her client and thereby abandoning him underscore the extent to which the relationship between Khan and Perez had been severed. Under these circumstances, Perez cannot be held responsible for either the untimeliness of his appeal or the months of dithering before Khan withdrew and permitted unconflicted attorneys to represent Perez.
There is further irony stemming from Khan's abandonment of her client. Perez did not receive notice of the judgment, so if he, not Khan, had submitted the motion to reopen the time to file an appeal, he likely would have been successful. See FED. R.APP. P. 4(a)(6). In fact, the district court specifically noted that it would have granted Perez's Rule 4(a)(6) motion. Yet at the time, Khan was still purporting to act as Perez's representative. Supposedly represented by counsel, Perez had no way of knowing of the district court's judgment and, in fact, was specifically prohibited from receiving notice under the relevant court rules. See S.D. TEX. LOCAL R. 83.3 ("All communications about an action will be sent to the attorney-in-charge who is responsible for notifying associate counsel."); S.D. TEX. LOCAL R. 83.4 ("Notices will be sent only to the address on file."). Even if he had learned about either the judgment or Khan's unilateral decision not to pursue an appeal, those same rules would have barred him from attempting to file a notice of appeal pro se. Cf., e.g., United States v. Polidore, 690 F.3d 705, 721 n. 19 (5th Cir.2012) (refusing to consider defendant's pro se motion because he was represented by counsel (citing 5TH CIR. R. 28.6. ("Unless specifically directed by court order, pro se motions, briefs or correspondence will not be filed if the party is represented by counsel."))).
As the Court explained in Maples, "a client cannot be charged with the acts or omissions of an attorney who has abandoned him. Nor can a client be faulted for failing to act on his own behalf when he lacks reason to believe his attorneys of record, in fact, are not representing him." 132 S.Ct. at 924; see also Hutchinson v. Florida, 677 F.3d 1097, 1108-09 (11th Cir. 2012) (Barkett, J., concurring) ("A reasonable prisoner would have no cause to file his own pleadings for the simple reason that it is assumed that it is his lawyer's job to do so."). During the period of Khan's deliberate silence and inaction, she was not representing Perez, and yet Perez had no
No case from the Supreme Court, this circuit, or any other court disturbs the conclusion that attorney abandonment constitutes the kind of "extraordinary circumstance" envisioned by Rule 60(b)(6), permitting the reentry of judgment and a new appeal. First, in Bowles v. Russell, the district court denied habeas relief on September 9, 2003, and Bowles failed to file his notice of appeal within thirty days. 551 U.S. at 207, 127 S.Ct. 2360. Instead, on December 12, 2003, Bowles moved, pursuant to Rule 4(a)(6), to reopen the period during which he could file his notice of appeal. Id. That rule permits a district court to extend the time to file a notice of appeal to fourteen days from the day on which the district court grants a motion to reopen; however, the rule is conditioned on a showing that the moving party did not receive notice under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 77(d). FED. R.APP. P. 4(a)(6)(A); Bowles, 551 U.S. at 207, 127 S.Ct. 2360. Furthermore, although the district court granted the motion, it "inexplicably gave Bowles 17 days[] ... to file his notice of appeal." Bowles, 551 U.S. at 207, 127 S.Ct. 2360 (emphasis added). In other words, the district court exceeded the plain scope of the allowance in Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 4. And finally, the Court ruled that Rule 4(a)(6)'s express provision barred courts from creating equitable exceptions to that rule's jurisdictional requirements. Id. at 214, 127 S.Ct. 2360. By contrast, there was no assertion of attorney abandonment in Bowles nor is there an express analog in Rule 4 to Rule 60(b)(6)'s allowance for equitable relief under extraordinary circumstances. See Fed.R.Civ.P. 60(b)(6); Crosby, 545 U.S. at 535, 125 S.Ct. 2641. Therefore, Bowles is distinguishable.
Second, both Dunn v. Cockrell, 302 F.3d 491, 492 (5th Cir.2002), and United States v. O'Neill, 709 F.2d 361, 372-73 (5th Cir. 1983), involved attorney negligence, not attorney abandonment. For instance, the petitioner in Dunn failed to timely appeal as a result of his attorneys' negligence. 302 F.3d at 492. Because the time had expired for him to receive a Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 4(a)(5) extension based on excusable neglect, Dunn attempted to invoke Rule 60(b)(1), which authorizes a district court to reopen a judgment on the exact same basis — excusable neglect. In other words, he sought to use Rule 60(b)(1) to circumvent the precise relief afforded Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 4(a)(5), and so we concluded that the Rule 60(b)(1) motion "squarely collide[d] with Rule 4(a)(5)" and therefore "must fail." Id. at 493 (internal quotation marks omitted). The Dunn court said nothing about the extraordinary circumstances created when an attorney abandons her client.
And in O'Neill, the federal government failed to timely file a notice of appeal of several orders granting summary judgment to the defendants because the government believed those orders were not final. See 709 F.2d at 365.
And finally, the various out-of-circuit precedents on which the majority relies are distinguishable and unavailing in the face of Maples. One runs counter to the majority's conclusion, noting that a petitioner may rely on Rule 60(b) to extend the time for filing an appeal in extraordinary circumstances. See Lacour v. Tulsa City-Cnty. Jail, 517 Fed.Appx. 617, 619 (10th Cir.2013) (unpublished). Several predate the Supreme Court's decision in Maples. See White v. Jones, 408 Fed. Appx. 293, 293 (11th Cir.2011) (unpublished); In re Sealed Case (Bowles), 624 F.3d 482, 482 (D.C.Cir.2010); Joyner v. United States, Cr. No. 3:06-0016, 2011 WL 2437531, at *1 (D.S.C. June 17, 2011). Several are unpublished, indicating that they were not meant to be precedential and further underscoring that they were not given the fuller treatment that comes with most published cases. See Lacour, 517 Fed.Appx. at 617; Cumberland Mut. Fire Ins. Co. v. Express Prods., Inc., 529 Fed.Appx. 245, 246 (3d Cir.2013) (unpublished); Hall v. Scutt, 482 Fed.Appx. 990, 990 (6th Cir.2012) (unpublished) (per curiam); White, 408 Fed.Appx. at 293. All but one involve attorney negligence, see Hall, 482 Fed.Appx. at 990, or an allegation that the judgment was never received, see Cumberland, 529 Fed.Appx. at 247; In re Sealed Case, 624 F.3d at 482; Garrett v. Presesnik, No. 2:09-CV-11076, 2012 WL 2342461, at *1 (E.D.Mich. May 4, 2012), both of which are precise circumstances Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 4 is designed to address.
In sum, no case from the Supreme Court, this circuit, or any other court provides
At trial, Perez testified that at the time of his arrest, his attorney had instructed him to remain silent. On direct examination, the following exchange occurred:
During closing argument, the prosecutor stated that it took Perez "a year to come up with" his story and further opined that "[w]hat he's done is he's worked for a full year on making up a story to fit the evidence." The trial court overruled defense counsel's Fifth Amendment objection to these statements.
The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals concluded that there was no constitutional error because "[t]he prosecutor's remarks were merely a summation of and reasonable deduction drawn from [Perez's] testimony." The district court agreed, observing that Perez had "`opened the door' to the prosecutor's comments" and that the prosecutor's comments spoke to Perez's credibility as a witness rather than his right not to testify.
This is precisely the situation that the Supreme Court confronted in Doyle v. Ohio, 426 U.S. 610, 96 S.Ct. 2240, 49 L.Ed.2d 91 (1976). The Doyle defendants testified that they had been framed. Id. at 612-13, 96 S.Ct. 2240. On cross-examination, the prosecutor questioned why the defendants had not presented this story initially, and the trial court overruled defense counsel's objections on self-incrimination grounds. Id. at 614, 96 S.Ct. 2240. The Supreme Court, however, reversed, explaining that "it would be fundamentally unfair and a deprivation of due process to allow the arrested person's silence to be used to impeach an explanation subsequently offered at trial." Id. at 618, 96 S.Ct. 2240. The Court therefore held that "the use for impeachment purposes of [a petitioner's] silence at the time of arrest and after receiving Miranda warnings, violate[s] the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment." Id. at 619, 96 S.Ct. 2240.
Perez persuasively explains that the state did just what the prosecution sought to do in Doyle, namely use "the discrepancy between an exculpatory story at trial and silence at the time of arrest' to create `an inference that the story was fabricated somewhere along the way' in order to `fit within the seams of the State's case." Id. at 616, 96 S.Ct. 2240. Accordingly, Perez has made a strong showing "that reasonable jurists could debate whether (or, for that matter, agree that) the petition should have been resolved in a different manner [on this issue] or [at least] that the issues presented were adequate to deserve encouragement to proceed further," see Miller-El v. Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322, 336, 123 S.Ct. 1029, 154 L.Ed.2d 931 (2003); see
Khan abandoned Perez when, on learning of the district court's judgment but without consulting her client or informing anyone, she made the deliberate and unilateral decision to not inform her client of his right to appeal and to not file a notice of appeal, thus barring his opportunity to pursue a likely successful COA application. The majority's cramped interpretation to the contrary holds Perez responsible for Khan's failure, despite being wholly abandoned, and saddles him with a draconian sanction, namely depriving him of a crucial stage of federal habeas review — appellate consideration. Further, today's decision does little to deter future misconduct by counsel such as Khan's in abandoning death-row clients at a most crucial stage of their proceedings.