REVISED April 28, 2017

       IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT     United States Court of Appeals
                                                                     Fifth Circuit

                                                                    FILED
                                No. 14-41232                      April 27, 2017
                                                                  Lyle W. Cayce
                                                                       Clerk
CARLA FREW; CHARLOTTE GARVIN, as next friend of her minor children
Johnny Martinez, Brooklyn Garvin and BreAnna Garvin; CLASS
MEMBERS; NICOLE CARROLL, Class Representative; MARIA AYALA, as
next friend of her minor children, Christopher Arizola, Leonard Jimenez and
Joseph Veliz; MARY JANE GARZA, as next friend of her minor children,
Hilary Garza and Sarah Renea Garza,

            Plaintiffs - Appellees
v.

CHRIS TRAYLOR, Commissioner of the Texas Health and Human Services
Commission in his official capacity; KAY GHAHREMANI, State Medicaid
Director of the Texas Health and Human Services Commission in her official
capacity,

            Defendants - Appellants



               Appeal from the United States District Court
                    for the Eastern District of Texas
                          USDC No. 3:93-CV-65


Before DENNIS and COSTA, Circuit Judges, and ENGELHARDT,* District
Judge.
                                      No. 14-41232
PER CURIAM: **

       More than two decades ago, this class action was brought on behalf of
Medicaid-eligible children in Texas alleging that the State was failing to
provide adequate Early, Periodic Screening, Diagnosis and Treatment
(EPSDT) services. The EPSDT program focuses on preventative health care
for indigent children, especially routine checkups and necessary follow up care.
42 U.S.C. §§ 1396a(a)(43); 1396d(r). Portions of an original Consent Decree
and a 2007 Corrective Action Order are still in effect. But the district court
recently concluded that one of the eleven corrective plans from the 2007
Order—one requiring Texas to provide annual reports on the number of
eligible children receiving medical and dental checkups and to take steps to
boost compliance in counties that lag behind statewide participation rates—
was no longer needed. That decision was made in response to motions filed
pursuant to a procedure the 2007 Corrective Action Order set forth in which,
after four years, the parties would confer about the need for further action. If
the parties were unable to reach agreement, as turned out to be the case, the
“dispute [would] be resolved by the Court.”
       Plaintiffs nonetheless sought attorney fees incurred both in preparing
their motion and opposing the one filed by Defendants.                    They asserted
entitlement to fees both as a “prevailing party” under 42 U.S.C. § 1988 and as
a matter of contractual right under a fee order that accompanied the 2007
Corrective Action Order. The district court agreed with Plaintiffs and awarded
the full amount of requested fees without engaging in a reasonableness
analysis that considered the Plaintiffs’ degree of success.


       * Chief Judge of the Eastern District of Louisiana, sitting by designation.
       **Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH
CIR. R. 47.5.4.
                                             2
                                    No. 14-41232
      For the reasons that follow, we agree that Plaintiffs had an entitlement
to fees as the round of motion practice was the final step contemplated under
the 2007 Corrective Action Order for which they were the prevailing party. As
with a typical fee request, however, the district court should have engaged in
a reasonableness analysis that included evaluating the party’s degree of
success.
                                           I.
      Only a few points about the lengthy procedural history of this case—
which has included numerous appeals and a trip to the U.S. Supreme Court—
need be described for the discrete attorneys’ fee question we face. See Frew v.
Janek, 

, 323–27 (5th Cir. 2015) (providing more detailed history
of the litigation).
      In 1996, the district court entered a consent decree aimed at
“enhance[ing] the availability of health care services, eliminate[ing] barriers
that have the effect of preventing access to services, and more effectively
inform[ing] recipients that services are available and important to their
current and future health.” The Decree dictated that the state meet a range of
objectives.    Some examples include: creating outreach units to spread
information about EPSDT; improving provider training on a number of issues,
such as coverage of mental health screening and services for teenagers; and
implementing accountability measures.
      More than a decade later, in 2007, Plaintiffs successfully obtained the
agreed Corrective Action Order. The order resulted from Plaintiffs’ motions to
enforce and to find Defendants in violation of the original decree. 1 Each of the




      1 Plaintiffs filed such motions in 1998, 2004, and 2007. In both 1998 and 2004,
Defendants unsuccessfully attempted to dissolve the Consent Decree. See Frew ex rel. Frew
v. Hawkins, 

(2004); Frazar v. Ladd, 

(5th Cir. 2006).
                                           3
                                  No. 14-41232
plans in the 2007 Order deals with a specific issue, such as transportation,
health care provider training, and outreach efforts.
      At the same time it entered the 2007 Corrective Action Order, the district
court entered an order addressing attorney’s fees (2007 Fee Order). The 2007
Fee Order has three paragraphs. The first starts with “Plaintiffs are entitled
to recover attorneys’ fees, costs and expenses related to their counsel’s work on
this case.” It goes on to note that such fees “include” those listed in a 2004
order and those incurred through entry of the 2007 Fee Order, but does not
have any express limiting language.          The last sentence specifies that
“[a]lthough Defendants agree not to challenge Plaintiffs’ entitlement to fees,
Defendants may challenge the amount of fees that are due.” The second
paragraph applies to “fees, costs and expenses incurred by Plaintiffs’ counsel
through the date of the Court’s ruling on the parties’ Joint Motion for Entry of
Corrective Order.” The third applies to “procedures for attorneys’ fees, costs
and expenses to be incurred following the date of the Court’s ruling on the
parties’ Joint Motion for Entry of Corrective Action Order.” Much of the debate
that has ensued about the 2007 Fee Order concerns the following: Does the
entitlement to fees discussed in Paragraph One apply to all “work on the case”
with the other paragraphs then just describing different procedure for
obtaining those fees, as Plaintiffs contend? Or, as Defendants contend, does
the first paragraph acknowledge a right to fees only through entry of the 2007
Corrective Action Order pursuant to the steps described in the second
paragraph?
      This question about interpretation of the 2007 Fee Order arose in
connection with the provision of the 2007 Corrective Action Order focused on
“Check Up Reports and Plans for Lagging Counties.” After the plan details the
requirements concerning checkups and boosting participation in counties with
low levels of compliance, its final provision states:
                                        4
                                  No. 14-41232
      Beginning four years from the date of entry of the corrective action
      orders (“order entry date”), counsel will confer to determine what
      further action, if any, is required. If the parties agree, they will so
      report to the Court within 120 days following the fourth
      anniversary of the order entry date. If the parties cannot agree
      within 90 days of the fourth anniversary of the order entry date,
      the dispute will be resolved by the Court. If the parties cannot
      agree, either party may file a motion within 30 days of the
      completion of discussion among counsel.

      Following this procedure, both sides conferred regarding the need for
further action related to the checkup reports and lagging counties. When they
did not reach agreement, both submitted motions to the district court.
Plaintiffs sought further action regarding checkup reports and the lagging
counties; Defendants sought to modify both the Corrective Action Order and
Consent Decree under Rule 60(b)(5) to eliminate the provisions in both that
related to checkup reports or lagging counties, asserting they had met all
requirements. The district court denied the Plaintiffs’ motion, and granted the
Defendants’ motion. Plaintiffs did not appeal that ruling.
      Despite coming out on the losing end, Plaintiffs sought attorneys’ fees for
the time spent briefing both motions.        The district court ruled that the
Plaintiffs were entitled to attorneys’ fees pursuant to the 2007 Fee Order, and
emphasized that the Plaintiffs were the prevailing party both in obtaining the
original consent decree and the corrective action order. The court ordered that
Defendants pay Plaintiffs’ their requested $129,140.00 for work on the
contested motions.    The court rejected Defendants request to analyze the
reasonableness of the fees based on the degree of Plaintiffs’ success, finding
that because the basis of the fees was the agreed-upon Corrective Action Order




                                        5
                                     No. 14-41232
and 2007 Fee Order, the “success or failure of the work” did not “determine[]
payment in this instance.” 2
       On appeal, the parties focus on two different bases for attorneys’ fees: (1)
a contractual basis rooted in whether the first paragraph of the 2007 Fee Order
entitles Plaintiffs to permanent fees for the duration of this litigation; and (2)
a statutory basis dependent on whether Plaintiffs are a “prevailing party”
under 42 U.S.C. § 1988.         The latter implicates differing views among the
circuits over the bounds of postdecree fee entitlement. Defendants also argue
that even if fees were generally available on either a contractual or statutory
basis, the district court should have assessed the reasonableness of Plaintiffs’
position and their degree of success.
                                            II.
      The court has jurisdiction to hear this interlocutory appeal under the
collateral order doctrine. Coopers & Lybrand v. Livesay, 

, 468
(1978) (holding interlocutory orders appealable if they: “conclusively determine
the disputed question, resolve an important issue completely separate from the
merits of the action, and be effectively unreviewable on appeal from a final
judgment.”). Whether an interim fee award meets the requirements of the
collateral order doctrine is a case-by-case question. Such awards are generally
appealable, however, in cases like this one in which the underlying litigation
involves a consent decree of indefinite duration. Walker v. U.S. Dep’t of Hous.
& Urban Dev., 

, 766–67 (5th Cir. 1996).
      The Court reviews de novo the question of whether Plaintiffs are
“prevailing parties” under 42 U.S.C. § 1988. Davis v. Abbott, 

, 213
(5th Cir. 2015).      The Corrective Action Order and 2007 Fee Order are


      2 The district court also did not analyze the reasonableness of counsel’s rate or the
amount of time spent on particular tasks because Defendants did not raise arguments about
the reasonableness of the fee beyond degree of success.
                                            6
                                 No. 14-41232
interpreted according to contract law. See Dean v. City of Shreveport, 

, 460 (5th Cir. 2006) (“When interpreting a consent decree, general
principles of contract interpretation govern.”); Ergon-W. Virginia, Inc. v.
Dynegy Mktg. & Trade, 

, 424 (5th Cir. 2013) (explaining that
unambiguous contracts are reviewed de novo; a district court’s interpretation
of an ambiguous contract that uses extrinsic evidence is reviewed for clear
error). The actual award of attorneys’ fees is reviewed for abuse of discretion,
with factual findings subject to review for clear error and legal conclusions
reviewed de novo. 

.
                                      III.
      We first consider the statutory argument for fees based on “prevailing
party” status. Attorneys’ fees for the victorious plaintiff have become a staple
of modern civil rights litigation. Section 1988(b) provides that for any action
or proceeding to enforce a given set of civil rights laws, the court may award
attorneys’ fees to the prevailing party. 42 U.S.C. § 1988(b). Although the
language is discretionary, the Supreme Court has held that prevailing parties
should be awarded reasonable fees, absent exceptional circumstances. Hensley
v. Eckerhart, 

, 429 (1983) (“[A] prevailing plaintiff should
ordinarily recover an attorney’s fee unless special circumstances would render
such an award unjust.”) (internal citation omitted). A party that successfully
obtains a settlement agreement that is made enforceable through a consent
decree is a prevailing party. See Buckhannon Bd. & Care Home, Inc. v. W. Va.
Dep’t of Health & Human Res., 

, 604 (2001), citing Maher v. Gagne,

(1980); see also El Paso Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Richard R., 

, 422 (5th Cir. 2009) (noting that obtaining a consent decree may be the
basis for awarding attorneys’ fees). Fees may also be recoverable for successful
work done after entry of the consent decree that is done to enforce the decree.
Pennsylvania v. Del. Valley Citizens’ Council for Clean Air, 

, 559
                                       7
                                  No. 14-41232
(1986) (holding that a party may be entitled to attorneys’ fees for postdecree
enforcement work under the fee-shifting provision of the Clean Air Act,
analogizing and relying in part on lower court decisions allowing fees under
§ 1988 for “post-judgment monitoring”); 

(“Monitoring a
consent judgment previously entered entitles a plaintiff to attorneys’ fees . . .
Plaintiffs may recover attorneys’ fees for actions enforcing an earlier judgment,
if they prevail in such enforcement. Actions to prevent the modification of an
earlier judgment are sufficiently similar for the same reasoning to apply. . .”).
      Under this established law, the district court repeatedly awarded fees to
Plaintiffs without opposition for their attorneys’ time spent obtaining the
original decree and the 2007 Corrective Action Order, as well as for monitoring
and compliance work contemplated by those orders. See Appellants’ Br. 18
(arguing that Plaintiffs’ counsel is not entitled to fees “for any of their work on
Lagging Counties after Plaintiffs’ attorneys began drafting their motion for
further action in January 2012”); What at is at issue here is the fees related
to their work drafting the motion for further action and defending against the
state’s motion. Defendants argue that because Plaintiffs were unsuccessful in
extending the defendants’ obligations under the lagging counties provision,
they are not a “prevailing” party.
      Defendants would have a strong argument if the Plaintiffs’ unsuccessful
attempt to extend the lagging counties provisions was not rooted in a procedure
Plaintiffs bargained for and obtained in the 2007 Corrective Action Order. Two
circuits have taken a restrictive approach to fee requests for postdecree work
that proves unsuccessful. In Alliance to End Repression v. City of Chicago, 

(7th Cir. 2004), the Seventh Circuit rejected a request for fees related
to work taking place between 1994 and 2001 that unsuccessfully opposed the
City’s motion to modify a consent decree entered in the 1970s and also failed
to obtain a finding that the City was in contempt of the decree. 

                                        8
                                       No. 14-41232
Although the court suggested that fees for postdecree monitoring efforts may
be recoverable when the consent decree requires that a party fill a specified
monitoring function, the decree at issue did not provide for such monitoring.

(“Neither the original nor the modified decree imposes on [Plaintiff
class’s] lawyers any duty of operating the compliance machinery. They could
have walked away from the case as soon as the consent decree was approved
confident that a compliance machinery in which they had been given no role
had been established.”). The Sixth Circuit took a similar approach in finding
that fees may be awarded only for postdecree work that is both “necessary to
enforce the prior order and result[s] in a subsequent court order or agency
determination that at the very least secures plaintiffs’ initial success in
obtaining the consent decree.” Binta B. ex rel. S.A. v. Gordon, 

,
625 (6th Cir. 2013) (internal quotation omitted). But again, the work for which
fees were sought and denied in that case—including an unsuccessful motion
for an injunction in a separate but related case, work training counsel from
other health advocacy organizations, and lobbying with legislators when
opposing counsel was not present and did not authorize such efforts—was not
provided for in the earlier consent decree. 3 

636–39.
       Both the Sixth and Seventh Circuit find support for their view in the
“material alteration of the legal relationship” standard the Supreme Court
articulated in rejecting a “catalyst” theory for attorneys’ fees in Buckhannon
Bd. & Care Home, Inc. v. W. Va. Dep’t of Health & Human Res., 

,
604–05 (2001). See Alliance to End 

(noting that



       3 The fact-specific nature of this inquiry is evident from the postdecree fees that the
Sixth Circuit did uphold; it affirmed fees for work it could determine was both necessary and
resulted in securing earlier success, such as time analyzing a reform proposed by the
defendants that was necessary to prepare for litigation that partially maintained the
plaintiffs’ success, and remanded for the district court to determine whether other activities
were both necessary and either secured or advanced the Plaintiffs’ victory. 

                                              9
                                       No. 14-41232
“[m]onitoring may reduce the incidence of violations of a decree, but if it does
not produce a judgment or order, then under the rule of Buckhannon it is not
compensable,” and specifically holding that compensation for “piggyback
monitoring” efforts by counsel that are not required by a court order “do not
survive Buckhannon”); Binta 

(concluding that Buckhannon
does not go so far as to prohibit fees for any postdecree work that does not
result in a change to the parties’ legal relationship, but it must be “accord[ed]
. . . some weight in the post-decree context”). Other circuits, however, do not
see Buckhannon as curtailing preexisting case law on postdecree fees and thus
treat       such   requests   more     favorably. 4      See    Prison Legal        News     v.
Schwarzenegger, 

, 451–52 (9th Cir. 2010) (discussing how
Buckhannon did not overturn Delaware Valley nor require the Ninth Circuit
to change how it assessed post-judgment monitoring); Johnson v. City of Tulsa,
Okla., 

, 1108 (10th Cir. 2007) (rejecting what it took as Alliance’s
requirement that postdecree work must result in a material change in order to
entitle a party to fees).
        But this is not a case in which Plaintiffs simply ended up being unhappy
with the terms of, or compliance with, a consent decree and sought to modify
it or extend it in a manner not contemplated by the decree. We thus need not
decide which approach of our sister circuits should be followed in deciding the
extent to which “prevailing party” status obtained in an early stage of a lawsuit
continues to apply to unanticipated disputes arising later in the case.



        4Before Buckhannon, courts routinely approved fees for postdecree work that was not
successful but that was nonetheless viewed as intertwined with the original decree. See, e.g.
Plyler v. Evatt, 

, 281 (4th Cir. 1990) (awarding fees for an unsuccessful attempt
to oppose modification of a consent decree because counsel had an obligation to oppose
modification when such efforts were “essential to the preservation of the integrity of the
consent decree as a whole”); Turner v. Orr, 

, 1504 (11th Cir. 1986) (holding that
a prevailing plaintiff is entitled to fees for work seeking to enforce the judgment, “regardless
of the outcome of each individual post-judgment effort involving litigation”).
                                              10
                                       No. 14-41232
Plaintiffs here seek attorneys’ fees for a discrete set of motions contemplated
in the 2007 Corrective Action Order for which they indisputably obtained
prevailing party status.        Negotiations and motion practice concerning the
status of the checkup reports and lagging counties provision come 2011 was
part of what Plaintiffs achieved as a result of their 2007 success.                      This
established framework makes the motions at issue more like a compliance or
dispute resolution procedure that was a part of the parties’ agreement than a
new, distinct motion to obtain a form of relief beyond what was established in
the original decree. Defendants argue that unlike the mandatory negotiation
provision, the Corrective Action Order did not require the filing of a motion in
2012, and Plaintiffs should thus not receive fees when their decision to file a
motion ended up not being a sound one. 5 At a minimum, however, part of what
Plaintiffs achieved in 2007 was the opportunity to have the Court decide
whether the “checkup reports and lagging counties” plan should continue.
Prevailing party status obtained in 2007 thus extended to the final step
contemplated in the Corrective Action Order for the lagging counties provision.
See 

(“Monitoring a consent judgment previously entered
entitles a plaintiff to attorneys’ fees.”). That the work arises out of a discrete
procedure expressly anticipated in the Corrective Action Order also eliminates
the concern expressed by the Sixth and Seventh Circuits that early success in
institutional litigation could create a “gravy train” or “cottage industry” of
never-ending fee requests for civil rights attorneys regardless of what they


       5  Defendants’ argument that conferring was required but motion work was
discretionary is in tension with some language in the Corrective Action Order. It requires
that the district court decide whether further action is necessary if the parties cannot agree:
“If the parties cannot agree within 90 days of the fourth anniversary of the order entry date,
the dispute will be resolved by the Court.” The plain language thus appears to contemplate
the oblation ends only when the parties agree no further action is required or the court makes
that determination.

                                              11
                                       No. 14-41232
accomplish. 6 See Binta 

; Alliance to End 

. Our reasoning would not extend, for example, to a motion filed by
Plaintiffs in 2017 seeking to reinstitute the “lagging counties” provision.
                                             IV.
       Of course, prevailing party status does not automatically entitle a party
to the full amount of attorneys’ fees incurred. Courts review such requests for
reasonableness, which includes consideration of the success achieved. See

(“If . . . a plaintiff has achieved only partial or limited
success, the product of hours reasonably expended on the litigation as a whole
times a reasonable hourly rate may be an excessive amount. . . . [T]he most
critical factor [in determining a reasonable fee] is the degree of success
obtained.”).
       The district court did not engage in that typical analysis, likely because
it seemed to conclude that Plaintiffs were entitled to fees based not just on
“prevailing party” status as to the 2007 Corrective Action Order alone, but also
as a contractual right under the 2007 Fee Order. And it apparently read that
agreement as providing a contractual entitlement to fees not subject to
reasonableness review.
       Because we have determined that Plaintiffs are a prevailing party for
purposes of the two motions at issue as a result of their success in obtaining
that procedure as part of the 2007 Corrective Action Order, we do not reach
the full question of whether the separate 2007 Fee Order entitles them to



       6  Nor does the Corrective Action Order allow nonparties to file a motion for further
relief, as was the case in Alliance to End 

–72 (noting that anyone,
not just class counsel, could have brought the contempt actions under the decree provisions
for an indefinite period of time and comparing the procedures to adversary proceedings
within bankruptcy). The procedural framework at issue here was limited to Plaintiffs’
counsel and to this one-time motion practice before the district court.

                                             12
                                       No. 14-41232
prevailing party status throughout this litigation. 7 To the extent the district
court read the 2007 Fee Order as providing a right to fees not subject to typical
court scrutiny, however, we must consider at least that aspect of the ruling in
deciding Defendants’ back-up argument that the fees should have been
reviewed for reasonableness.
       We conclude that even if the 2007 Fee Order entitles Plaintiffs to
attorneys’ fees throughout this litigation, it does not exempt the requested fees
from the judicial scrutiny for reasonableness that typically applies to
prevailing party fee requests. The 2007 Fee Order requires that if the parties
cannot agree on attorneys’ fees, costs and expenses, Plaintiffs shall submit
their motion for fees to the court. What would be the point of motion practice
if Plaintiffs have the right to full fees without ordinary court scrutiny? If this
were the parties’ agreement, Defendants would be indefinitely required to pay
for any and all fees for work related to the Corrective Action Order that
Plaintiffs choose to incur, no matter how unreasonable or unsuccessful their
efforts may be. Indeed, the district court acknowledged that it must review
whether the time spent and rates charged for the motion practice was
reasonable but Defendants did not object on either ground; the court simply
did not consider the degree of success. We see little basis for finding that the
agreement allows some aspects of ordinary fee scrutiny but not others. Indeed,
courts often engage in full reasonableness review, which includes considering
the result obtained as one factor, even for attorney fee awards provided by




       7 Interpretation of the 2007 Fee Order is less clear than the district court’s order may
suggest. As mentioned above, it is not obvious how the paragraphs relate to one another.
Does the statement that “Plaintiffs are entitled to recover attorneys’ fees, costs and expenses
related to their counsel’s work on this case” apply only to the following paragraph or all three
paragraphs? Even if the third paragraph discussing procedures for obtaining fees for
expenses incurred following entry of the 2007 Corrective Action Order stands by itself, in
addressing those procedures, is it agreeing that Plaintiffs are entitled to such fees?
                                              13
                                  No. 14-41232
contract. See, e.g., Natco Ltd. P’ship v. Moran Towing of Fla., Inc., 

, 1196 (11th Cir. 2001); Graceland Fruit, Inc. v. KIC Chemicals, Inc., 302
F. App’x. 323, 325–328 (6th Cir. 2008); Malin Int’l Ship Repair & Drydock, Inc.
v. M/V SEIM SWORDFISH, 

, 634–35 (E.D. La. 2009).
Absent more direct language waiving the reasonableness review that
ordinarily applies to prevailing party fees, Plaintiffs’ position is not a plausible
reading of the order. See Robert L. Rossi, ATTORNEYS’ FEES § 9:36 (2016)
(“When an award of attorneys’s fees is authorized by contract, the fee awarded
must be reasonable even in the absence of a provision requiring that the fee be
reasonable.”); Spirtas Co. v. Ins. Co. of the State of Pa. , 

, 653 (8th
Cir. 2009) (noting that when the fee provision does not contain a
reasonableness requirement, “[o]ur court and Missouri’s courts . . .generally
will infer a reasonableness requirement in all contractual fee provisions as a
matter of public policy”).   The district court therefore erred in not considering
the degree of success among the many factors that are assessed in determining
whether prevailing party attorneys’ fees are reasonable.
                                     *****
      We conclude that Plaintiffs were the prevailing party for purposes of the
two motions at issue as court consideration of them was part of the relief they
successfully obtained in the 2007 Corrective Action Order. But because the
district court did not consider the degree of success in analyzing the
reasonableness of the fees requested, the interim fee order is VACATED and
REMANDED for the district judge to conduct this inquiry.




                                        14
                                  No. 14-41232
JAMES L. DENNIS, Circuit Judge, concurring in Parts I-III and concurring in
the judgment:

      I agree with the majority opinion’s discussion of prevailing-party status
and with its disposition of this appeal. However, in my view, the district court
correctly concluded that it is the 2007 Fee Order, not 42 U.S.C. § 1988, that
entitles the Plaintiffs to attorneys’ fees, and I am convinced that this fact
should control the reasonableness analysis on remand.
      The Fee Order explicitly states, “Plaintiffs are entitled to recover
attorneys’ fees, costs and expenses related to their counsel’s work in this case.”
It also notes that the entitlement to fees “include[s]” those incurred through
the date of the 2007 order. “The participle including typically indicates a
partial list,” Include, BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY (10th ed. 2014); thus, this
provision could easily be read as clarifying that the fees for present and future
work are governed by the same rules.        Additionally, the order contains a
distinct paragraph that “concerns attorneys’ fees, costs and expenses incurred
by Plaintiffs’ counsel through the date of the Court’s ruling” on the CAO,
suggesting that the rest of the order concerns expenses incurred after the date
of the Court’s ruling. The order also establishes a procedure “for attorneys’
fees, costs and expenses to be incurred following the date of the Court’s ruling”
on the Corrective Action Order (CAO), which includes a requirement that the
parties meet annually to discuss fees and seek a court order if they cannot
agree. At the very least, the presence of these provisions makes the Fee Order
ambiguous with respect to the extent of the Plaintiffs’ entitlement to attorneys’
fees. The district court’s conclusion, based on extrinsic evidence, that the
Plaintiffs were entitled to fees for the legal work at issue on the basis of the
Fee Order was therefore not clearly erroneous. See Ergon-W. Va, Inc. v. Dynegy
Mktg. & Trade, 

, 424 (5th Cir. 2013) (“[C]lear error is the standard


                                       15
                                       No. 14-41232


of review when a district court uses extrinsic evidence to interpret an
ambiguous contract.”).
       Of course, I agree with the majority that even a contractual award must
be reasonable; indeed, the Fee Order here states that, as prevailing parties,
the Plaintiffs are entitled “to be awarded their reasonable fees, costs and
expenses.” (Emphasis added). Contrary to the majority opinion’s view, the
district court did not believe that the Plaintiffs were contractually entitled to
attorney fees “not subject to reasonableness review.” 1 Op. at 12. Instead, the
court correctly read the Consent Decree, the CAO, and the Fee Order to impose
a duty upon the Plaintiffs to provide a check against the Defendants’ default
or modification of their obligations thereunder, and to further provide that the
plaintiffs shall be reimbursed for attorneys’ fees reasonably incurred in the
performance of that duty. The decree and CAO call upon the plaintiffs merely
to provide a crucible to test the defendants’ motions for discontinuance or
modification of their obligations, and the district court did not err in finding
that the plaintiffs and their attorneys acted reasonably in providing diligent
and proper opposition to the defendants’ motions and that their requested fee
amount reflected the work that counsel performed.
       Furthermore, I disagree with the majority opinion’s suggestion that
Hensley v. Eckerhart, 

, 436 (1983), governs the reasonableness
analysis when the entitlement to an award is based in contract. The scrutiny
that typically applies to prevailing party fee requests in civil rights cases—and
the idea that the degree of success obtained is “the most critical factor,” id.—is
derived from interpretations of § 1988 and readings of Congressional intent. It


       1 Indeed, the district court acknowledged that the Defendants could challenge the
reasonableness of an award made pursuant to the Fee Order and gave examples of the factors
that could be considered during this sort of review; the defendants chose to challenge the fee
award only on the basis of the degree of success.

                                             16
                                  No. 14-41232


is therefore not applicable where the entitlement is contractually based. In
Hensley, the Supreme Court relied on the legislative history of § 1988 to
observe that, in enacting the fee-shifting provision, “Congress has not
authorized an award of fees whenever it was reasonable for a plaintiff to bring
a lawsuit or whenever conscientious counsel tried the case with devotion and
skill.” 

436. But where a contractual fee agreement entitles a
party to attorneys’ fees related to their counsel’s work on a particular case,
“[t]he contractual entitlement . . . [has] supplemented or superseded the
statutory one,” All. To End Repression v. City of Chicago, 

, 770
(7th Cir. 2004); the scope of Congress’s authorization under § 1988 therefore
has no bearing, cf. McKeage v. TMBC, LLC, 

, 1003 (8th Cir. 2017)
(“In cases involving contractual fee-shifting provisions, there is no relevant
underlying congressional intent that might preclude a common fund award.”).
      To be clear, our circuit precedent still requires the district court to
consider the degree of success obtained when analyzing the reasonableness of
a contractual award. In Johnson v. Georgia Highway Express, Inc., a case
brought under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, our court laid out twelve factors
that must be considered in determining the reasonableness of a fee award,
including “[t]he amount involved and the results obtained.” 

, 717
(5th Cir. 1974), overruled on other grounds, Blanchard v. Bergeron, 

(1989). We have since applied those twelve factors when determining the
reasonableness of attorneys’ fees based in contract. See, e.g., Meineke Disc.
Muffler v. Jaynes, 

, 126 (5th Cir. 1993). But unlike under Hensley,
degree of success under Johnson is not the most critical factor. See 

–19 (listing the twelve factors without suggesting relative
importance). The district court’s denial of the Plaintiffs’ motion and grant of
the Defendants’ motion should thus not have a disproportionate influence on


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the reasonableness of the related fee award. I therefore respectfully disagree
with the majority’s conclusion that the source of the Plaintiffs’ entitlement to
attorneys’ fees has no bearing on the reasonableness review.
       In any event, I emphasize that, even under the analysis adopted by the
majority opinion, the district court is in no way bound to reduce the Plaintiffs’
fee award to zero after considering the reasonableness of the award in light of
the degree of success obtained. The Plaintiffs’ attorneys’ fees were incurred in
the performance of a duty that was imposed by the CAO that they successfully
obtained in 2007; the district court should therefore consider the Plaintiffs’
success in obtaining that order when it analyzes the reasonableness of
attorneys’ fees incurred in the performance of their decretal duty. 2 And the
district court should remember that, although the Supreme Court has
highlighted the importance of this factor in determining whether a fee award
requested under § 1988 is reasonable, it is still one factor out of many and is
not alone be determinative of the district court’s analysis. See 

–37 (“There is no precise rule or formula for making
[reasonableness] determinations. . . . The court necessarily has discretion in
making this equitable judgment.”).




       2 Failing take this earlier success, and the resulting duties, into account would lead to
an absurd and unjust result. If the Plaintiffs and their attorneys are held to be entitled to
little or no attorneys’ fees unless they completely defeat the defendants’ motions, the
Plaintiffs may be forced to perform their duty the advice and assistance of compensated
counsel. Neither the statute nor the relevant court decisions can fairly be read to require
such results.

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