Case: 15-30860   Document: 00513587027    Page: 1   Date Filed: 07/11/2016




        IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                 FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT


                                No. 15-30860                   United States Court of Appeals
                                                                        Fifth Circuit

                                                                      FILED
HOLMES MOTORS, INC.,                                              July 11, 2016
                                                                 Lyle W. Cayce
             Requesting Party - Appellant                             Clerk

v.

BP EXPLORATION & PRODUCTION, INCORPORATED; BP AMERICA
PRODUCTION COMPANY; BP, P.L.C.,

             Objecting Parties - Appellees




                Appeal from the United States District Court
                   for the Eastern District of Louisiana


Before HIGGINBOTHAM, DENNIS, and CLEMENT, Circuit Judges.
PATRICK E. HIGGINBOTHAM, Circuit Judge:
      Appellant Holmes Motors, Inc. filed a claim for damages with the Court
Supervised Settlement Program. Although Holmes alleged that it qualified as
a “Start Up Business,” the Claims Administrator reclassified it as a general
business claimant. The district court declined to review this decision. Holmes
now appeals to this Court, and we AFFIRM.
                                      I.
      This case concerns the Deepwater Horizon Economic and Property
Damages Settlement Agreement (“Settlement Agreement”).              As we have
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                                      No. 15-30860
explained in several prior opinions, 1 the Court Supervised Settlement Program
(“CSSP”) is responsible for administering the Settlement Agreement and
processing claims related to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Appellant Holmes
Motors, Inc. (“Holmes”) operates a car dealership near Biloxi, Mississippi. In
August 2012, Holmes filed a claim with the CSSP. Although Holmes was
founded in 1990 and most recently incorporated in 1999, Holmes alleged that
it qualified as a “Start Up Business.” The Claims Administrator disagreed and
“reclassified” Holmes as a general business claimant. After unsuccessfully
challenging this decision through the CSSP’s internal appeals process, Holmes
filed a request for discretionary review with the district court. The district
court denied Holmes’s request without opinion. Holmes timely appealed to this
Court.
                                            II.
       We review the district court’s denial of discretionary review for abuse of
discretion. 2 In a series of unpublished opinions, our review by the metric of
abuse of discretion has asked “whether the decision not reviewed by the district
court actually contradicted or misapplied the Settlement Agreement, or had
the clear potential to contradict or misapply the Settlement Agreement.” 3
Although this formulation is not necessarily exhaustive, we agree that the
district court abuses its discretion if either of these circumstances applies.
Holmes argues that both apply here.
                                            A.
       Holmes’s primary argument is that the district court erred by denying
discretionary review because the denial left in place an incorrect interpretation



       1 See In re Deepwater Horizon, No. 15-30395, 

, at *1 n.1 (5th Cir. Mar.
8, 2016) (collecting cases).
       2 See In re Deepwater Horizon, 

, 1011 (5th Cir. 2015).
       3 See In re Deepwater Horizon, 

, at *4 (footnote omitted).

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of the Settlement Agreement. That is, Holmes argues that it qualifies as a
“Start Up Business” under the Settlement Agreement.                          The Settlement
Agreement defines a “Start Up Business” as “a business with less than 18
months of operating history at the time of the Deepwater Horizon Incident, as
more fully described in Exhibit 7.” 4 Holmes claims that the plain meaning of
“a business” is a line of business, not a business entity. As support, Holmes
cites several dictionary definitions of “business” that “involve the commercial
activity or enterprise, not the actual business entity’s formation date, any
ownership changes, or any identifying number assigned to it.”                            If this
interpretation is accepted, any claimant that changed its line of business
within 18 months of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill qualifies as a “Start Up
Business.” Holmes contends that it made such a change when it switched from
selling new and used cars to leasing cars in early 2010.
       We reject Holmes’s interpretation of the Settlement Agreement. “The
Settlement Agreement provides that it ‘shall be interpreted in accordance with
General Maritime Law.’” 5 “When interpreting maritime contracts, federal
admiralty law rather than state law applies.” 6 Under admiralty law, a contract
“should be read as a whole and its words given their plain meaning unless the
provision is ambiguous.” 7 At least in the context of a “Start Up Business,” the
plain meaning of “a business” is a business entity, not a line of business. The
Settlement Agreement provides that the term “Start Up Business” is “more



       4 Settlement Agreement § 38.137.
       5 In re Deepwater Horizon, 

, 994 (5th Cir. 2015) (quoting Settlement
Agreement § 36.1).
       6 Int’l Marine, L.L.C. v. Delta Towing, L.L.C., 

, 354 (5th Cir. 2013); see

also Norfolk S. Ry. Co. v. Kirby, 

, 22-23 (2004) (“When a contract is a maritime
one, and the dispute is not inherently local, federal law controls the contract interpretation.”).
       7 Breaux v. Halliburton Energy Servs., 

, 364 (5th Cir. 2009) (quoting

Weathersby v. Conoco Oil Co., 

, 955 (5th Cir. 1984) (per curiam)); see also Int’l
Marine, L.L.C. v. FDT, L.L.C., 619 F. App’x 342, 349 (5th Cir. 2015).
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fully described in Exhibit 7.” The introductory paragraph of Exhibit 7, in turn,
explains that “[f]or purposes of this Framework, a ‘Start-up Business’ is
considered to be a claimant with less than eighteen months of operating history
at the time of the DWH Spill.” As BP notes, only a business entity can be a
“claimant,” not a line of business. 8 These interlocking definitions, therefore,
resolve the interpretive dispute presented here; a “Start Up Business” is a
business entity—not a line of business—with less than 18 months of operating
history at the time of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.
      But even if Holmes’s interpretation of the Settlement Agreement were
correct, we would still reject its claim. Holmes urges that it adopted a new
“line of business” when it switched from selling new and used cars to leasing
cars. Yet Holmes conceded at oral argument that it leased cars before this
alleged switch and continued to sell used cars after the switch. The ordinary
meaning of a “Start Up Business” also suggests that a claimant must undergo
a drastic and fundamental change to enter a new “line of business.” We are
not persuaded that it is enough for a claimant to switch from selling cars to
leasing cars. Although the details of these two business models are different,
the basic commercial activity is the same—conveying cars to consumers.
Indeed, this is likely why it is common for a company like Holmes to both lease
and sell cars. As a result, we conclude that the Claims Administrator’s decision
did not misapply the Settlement Agreement.
                                           B.
       Apart from the merits, Holmes argues that the district court was
required to grant discretionary review as part of its duty to “meaningfully



      8  See Settlement Agreement § 38.15 (“Business Claimant or Business Economic Loss
Claimant shall mean an Entity, or a self-employed Natural Person . . . who is an Economic
Class Member claiming Economic Damage allegedly arising out of, due to, resulting from, or
relating in any way to, directly or indirectly, the Deepwater Horizon Incident.”).
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supervise” the Settlement Agreement.              Holmes explains that “[p]ossessing
th[e] power [of discretionary review] implies that the MDL court should employ
its review power to resolve legitimate issues regarding the meaning of the
Settlement Agreement’s provisions.” Holmes insists that the district court
cannot “arbitrarily decide which contract interpretation issues that it wants to
address.” Drawing on an unpublished opinion of this Court, Holmes contends
that review was particularly necessary in this case because its claim implicates
an issue that (a) is potentially reoccurring and (b) has divided Appeal Panels. 9
       Holmes is wrong to suggest that the district court must grant review of
all claims that raise a question about the proper interpretation of the
Settlement Agreement. As this Court has explained, the parties agreed to
grant the district court a “discretionary” right of review, “which is not a right
for the parties to be granted such review.” 10 Any holding that “turn[ed] the
district court’s discretionary review into a mandatory review . . . would
frustrate the clear purpose of the Settlement Agreement to curtail litigation.” 11
Holmes’s argument that the district court was required to grant review of its
particular claim is similarly unpersuasive. In a recent decision, this Court
concluded that the district court abused its discretion in denying discretionary
review of a claim that raised a question that “ha[s] and will come up
repeatedly.” 12 Indeed, this Court noted that the question had generated a
“split” among the over thirty Appeal Panels that had considered it. 13 Holmes
has not made a similar showing. Rather, it has identified two Appeal Panel
decisions involving significantly different facts that are—at worst—in tension



       9 See In re Deepwater Horizon, 632 F. App’x 199, 203-04 (5th Cir. 2015).
       10 In re Deepwater 

.
       11 Id.; see also In re Deepwater Horizon, No. 15-30395, 

, at *4 (5th Cir.

Mar. 8, 2016).
       12 In re Deepwater Horizon, 632 F. App’x at 203.
       13 See 

& n.3.

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with the decision of the Appeal Panel in this case. “If the discretionary nature
of the district court’s review is to have any meaning,” 14 the district court cannot
be required to exercise its power of discretionary review in these
circumstances.
                                            III.
      For the reasons stated above, we AFFIRM.




      14   In re Deepwater Horizon, 

, at *4.
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