Case: 14-10301      Document: 00513806015         Page: 1    Date Filed: 12/20/2016




           IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                    FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
                                                                         United States Court of Appeals
                                                                                  Fifth Circuit
                                      No. 14-10301                              FILED
                                                                        December 20, 2016

LESLIE EARL VOLLMER,                                                       Lyle W. Cayce
                                                                                Clerk
              Petitioner – Appellant

v.

LORIE DAVIS, DIRECTOR, TEXAS DEPARTMENT OF CRIMINAL
JUSTICE, CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS DIVISION,

              Respondent – Appellee




                  Appeals from the United States District Court
                       for the Northern District of Texas
                             USDC No. 3:13-CV-948


Before JONES, DENNIS, and PRADO, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
       Leslie Earl Vollmer appeals from the district court’s denial of his 28
U.S.C. § 2254 application for habeas corpus relief.              As relevant here, the
district court denied Vollmer’s claims that (1) his plea of nolo contendere was
not knowing and voluntary because the trial court failed to properly admonish
him regarding the consequences of his plea; (2) his trial attorney rendered


       * Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH
CIR. R. 47.5.4.
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ineffective assistance by failing to inform him of the consequences of his plea;
and (3) his appellate attorney rendered ineffective assistance by failing to
argue that Vollmer’s plea was not knowing and voluntary. Because the state
habeas court’s disposition of Vollmer’s claims was not unreasonable in light of
the evidence, or in light of clearly established federal law, we AFFIRM.
                                         I
       Vollmer was charged in Texas state court with indecency with a child
younger than seventeen. During Vollmer’s pretrial hearing, the trial judge
noted that, because of a prior conviction, Vollmer could receive a significant
sentence enhancement and “would not be eligible for probation with a jury
[trial].”   The judge spoke about Vollmer’s range of plea and trial options,
concluding:
       Again, if you are not guilty then no offer is good and an open plea
       is not good. But then we’re back to where you can either do a jury
       trial or a non-jury trial. If you do a non-jury trial we often do them
       on what we call a no contest plea. That leaves me the option of
       probation, which you don’t have with a jury on a trial. If we go to
       a jury it’s either guilty or not guilty. If you go to a non-jury trial
       it’s either not guilty, guilty or, if I think it’s a probation case, I
       could defer a finding of guilt and place you on probation for up to
       ten years.

Vollmer said he was “[a]bsolutely not” interested in accepting the prosecutor’s
plea offer. He also rejected the suggestion of an open plea or a non-jury trial
and pleaded not guilty.
       The next day, Vollmer changed his mind and waived his right to a jury
trial. After confirming waiver with counsel for both sides, the trial court
accepted the waiver and said, “I assume now we’re going to proceed on a no
contest plea because that does leave open the possibility of probation for the
Court if he is guilty and if the Court feels it’s appropriate?” Vollmer’s trial
counsel confirmed, “Right.” The trial court accepted a plea of no contest and


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said, “The State has [the] full burden of proof beyond a reasonable doubt.
There is no admission of guilt.” Vollmer, his counsel, the district attorney, and
the judge signed a written confirmation of the jury waiver.
      In Texas, when a defendant pleads no contest to a felony offense, the
State does not have to prove its case beyond a reasonable doubt, but must still
offer evidence of guilt into the record “embrac[ing] every essential element of
the charged offense.” Flores-Alonzo v. State, 

, 202 n.2 (Tex.
App. 2015) (quoting Staggs v. State, 

, 159 (Tex. App. 2010)).
Both sides presented witnesses and exhibits to the trial court. After hearing
all of the evidence, the trial court found the State had met its burden and
sentenced Vollmer to twenty years’ confinement. The judgment of conviction
contains the trial court’s affirmation that it “admonished [Vollmer] as required
by law” and that it appeared to the court that Vollmer “made the [nolo
contendere] plea freely and voluntarily, and [he] was aware of the
consequences of this plea.”
      Vollmer was represented by new counsel on appeal. The direct appeal
court rejected his arguments and affirmed Vollmer’s conviction. The Texas
Court of Criminal Appeals (TCCA), the highest criminal court in the state,
denied Vollmer’s petition for discretionary review.
      Vollmer subsequently filed a pro se application for state habeas corpus
relief in which he argued, inter alia: (1) the trial judge abused his discretion by
failing to properly admonish Vollmer about his plea and by erroneously telling
Vollmer he was eligible for probation; (2) trial counsel rendered ineffective
assistance; and (3) appellate counsel rendered ineffective assistance. The state
trial-level habeas court found that Vollmer was orally admonished on “the
proper range of punishment applicable to his offense,” his probation eligibility,
and his right to a jury, and therefore that Vollmer was “properly admonished



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on his plea and the consequences of that plea.” The court also found that trial
counsel was not ineffective and that Vollmer’s nolo contendere plea “was made
freely and voluntarily after being advised of the consequences of said plea.”
Finally, the court found that appellate counsel was not ineffective because
Vollmer “was properly admonished [on his no contest plea] and such an issue
would not have been successful on appeal.” The court recommended that
habeas relief be denied. The TCCA denied relief without a written order on
the findings of the lower court.
      Vollmer filed this application pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254, and
reasserted his state claims.       The district court denied relief, finding that
Vollmer failed to show that the state habeas court’s decision constituted an
unreasonable application of clearly established federal law.
      A judge of this court granted a certificate of appealability (COA) as to
three issues:   (1) whether Vollmer’s nolo contendere plea was not made
voluntarily and intelligently because the trial court failed to advise him that
his plea would have the same legal effect as a guilty plea; (2) whether Vollmer’s
trial attorney rendered ineffective assistance by failing to advise him that his
plea would have the same legal effect as a guilty plea; and (3) whether
Vollmer’s appellate attorney rendered ineffective assistance by failing to argue
that Vollmer’s plea was not voluntary and intelligent because he was not
advised that his plea would have the same legal effect as a guilty plea.
                                         II
      In a habeas corpus appeal, we review a district court’s findings of fact for
clear error and its conclusions of law de novo. Martinez v. Johnson, 

, 237 (5th Cir. 2001). Under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty
Act (AEDPA), Vollmer can obtain federal habeas relief only if his adjudication
in state court “(1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an



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unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by
the Supreme Court of the United States; or (2) resulted in a decision that was
based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence
presented in the state court proceeding.” Robertson v. Cain, 

, 302
(5th Cir. 2003) (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)). “A state court’s decision will be
contrary to clearly established federal law when it reaches a legal conclusion
in direct opposition to a prior decision of the United States Supreme Court or
when it reaches a different conclusion than the . . . Supreme Court on a set of
materially indistinguishable facts.” 

v. Johnson, 

, 608 (5th Cir. 2001)). “[A] state court’s decision will be an unreasonable
application of clearly established federal law whenever the state court
identifies the correct governing legal principle from the Supreme Court’s
decisions but applies that principle to the facts of the prisoner’s case in an
‘objectively unreasonable’ manner.” 

, 242 F.3d at 608).
Under AEDPA, the state court’s factual findings are “presumed to be correct”
unless the applicant rebuts this presumption with “clear and convincing
evidence.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1).
                                             III
                                              A
       As a preliminary matter, the State argues that Vollmer’s claims were
never raised in his state habeas petition and they are thus unexhausted and
procedurally barred. 1 Under AEDPA, a federal court may not grant habeas



       1 The State also contends that Vollmer has waived the argument that his plea was not
knowing and voluntary for want of proper admonishment because he did not raise this issue
in his original § 2254 application. Even if Vollmer’s initial application cannot be read to
include this claim, the district court chose to discuss it, finding that the record showed that
Vollmer’s no contest plea was knowing and voluntary. Thus, this issue is properly before us.
See Walker v. S. Cent. Bell Tel. Co., 

, 276 n.1 (5th Cir. 1990) (an appellant may
raise an issue not raised below, but considered by the district court).


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relief to a state prisoner unless “the applicant has exhausted the remedies
available in the courts of the State.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b)(1)(A).       “To have
exhausted his state remedies, a habeas petitioner must have fairly presented
the substance of his claim to the state courts.” Nobles v. Johnson, 

, 420 (5th Cir. 1997) (citing Picard v. Connor, 

, 275-76 (1971)).
Greater specificity or better framing of a claim in the federal application as
compared to the state petition does not necessarily render the claim
unexhausted. See Anderson v. Johnson, 

, 388 (5th Cir. 2003)
(finding petitioner’s claims exhausted even though federal application included
additional factual support rendering his claims “unquestionably in a
comparatively ‘stronger evidentiary posture’ than they were in state court”).
      In his state habeas petition, Vollmer alleged the trial judge “never
admonished [him] of the consequences of his plea.” In support of his ineffective
assistance of trial counsel claim, Vollmer averred he believed he was only
waiving the right to a jury trial because the trial judge stated that the State
had the full burden of proof and that there was no admission of guilt. Vollmer
also claimed, “It was ineffectiveness of counsel when . . . the judge did not give
the required admonishments, and [counsel] didn’t object when this didn’t
happen. This is not knowing and voluntarily done.” He claimed he “would
never ha[ve] agreed to such a plea if he’d been admonished.” Further, Vollmer
argued in his petition that appellate counsel “briefed the wrong admonishment
on appeal.”
      The state habeas court found that Vollmer had “not shown he was not
aware of the consequences of his plea[,] or that he was mislead [sic] or harmed
by the admonishment of the court.” In addressing his ineffective assistance of
trial counsel claim, the court found that Vollmer’s plea “was made freely and
voluntarily after being advised of the consequences of said plea.” The court



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also rejected what it understood as Vollmer’s claim that appellate counsel
“should have raised the issue that [Vollmer] was not properly admonished on
his plea of ‘no contest’ and jury waiver.”
      Vollmer submitted a “rebuttal” to the state habeas court’s findings. He
argued that he was “always of the assumption that he was still pleading not
guilty with trial by judge” and contested the state habeas court’s conclusion
“that [he] was properly admonished and that [he] entered a voluntary and
knowing plea.”
      In sum, Vollmer claimed in his state petition that he was not properly
admonished as to the consequences of his plea and that his plea was not
knowing and voluntary, which necessarily implicates the question before this
court, and he sharpened this argument in his “rebuttal.” The state habeas
court found that Vollmer was aware of the consequences of his plea, that
counsel properly admonished him as to the consequences of his plea, and that
the issue of proper admonishment would not have been successful on appeal.
Thus, we find the arguments Vollmer has advanced in this court were fairly
presented in the state habeas proceedings, and Vollmer’s claims were properly
exhausted. 2
                                           B
       As previously discussed, Vollmer argues that he was not properly
admonished by the court or his trial attorney as to the consequences of his no
contest plea and that he is therefore entitled to habeas corpus relief because
(1) his plea was not knowing and voluntary; (2) his trial counsel rendered
ineffective assistance; and (3) his appellate counsel rendered ineffective
assistance. Each claim is addressed in turn.


      2 Because we find that the arguments before this court were exhausted, we need not
address the State’s claim that they are procedurally barred.



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                                             1
       “A plea not voluntarily and intelligently made has been obtained in
violation of due process and is void.” Matthew v. Johnson, 

, 364
(5th Cir. 2000) (citing McCarthy v. United States, 

, 466 (1969)).
For a plea to be knowing and voluntary, a defendant must know the “direct
consequences of the plea,” Duke v. Cockrell, 

, 416 (5th Cir. 2002),
“including the nature of the constitutional protection he is waiving,” 

. In assessing whether a defendant’s plea is valid, we “look to
‘all of the relevant circumstances surrounding it.’” 

-
65 (quoting Brady v. United States, 

, 749 (1970)).
       Under Texas law, “a plea of nolo contendere or no contest has the same
legal effect as a plea of guilty except that such plea may not be used as an
admission in any civil suit.” 

(citing TEX.
CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 27.02(5)). 3 In reviewing nolo contendere pleas, we
have found relevant whether the defendant “acknowledged to the court his
understanding that his plea would have the same effect from a criminal
standpoint as a guilty plea.” 

; see Smith v. Scott, No. 93-
7441, 

, at *1 n.2 (5th Cir. Nov. 25, 1994). However, we are
unaware of any authority expressly requiring such an admonishment.
       Vollmer relies heavily on Boykin v. Alabama, 

(1969), in
which the Supreme Court discussed the trial judge’s responsibility to ensure
that a defendant who pleads guilty does so intelligently and voluntarily. 

The Court held, “We cannot presume a waiver of . . . important federal
rights from a silent record.” 

the state habeas court did not

       3The Fifth Circuit applies “law regarding guilty pleas to pleas of nolo contendere.”

n.9 (citing Carter v. Collins, 

, 1200 n.1 (5th Cir.
1990)). Thus, we have cited case law discussing guilty pleas as well as nolo contendere pleas
without noting the distinction.



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infer waiver from a wholly silent record. In the state habeas proceeding,
Vollmer’s trial counsel submitted an affidavit rebutting Vollmer’s ineffective
assistance claim. Counsel’s affidavit does not allege that she explained to
Vollmer that he was, in effect, pleading guilty, but states that she admonished
Vollmer “prior to going on the record.” The state habeas court found that
Vollmer had been “advised of the consequences of his plea.”
      The state habeas court’s decision to credit counsel’s affidavit is entitled
to deference, as is that court’s finding that Vollmer was properly admonished
as to the consequences of his plea. See § 2254(e)(1). While it appears from the
record that the trial court’s admonishments were far from ideal, given trial
counsel’s ambiguous affidavit, and the lack of clear and convincing evidence
that would contravene the state habeas court’s conclusion, we cannot say that
the state habeas court’s holding was an unreasonable determination of the
facts in light of the evidence presented.
                                        2
      Vollmer argues that his trial counsel rendered unconstitutionally
ineffective assistance of counsel by failing to advise him that his nolo
contendere plea would have the same legal effect as a guilty plea. Strickland
v. Washington, 

, 689-93 (1984), requires a party bringing an
ineffective assistance of counsel claim to show both that counsel’s performance
fell below an objective standard of reasonableness and that this failure
prejudiced the defendant’s case. When representing a client faced with the
option of a plea, a lawyer “must actually and substantially assist [her] client
in deciding whether to plead guilty.” Herring v. Estelle, 

, 128 (5th
Cir. 1974). “It is [her] job to provide the accused an understanding of the law
in relation to the facts. The advice [s]he gives need not be perfect, but it must
be reasonably competent. [Her] advice should permit the accused to make an



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informed and conscious choice.” 

internal quotation marks
omitted).
      The trial court’s comments in the pre-trial transcript indicate that
Vollmer and his attorney discussed the jury waiver, but the transcript does not
indicate that counsel advised her client of the legal consequences of his plea.
As discussed above, trial counsel’s affidavit states, “I admonished [Vollmer]
prior to going on the record”; the state habeas court interpreted this as
establishing that Vollmer “was fully admonished regarding the consequences
of his plea.” A § 2254 applicant has the burden of rebutting the state habeas
court’s factual findings with clear and convincing evidence.        § 2254(e)(1).
Vollmer offers nothing but the transcript and assertions that he was not
properly admonished.     Because counsel’s affidavit lends itself to multiple
interpretations, and because the record evidence does not clearly contradict the
interpretation adopted by the state habeas court, the state habeas court’s
determination that counsel properly admonished Vollmer concerning the
consequences of his plea, and was therefore not unconstitutionally ineffective
in this respect, was not an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of
the evidence.
                                       3
      Finally, Vollmer argues that his appellate counsel rendered ineffective
assistance by failing to argue on appeal that Vollmer’s plea was not voluntary
and intelligent. To establish ineffective assistance of appellate counsel, a
petitioner must show (1) “counsel’s representation fell below an objective
standard of reasonableness” and (2) “but for his counsel’s deficient
performance, there is a reasonable probability that the outcome of the
proceeding would have been different.” Blanton v. Quarterman, 

,
235 (5th Cir. 2008) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).



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“[A]ppellate counsel who files a merits brief need not (and should not) raise
every nonfrivolous claim, but rather may select from among them in order to
maximize the likelihood of success on appeal.” Smith v. Robbins, 

,
288 (2000). “When . . . counsel files a merits brief, a defendant generally must
show that ‘a particular nonfrivolous issue was clearly stronger than issues
counsel did present.’” Dorsey v. Stephens, 

, 320 (5th Cir. 2013)
(quoting id.).
      Vollmer’s appellate counsel briefed three issues on appeal: sufficiency of
the evidence; the trial court’s erroneous acceptance of hearsay evidence; and
the trial court’s failure to admonish Vollmer about the potential immigration
consequences of his plea. The direct appeal court rejected the immigration
argument because the record established that Vollmer was born in the United
States and is an American Citizen; thus, his plea would not subject him to
deportation.
      Vollmer argues before this court that the argument that he was not
properly admonished was clearly stronger than the immigration issue
advanced by appellate counsel. As discussed above, the trial transcript does
not contain any evidence that the trial court or trial counsel advised Vollmer
of the consequences of his nolo contendere plea. And, of course, appropriate
review of the record would have revealed, as it did to the direct appeal court,
that Vollmer was born in the United States. Because the record indicates the
immigration consequences of Vollmer’s plea were wholly irrelevant to Vollmer,
any non-frivolous issue would appear to be stronger than this argument. Thus,
Vollmer has established that counsel’s representation fell below an objective
standard of reasonableness.
      However, the state habeas court was not unreasonable in its
determination that Vollmer could not show that this issue had a reasonable



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probability of success on appeal. The state habeas court found that Vollmer
was properly admonished as to the consequences of his plea. Moreover, a Texas
court of appeal recently rejected a very similar argument on direct appeal; in
Flores-Alonzo, the court found that a defendant’s plea was knowing and
voluntary, despite the fact that the trial judge—the same judge that handled
Vollmer’s case—erroneously instructed that the State had the full burden of
proof, and despite the fact that there was no indication in the transcript that
the defendant had been informed that his no contest plea was substantially the
same as a guilty plea. 

. This undercuts Vollmer’s
contention that his appeal would have been successful had this argument been
advanced. Given the “doubly” deferential standard of review, 

, we cannot say the state habeas court unreasonably determined
that Vollmer could not establish prejudice sufficient to sustain his claim of
ineffective assistance of appellate counsel.
                                      ***
      For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s denial of
habeas corpus relief.




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