Case: 13-41347   Document: 00512919277        Page: 1   Date Filed: 01/29/2015




        IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                 FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT


                                    No. 13-41347
                                                                  United States Court of Appeals
                                                                           Fifth Circuit

                                                                         FILED
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                                          January 29, 2015
                                                                    Lyle W. Cayce
             Plaintiff - Appellee                                        Clerk

v.

JOSE GUADALUPE REYNA-ESPARZA,

             Defendant - Appellant




                Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Southern District of Texas



Before HIGGINBOTHAM, SMITH and GRAVES, Circuit Judges.
JAMES E. GRAVES, JR., Circuit Judge:
      After pleading guilty, Defendant-Appellant Jose Guadalupe Reyna-
Esparza challenges the application of a four-level sentencing enhancement for
brandishing a weapon during an alien harboring offense. We affirm.
                 I. Factual and Procedural Background
      On June 4, 2013, two aliens who were unlawfully present in the United
States reported to a Border Patrol agent that they had been harbored at a stash
house in McAllen, Texas. The aliens identified Reyna-Esparza as one of the
caretakers of the stash house and reported that he was armed with a pistol.
On June 17, 2013, agents began surveillance of the stash house and observed
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the arrival of a pickup truck driven by Reyna-Esparza. Later that day, agents
observed Reyna-Esparza leaving the stash house in a minivan and requested
the assistance of local law enforcement to conduct a traffic stop.       Reyna-
Esparza fled from the police, but was eventually apprehended along with two
female aliens from the stash house. After his arrest, Reyna-Esparza waived
his Miranda rights and gave a statement. He admitted that he was a citizen
of Mexico, that he was unlawfully present in the United States, and that he
had lived in McAllen for a year. He had paid $1,000 to be smuggled into the
United States. While he was being harbored in the United States, a smuggler
named Jesus Olguin recruited him to transport unlawful aliens to the stash
house and feed them in exchange for $450 per week. Reyna-Esparza said that
he had transported and fed aliens for this alien smuggling organization for
approximately one month. Reyna-Esparza stated that earlier that same day,
approximately fifty aliens at the stash house were loaded into a U-Haul rental
truck and dropped off at an area south of the Border Patrol checkpoint. Olguin
used four brush guides to help the aliens avoid the checkpoint.
      According to the presentence report (“PSR”), some of the aliens who had
been at the stash house described Reyna-Esparza’s actions at the house to
various law enforcement and immigration officials. They reported that Reyna-
Esparza wrote the names of newly-arrived aliens in a ledger and conducted
head counts at the stash house “to ensure that no one had escaped.” He
instructed the aliens not to talk loudly, make loud noises, look out the windows,
or go outside. Reyna-Esparza confiscated the aliens’ cell phones, and at one
point grabbed a juvenile alien by the shirt and scolded him for having called a
family member. One minor female alien reported that on multiple occasions,
Reyna-Esparza took her to a local hotel and had sex with her, although she
told him she did not want to have sex with him. On July 16, 2013, four female
aliens escaped from the stash house by leaving through a window. The aliens
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left because of the poor conditions at the house, including heat, overcrowding,
and too little food. When Reyna-Esparza met those aliens walking on the road,
they reported that he was “furious” and repeatedly “demanded” they get in the
vehicle and return to the stash house. He attempted to block their path with
his vehicle. They repeatedly refused to return and he eventually drove away
and, by his own admission, notified Olguin about the escape. The four aliens
turned themselves in to local authorities.
      Two witnesses provided information about the weapon Reyna-Esparza
carried in the stash house. Sandra Giron and Haydee Herrera, two of the
aliens who escaped from the stash house, witnessed Reyna-Esparza instruct
another alien to retrieve a handgun from the minivan. The alien brought the
handgun, wrapped in a towel or shirt, into the stash house and gave it to
Reyna-Esparza, who then placed it in his waistband. According to the PSR,
Giron told immigration officials that Reyna-Esparza “brandished a handgun
that he carried in his waistband to let everyone know that he was in charge of
the targeted stash house.”    Reyna-Esparza admitted possessing a weapon
while he was at the stash house, although he stated it was a pellet gun.
      Reyna-Esparza pleaded guilty to one count of conspiring to harbor an
alien, 8 U.S.C. § 1324, in exchange for the dismissal of four additional counts.
The PSR recommended, inter alia, application of a four-level enhancement for
brandishing a weapon, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2L1.1(b)(5)(B). At sentencing,
the district court overruled Reyna-Esparza’s objection to the brandishing
enhancement.    Reyna-Esparza received multiple additional enhancements
that he does not challenge on appeal. His final Guidelines range was 87 to 108
months. The district court sentenced him to 108 months in prison, followed by
a two-year term of supervised release. Reyna-Esparza filed a timely notice of
appeal, challenging the application of the brandishing enhancement.


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                                II. Discussion
      U.S.S.G § 2L1.1(b)(5)(B) provides that if a dangerous weapon “was
brandished or otherwise used” during an offense, the base offense level should
be increased by four levels. The applicable Guidelines commentary defines
“brandishing” as follows:
      “Brandished” with reference to a dangerous weapon (including a
      firearm) means that all or part of the weapon was displayed, or the
      presence of the weapon was otherwise made known to another
      person, in order to intimidate that person, regardless of whether
      the weapon was directly visible to that person. Accordingly,
      although the dangerous weapon does not have to be directly
      visible, the weapon must be present.

U.S.S.G. § 1B1.1, cmt. n.1(C); United States v. Fuentes-Jaimes, 301 F. App’x
379, 382 (5th Cir. 2008). “The guidelines’ commentary is given controlling
weight if it is not plainly erroneous or inconsistent with the guidelines.” United
States v. Urias-Escobar, 

, 167 (5th Cir. 2002). The Guidelines
commentary also expressly provides that a pellet gun is considered to be a
dangerous weapon, although it is not classified as a firearm. U.S.S.G. § 1B1.1
cmt. n.1(G).
      We review the district court’s interpretation or application of the
Guidelines de novo, and its factual findings for clear error. United States v.
Cisneros-Gutierrez, 

, 764 (5th Cir. 2008). To the extent that
Reyna-Esparza argues that the district court misapplied the Guidelines
because it misunderstood the applicable legal standard, we review that issue
de novo. To the extent that Reyna-Esparza challenges the sufficiency of the
evidence supporting the finding that he displayed a weapon with the required
intent to intimidate, we review that factual finding for clear error. See United
States v. Mendoza-Rojas, 343 F. App’x 967, 968 (5th Cir. 2009) (stating that
whether the defendant displayed a weapon with intent to intimidate is a
factual issue); Fuentes-Jaimes, 301 F. App’x at 382 (stating that whether a
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defendant brandished a weapon is a factual issue). “There is no clear error if
the district court’s finding is plausible in light of the record as a whole.”

(citation omitted). The government must
prove the facts necessary to support a sentencing enhancement by a
preponderance of the evidence. See United States v. Conner, 

, 491-
92 (5th Cir. 2008).
      Reyna-Esparza first argues that the district court applied an erroneous
definition of brandishing because it did not require proof of intent to
intimidate. Based on the entirety of the district court’s discussion of the
brandishing enhancement, it is clear that the district court understood and
correctly applied the definition of brandishing. Specifically, the court stated:
      [Brandishing] means that all or part of the weapon was displayed
      or the presence of the weapon was otherwise made known to
      another person in order to intimidate, regardless of whether it was
      actually visible to that person. And the fact that he had somebody
      go out to the vehicle to get it and bring it into the house. I mean,
      what other reason would you have to – if – if – let’s say people say
      they have this, you know, for their own personal protection or they
      have it for – for hunting. But if it’s in the vehicle, why in the world
      does he need to get it into the house other than to let people know
      in the house that he has the weapon. Especially in light of the
      circumstances here as it relates to the other aliens that attempted
      to escape, to let it be known to them that – that he actually is in
      possession of a weapon. And that it’s being used to hold them in
      line, so to speak.
Subsequently, in response to defense counsel’s argument that “I think of
brandishing – I think of displaying it in a way that its intimidating or
threatening to people, which would be a step below actual use of it,” the court
went on to say: “Well, and that – and that is. It doesn’t have to be in order to
intimidate. But that’s what I’m saying. I’m making that finding here based
on the circumstances.” Reyna-Esparza argues that this exchange shows that
the district court concluded that an intent to intimidate was unnecessary. We

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disagree. In the context of the court’s entire discussion, including its initial
correct statement of the applicable legal standard and its discussion of Reyna-
Esparza’s reasons for having the gun brought to him inside the house, it is
clear that the district court understood that an intent to intimidate was
required and did make a factual finding that Reyna-Esparza displayed a
weapon with intent to intimidate.
      Reyna-Esparza next contends that the facts surrounding his conduct
with regard to the weapon do not support a finding that he had the required
intent to intimidate. While it is true that there is no evidence Reyna-Esparza
made any direct threat to the aliens regarding the pellet gun, we have
recognized in other contexts that “it is commonly understood that a person may
intimidate another without actually making a direct or even veiled threat.”
United States v. Hicks, 

, 973 (5th Cir. 1992). In previous cases,
we have upheld application of this brandishing enhancement when the totality
of the circumstances surrounding the alien harboring offense reasonably
supported the finding that a defendant’s display of a weapon was in order to
intimidate others.
      In   Fuentes-Jaimes,   we     upheld   application   of   the   brandishing
enhancement where the defendant displayed a pistol in front of smuggled
aliens before departing for a buyout, and where his co-defendant carried the
gun in his waistband prior to the exchange of money, when the smuggled aliens
knew they were not free to leave until the money had been exchanged. Fuentes-
Jaimes, 301 F. App’x at 383. In Mendoza-Rojas, we upheld application of the
enhancement when the defendant displayed a weapon during and after a
kidnapping of smuggled aliens. Mendoza-Rojas, 343 F. App’x at 969. In United
States v. Alcala, on plain error review, we affirmed application of the
enhancement in circumstances very similar to the instant case, and specifically
noted as supporting facts that “It was reasonable to infer that the unlawful
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aliens being harbored by Alcala could not leave at will from the residence
where they were housed, and several of these aliens reported seeing Alcala
holding a handgun inside the residence.” 341 F. App’x 985, 986 (5th Cir. 2009).
      Reyna-Esparza attempts to distinguish these unpublished cases on the
basis that the smuggled aliens in those cases were held against their will,
whereas he contends that the aliens at the stash house in the instant case were
free to leave at any time. However, there is evidence in the record supporting
a conclusion that the aliens were in fact not free to leave. Multiple aliens
described various actions taken by Reyna-Esparza at the stash house to
prevent the aliens from leaving. Reyna recorded their names in a ledger,
conducted regular head counts of the aliens “to ensure that no one had
escaped,” instructed aliens not to go outside, confiscated cell phones, and
scolded a juvenile who called a family member. On multiple occasions, Reyna-
Esparza sexually assaulted a minor female alien from the stash house at a local
hotel. After four aliens escaped from the stash house through a window,
Reyna-Esparza became “furious” when he saw them walking down the road
and then blocked their path and repeatedly ordered them to return to the stash
house. One of the aliens who escaped stated that she and the other escapees
feared returning to the stash house because they believed Reyna-Esparza
would punish them.
      In these circumstances, we find no clear error in the district court’s
finding that Reyna-Esparza displayed the weapon with intent to intimidate.
Multiple aliens reported that Reyna-Esparza displayed a weapon in his
waistband in the stash house. Two aliens witnessed him instruct another alien
to bring him the weapon from his vehicle, and then place it in his waistband in
the stash house. One of these aliens asserted that Reyna-Esparza used the
weapon to make sure everyone was aware that he was in charge. Given the
totality of the circumstances surrounding the alien harboring offense, it was
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reasonable for the district court to infer that there was no other reason why
Reyna-Esparza would have the pellet gun brought to him inside the house or
why he would carry it in his waistband in the house other than to make it
known to the aliens that he had a weapon and to assert his authority over the
aliens at the stash house.
      In light of the record as a whole, the district court’s finding that Reyna-
Esparza displayed the weapon with intent to intimidate is plausible, and thus
we find no clear factual error. See 

. The
district court did not err in applying the § 2L1.1(b)(5)(B) sentencing
enhancement for brandishing a dangerous weapon.
                               III. Conclusion
      For the foregoing reasons, the district court’s judgment is AFFIRMED.




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