Case: 17-10411      Document: 00514548610         Page: 1    Date Filed: 07/10/2018




           IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                    FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
                                                                      United States Court of Appeals
                                                                               Fifth Circuit

                                      No. 17-10411                           FILED
                                                                         July 10, 2018
                                                                        Lyle W. Cayce
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                                                    Clerk

              Plaintiff - Appellee

v.

ABDULLAH EL HAGE,

              Defendant - Appellant




                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Northern District of Texas
                             USDC No. 4:16-CR-243-2


Before KING, SOUTHWICK, and HO, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
       After pleading guilty to conspiring to distribute controlled substances,
Abdullah El Hage, a former smoke shop owner, received a lengthy yet below-
Guidelines sentence. On appeal, El Hage claims the district court both
overstated his Guidelines range and imposed a substantively unreasonable
sentence. Both attacks share a common theme. According to El Hage, the
district court improperly analogized, for purposes of sentencing, the drugs his


       * Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH
CIR. R. 47.5.4.
     Case: 17-10411       Document: 00514548610         Page: 2     Date Filed: 07/10/2018



                                       No. 17-10411
shop sold—smokeable plant material sprayed with synthetic cannabinoids,
also known on the street as “spice”—to tetrahydrocannabinol rather than
marijuana. We conclude, contra El Hage, that the analogy holds, and thus we
AFFIRM.
                                              I.
       In 2015, Abdullah El Hage and his Fort Worth smoke shop (called
“I Smoke ’N More 2”) came under suspicion when a confidential source told
local police that El Hage’s shop sold “spice.” Sometimes mislabeled as an
incense, potpourri, or air freshener, “spice” is a smokeable plant-based product
laced with synthetic cannabinoids. It is often marketed as a “legal” alternative
to marijuana. At El Hage’s shop, customers could buy various “brand names”
of spice, like “24K Monkey,” “Diablo,” “Dr. Feel Good,” and “Brain Freeze.”
       Working undercover, DEA agents bought some of these products from
El Hage’s shop. Follow-up laboratory tests revealed that the synthetic
cannabinoids in El Hage’s spice were Schedule I controlled substances or
various illegal analogues. 1 El Hage was arrested, and federal agents seized
packets and other containers of spice from his shop, car, and home. El Hage’s
operation was soon linked to a larger spice distribution network. His spice’s
synthetic cannabinoids were manufactured in China and shipped to California.
There, the synthetic cannabinoids were sprayed on plant material to make the
spice. Once ready, the spice got packaged and shipped to Texas.
       Following his arrest, El Hage was indicted and pleaded guilty to
conspiracy to distribute controlled substances. See 21 U.S.C. § 846. El Hage’s
guilty plea was accepted, and the probation office prepared a presentence


       1 Specifically, the seven identified substances found in El Hage’s spice were AB-
CHMINACA, XLR-11, 5F-PB-22, 5F-AB-PINACA, 5-FLUORO-AMB, FUB-AMB, and 5-
FLUORO-ADB. The first three are Schedule I controlled substances, see 21 C.F.R.
§ 1308.11(d)(49), (52), (69), and the last four are Schedule I controlled substance analogues,
see 21 U.S.C. § 802(32)(A).
                                              2
    Case: 17-10411     Document: 00514548610     Page: 3   Date Filed: 07/10/2018



                                  No. 17-10411
investigation report (PSR). The PSR deemed El Hage responsible for 88,783
grams of spice, an amount that was later reduced slightly by the district court
after objections from El Hage and the Government.
      A major issue during El Hage’s sentencing was the appropriate base
offense level under the federal Sentencing Guidelines for these 88,783 grams
of spice. Ordinarily, once the quantity of drugs attributable to the defendant is
settled, computing his base offense level is straightforward: the court matches
the quantity to the appropriate entry in the Guidelines’ drug quantity table.
See U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(c). When the particular drug does not appear in the drug
quantity table, another step is added. See 

comment. (n.8(A), (D)).
The court must first convert the quantity of drugs attributable to the defendant
to an “equivalent quantity” of marijuana using the ratio supplied in the drug
equivalency tables. See 

comment. (n.8(A)). Then, the court can use
the equivalent quantity of marijuana to calculate the proper base offense level
under the drug quantity table. See 

case presented yet another wrinkle. Neither “spice” nor the
laced synthetic cannabinoids in El Hage’s spice appear anywhere in the
Guidelines. Because of this, the district court had to determine the drug in the
Guidelines’ drug equivalency tables which was “the most closely related” to
El Hage’s spice. See 

comment. (n.6). Per the Guidelines, this
inquiry is, “to the extent practicable,” guided by three factors:
      (A) Whether the controlled substance not referenced in this
      guideline has a chemical structure that is substantially similar to
      a controlled substance referenced in this guideline.
      (B) Whether the controlled substance not referenced in this
      guideline has a stimulant, depressant, or hallucinogenic effect on
      the central nervous system that is substantially similar to the
      stimulant, depressant, or hallucinogenic effect on the central
      nervous system of a controlled substance referenced in this
      guideline.

                                         3
    Case: 17-10411    Document: 00514548610     Page: 4   Date Filed: 07/10/2018



                                 No. 17-10411
      (C) Whether a lesser or greater quantity of the controlled
      substance not referenced in this guideline is needed to produce a
      substantially similar effect on the central nervous system as a
      controlled substance referenced in this guideline.

“most closely related” controlled substance is identified, the court
could calculate El Hage’s base offense level by using the marijuana-
equivalency ratio of the comparator substance. See 

methodology, the PSR reported spice is most closely related
to tetrahydrocannabinol, more commonly known as THC. THC—which is
marijuana’s main psychoactive chemical—has a 1 to 167 ratio with marijuana
on the Guidelines’ drug equivalency tables. See 

comment. (n.8(D)).
This means that 1 gram of THC (or any comparator substance) is treated as
equivalent to 167 grams of marijuana. See 

1:167 ratio and
multiplication, the PSR concluded that El Hage’s 88,783 grams of spice were
equivalent to 14,827 kilograms of marijuana for sentencing purposes. Later,
the district court reduced this figure slightly to 14,076 kilograms, a reduction
that had no effect on the Guidelines range. This yielded a base offense level of
34, which was bumped up four levels through various enhancements and
adjustments to a total offense level of 38. Combined with El Hage’s criminal
history category of I, and accounting for the 20-year statutory-maximum
sentence, the PSR calculated a Guidelines range of 235 to 240 months’
incarceration.
      El Hage filed written objections to the PSR. Relevantly, he resisted the
use of the 1:167 ratio, claiming that marijuana, not THC, was the most closely
related controlled substance to his spice. By El Hage’s logic, if the 1:167 ratio
for THC was replaced with the more lenient 1:1 ratio for marijuana, his
Guidelines range would be substantially reduced. In such case, he would be
accountable for only 88,783 grams of marijuana, yielding a base offense level
of 22, a total offense level of 26, and a Guidelines range of 63 to 78 months’
                                       4
     Case: 17-10411      Document: 00514548610        Page: 5    Date Filed: 07/10/2018



                                     No. 17-10411
incarceration. El Hage, in addition, argued that even if THC was the right
comparator, the Guidelines’ 1:167 ratio for THC lacks a sound basis in science
or policy. Accordingly, he asked the court to vary downwardly from the
Guidelines range.
      The Government defended the 1:167 ratio in a written response. It
submitted a set of expert reports by Dr. Jordan Trecki, a DEA pharmacologist
who routinely testifies for the Government in criminal cases about the nature
and effects of synthetic cannabinoids. Dr. Trecki’s report claimed that the
particular synthetic cannabinoids El Hage sold were most similar to THC. The
Government also stated that Dr. Trecki would testify at sentencing.
      At the sentencing hearing, the parties quarreled over which drug—THC
or marijuana—was closest to El Hage’s spice. 2 To support its case that THC
was the proper comparator, the Government called Dr. Trecki. Dr. Trecki
testified that the synthetic cannabinoids laced in El Hage’s spice were closer
to THC than marijuana. Starting on Guidelines factor (A)—which relates to
the controlled substance’s chemical structure—Dr. Trecki said that it had no
bearing either way. Per Dr. Trecki, no controlled substance in the Guidelines
has a chemical structure similar to that of the synthetic cannabinoids at issue.
But based on factors (B) and (C)—which respectively relate to pharmacological
effect and potency—Dr. Trecki claimed that THC was the correct comparator.
Dr. Trecki’s conclusions were drawn from in vitro laboratory studies, in vivo
animal studies, and various reports (hospital, coroner, and police reports).
      On factor (B)—pharmacological effect—Dr. Trecki worked through the
seven synthetic cannabinoids found in El Hage’s spice. These synthetic


      2  Neither side argued below or on appeal that another controlled substance—say,
hashish oil or cannabis resin—might be a better comparator. See U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1, comment.
(n.8(D)) (listing “Hashish,” “Hashish Oil,” and “Cannabis Resin” on the drug equivalency
tables). Thus, we have no occasion to consider whether a controlled substance other than
THC or marijuana might be the most closely related.
                                            5
    Case: 17-10411    Document: 00514548610     Page: 6   Date Filed: 07/10/2018



                                 No. 17-10411
cannabinoids, according to Dr. Trecki, bind to the same two receptors in the
brain as THC (as confirmed during in vitro tests), creating a similar physical
response of euphoria and pain mitigation. But unlike THC, which is a partial
agonist, synthetic cannabinoids are full agonists. This means, according to
Dr. Trecki, synthetic cannabinoids produce a more intense reaction than THC.
Likewise, animals trained to differentiate THC from saline solution are unable
to differentiate between THC and synthetic cannabinoids. Finally, the effect of
THC on humans during clinical trials mirrors the adverse effects of synthetic
cannabinoids reported by hospitals. In fact, the adverse effects are even greater
for synthetic cannabinoids than for THC. Following up on that point, for
factor (C)—potency—Dr.     Trecki   explained    that   the   various   synthetic
cannabinoids are actually more potent than THC. In clinical trials using pure
THC, the results included “nausea, vomiting, hallucinations, and paranoia,”
but were not “nearly as severe” as the reported effects of synthetic
cannabinoids.
      Dr. Trecki also explained that spice—which is just inert plant material
sprayed with synthetic cannabinoids—is closer in pharmacological effect and
potency to THC than marijuana. The “high” from marijuana, according to
Dr. Trecki, involves euphoria, hallucinations, increased hunger, relaxation,
and occasionally paranoid reactions, but “you are not dying from it.” Synthetic
cannabinoids, on the other hand, have been linked to severe addiction,
vomiting, “zombie-like effects” in users, mass hospitalizations, seizures, heart
attacks, organ failure, and deaths. Dr. Trecki added that even when synthetic
cannabinoids are substantially diluted (to a ratio of 65 to 1), seizures,
zombification, and throwing up can still occur. This disparity, according to Dr.
Trecki, arises from two things. First, as explained above, synthetic
cannabinoids are more potent than the THC in marijuana. Second, marijuana
contains other active chemicals which counteract the effects of its naturally
                                       6
    Case: 17-10411     Document: 00514548610        Page: 7   Date Filed: 07/10/2018



                                     No. 17-10411
occurring THC. In contrast, because the plant material in spice is completely
inert, it has no mediating effect.
      El Hage cross-examined Dr. Trecki, but did not call his own expert or
submit documentary evidence. On cross-examination, Dr. Trecki admitted that
none of the reports he had seen quantified the synthetic-cannabinoid
concentration of El Hage’s spice. And he admitted that uncertainty exists over
what a particular batch of spice’s synthetic-cannabinoid concentration will be,
given the possibility for glitches in the coating process. And Dr. Trecki said he
was not aware of any individual who had significant negative effects as a result
of ingesting El Hage’s spice. Dr. Trecki finally admitted that in “[e]xtremely
low” doses, synthetic cannabinoids produce only a depressant effect.
      Following both sides’ presentation and argument, the district court
rejected El Hage’s attack on the PSR’s equation of spice with THC, adopted the
factual findings in the PSR, and calculated El Hage’s Guidelines range as 235
to 240 months’ incarceration. The district court varied downwardly from this
range and imposed a sentence of 180 months’ incarceration. The district court
stated that its decision to vary downwardly to the extent it did was based on
all the information presented, including “the dangerousness of this chemical,”
the quantity involved in El Hage’s offense, and the amount of money he was
bringing in. It also stated that it considered the balance of other factors,
including El Hage’s possession of a firearm, his initial cooperation, and his lack
of criminal history.
      El Hage now appeals.
                                         II.
      In his appeal, El Hage challenges both the procedural and substantive
reasonableness of his sentence. See United States v. Scott, 

, 554-
55 (5th Cir. 2011) (describing and distinguishing the two types of challenges).
With respect to the former challenge, El Hage claims the district court
                                          7
     Case: 17-10411        Document: 00514548610          Page: 8     Date Filed: 07/10/2018



                                        No. 17-10411
committed a significant procedural error by improperly calculating his
Guidelines range. He follows up by arguing that even if his Guidelines range
was properly calculated, his ultimate sentence was still substantively
unreasonable. We consider, and ultimately reject, each claim in turn.
                                               A.
       El Hage first challenges the district court’s calculation of his Guidelines
range. Specifically, he claims the district court erred when it found that his
spice—which is only fractionally composed of synthetic cannabinoids—most
closely resembles pure THC. To make his case, El Hage argues that the
Government only presented evidence that pure synthetic cannabinoids more
closely resemble THC than marijuana. But El Hage did not distribute pure
synthetic cannabinoids. An “isolated, pure chemical” cannot be analogous,
according to El Hage, to “plant material sprayed with a diluted chemical.” The
Government’s main rejoinder is that it presented enough evidence for the
district court properly to conclude that spice—even though composed only
fractionally of synthetic cannabinoids—is more closely related to THC than
marijuana. 3 We side with the Government.
       The identification of the most closely related controlled substance is a
fact question we review for clear error. See United States v. Malone, 

, 337 (5th Cir. 2016). “The clear-error standard of review is a deferential
one.” United States v. Rodriguez, 

, 380 (5th Cir. 2011). “A factual


       3 The Government also argues the Guidelines call for an evaluation of the “controlled
substance,” which in this case is the synthetic cannabinoids and not the spice. See United
States v. Ramos, 

, 919 (8th Cir. 2016). But see 

(Bright, J., concurring
in part and dissenting in part) (arguing that the correct comparator under the Guidelines is
the whole mixture and not the underlying synthetic cannabinoid). According to the
Government, if we look only at the underlying synthetic cannabinoids, overwhelming
evidence existed that the synthetic cannabinoids were closer to THC than marijuana.
Because we agree with the Government that spice itself is most closely related to THC, we
do not consider whether the synthetic cannabinoids, by themselves, are the correct
comparators.
                                               8
    Case: 17-10411     Document: 00514548610     Page: 9   Date Filed: 07/10/2018



                                  No. 17-10411
finding is not clearly erroneous if it is plausible in light of the record as a
whole.” United States v. Alaniz, 

, 618 (5th Cir. 2013) (quoting
United States v. Johnston, 

, 403 (5th Cir. 1997)). Clear error does
not occur merely because we “would have weighed the evidence differently.”
United States v. Charon, 

, 891 (5th Cir. 2006) (quoting United
States v. Harris, 

, 773 (5th Cir. 2005)). But even if “there is
evidence to support” the district court’s finding, clear error occurs if after
reviewing all the evidence we are “left with the definite and firm conviction
that a mistake has been committed.” 

434 F.3d at 773).
Facts used to establish a defendant’s base offense level need only be proven by
a preponderance of the evidence. See United States v. Romans, 

,
316-17 (5th Cir. 2016).
      Our review confirms that the district court did not clearly err in finding
that El Hage’s spice most closely relates to THC. Recall that “to the extent
practicable,” the district court’s inquiry is guided by three factors: whether the
unlisted controlled substance is substantially similar to the referenced
substance in (A) chemical structure, (B) pharmacological effect, and (C)
potency. See U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1, comment. (n.6). The Government’s expert
witness—Dr. Jordan Trecki—testified at length about why spice is closer in
pharmacological effect and potency to THC than marijuana. Marijuana,
according to Dr. Trecki, never kills. Synthetic cannabinoids, on the other hand,
sometimes do. The particular types of synthetic cannabinoids El Hage sold also
have been linked to severe effects not found in marijuana, including mass
hospitalizations, seizures, heart attacks, and organ failure. Dr. Trecki rebutted
El Hage’s argument that the synthetic cannabinoids in spice are sufficiently
diluted to make them more analogous to marijuana. Per Dr. Trecki, even when
synthetic cannabinoids are substantially diluted, serious ill effects can still
occur. He added that these major negative effects occur for two reasons. First,
                                        9
    Case: 17-10411       Document: 00514548610        Page: 10     Date Filed: 07/10/2018



                                      No. 17-10411
synthetic cannabinoids are more potent than the THC in marijuana. Second,
marijuana, unlike spice, contains other active chemicals which counteract the
effects of its naturally occurring THC. To combat all of this, El Hage called no
witnesses and put on no documentary evidence of his own. Given this, we have
no basis to form a “definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been
committed.” 

. 4
       El Hage tries unsuccessfully to marshal our recent opinion in Malone in
support of his case. There, we were tasked with reviewing whether THC or
marijuana was most closely related to a batch of pure synthetic cannabinoids.

. After a hearing where Dr. Trecki (the very same)
testified, the district court found the most closely related controlled substance
to the defendant’s pure synthetic cannabinoid was THC, not marijuana. 

We upheld this factual finding. 

Per the Malone court, the
defendant’s “assertion that we ought ‘compare an isolated chemical with a leafy
green substance’”—i.e., marijuana—“seems implausible on its face—an
uncertainty here not dispelled.” 

We deemed the defendant’s
comparison inapt, in part, because pure synthetic cannabinoids often get
sprayed on plant matter to make twenty times as much spice. See 

El Hage argues that his case presents the converse scenario to Malone and
thus demands the converse result. He points out that his spice was “ready-to-
smoke” and could not be used to make a greater quantity of drugs.
       Malone does not foreclose the district court’s factual finding in this case.
In Malone, we in fact contemplated that in a different case the facial
implausibility of comparing an “isolated chemical” (like THC) to a “leafy green



       4El Hage does not press the argument that the Government failed to present evidence
on a key variable—the synthetic-cannabinoid concentration of his spice. As El Hage’s failure
to press the argument forfeits it, we do not address the argument. See United States v.
Scroggins, 

, 446-47 (5th Cir. 2010); see also Fed. R. App. P. 28(a)(8)(A).
                                            10
    Case: 17-10411        Document: 00514548610          Page: 11      Date Filed: 07/10/2018



                                        No. 17-10411
substance” (like spice) might be “dispelled.” 

This is just such a
case. The district court could reasonably conclude that such facial
implausibility was dispelled by Dr. Trecki’s testimony that spice causes severe
effects more associated with THC than marijuana.
         Based on Dr. Trecki’s unrebutted testimony and the record as a whole,
the district court’s conclusion that El Hage’s spice was most closely related to
THC is “plausible.” See 

. Thus, the district court’s
finding was not clear error, and El Hage’s procedural challenge to his sentence
fails.
                                               B.
         El Hage’s other attack on his sentence goes to its substantive
reasonableness. Whether a sentence is substantively reasonable depends on
the factors set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a). 5 See 

. We
review the substantive reasonableness of sentences with a high degree of
deference, because the district court “is in a better position to find facts and
judge their import under the § 3553(a) factors with respect to a particular
defendant.” 

States v. Hernandez, 

, 375 (5th
Cir. 2011)). “We apply an abuse-of-discretion standard of review,” 

sentences within or below the calculated guidelines range are
reasonable,” United States v. Simpson, 

, 557 (5th Cir. 2015).



         Those factors include:
         5

       (1) the nature and circumstances of the offense and the history and
       characteristics of the defendant, (2) the need for the sentence to reflect the
       seriousness of the offense and provide just punishment, protect the public from
       further crimes of the defendant, and provide the defendant with needed
       correctional treatment, (3) the kinds of sentences available, (4) the Sentencing
       Guidelines and any relevant policy statements, and (5) the need to avoid
       unwarranted sentence disparities among defendants with similar records who
       have been found guilty of similar conduct.
United States v. Diehl, 

, 723 (5th Cir. 2015) (first citing 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a); then
citing Gall v. United States, 

, 50 n.6 (2007)).
                                              11
   Case: 17-10411     Document: 00514548610      Page: 12   Date Filed: 07/10/2018



                                  No. 17-10411
      El Hage presents two distinct arguments why the district court’s failure
to grant a greater downward variance was substantively unreasonable. He
first re-urges a similar argument from his Guidelines challenge—that spice
and THC are not comparable because spice is a mixture and THC is not.
According to El Hage, to adjust for this mismatch, the district court should
have downwardly varied further than it did. Next, El Hage contests the 1:167
THC-to-marijuana ratio itself. He notes that the record evidence showed that
marijuana can be composed of up to 20% THC, and thus a 1:5, not a 1:167, ratio
is appropriate. He also points out that the Government never presented a
scientific or policy explanation for the 1:167 ratio. Relying on Kimbrough v.
United States, 

(2007), El Hage argues that policy concerns over
artificially high base offense levels for drug offenses permit a district court to
vary downwardly.
      Both halves of El Hage’s substantive-reasonableness challenge are
foreclosed by binding circuit authority. Regarding El Hage’s first argument—
that spice cannot be compared to pure THC—we rejected a nearly identical
challenge in United States v. Koss, 

, 471-72 (5th Cir. 2016). There,
Koss appealed the district court’s Guidelines calculation and the substantive
reasonableness of her sentence, claiming the 1:167 ratio was inappropriate for
a mixture containing a detectable but unknown concentration of THC. 

After we rejected her Guidelines challenge, we determined that the
district court did not abuse its discretion by refusing to vary downwardly based
on an argument in contravention of the Guidelines’ approach. 

The same reasoning applies here. As was the case in Koss, the district court
did not abuse its discretion by refusing to vary further away from the
Guidelines’ approach to mixtures containing an unknown, but detectable,
concentration of a THC comparator. Cf. 

17-10411       Document: 00514548610          Page: 13     Date Filed: 07/10/2018



                                       No. 17-10411
       Regarding El Hage’s challenge to the 1:167 THC-to-marijuana ratio, we
rejected an identical substantive-reasonableness challenge in 

. There, we declared “that district courts are not required to engage
in ‘a piece-by-piece analysis of the empirical grounding behind each part of the
sentencing guidelines’ and ignore those parts that do not pass empirical
muster.” 

(quoting United States v. Duarte, 

, 530-31 (5th Cir. 2009)). While the defendant “is entitled to be sentenced
by a judge who knows that she could vary under Kimbrough if she was so
inclined,” this court made clear that “a district judge is never required to vary
under Kimbrough.” 

6 Thus, El Hage’s attack on the scientific and
policy bases for the 1:167 ratio cannot form a successful challenge to his
sentence’s substantive reasonableness.
       Both prongs of El Hage’s challenge fail, and we uphold the substantive
reasonableness of El Hage’s below-Guidelines sentence.
                                             III.
       For the foregoing reasons, El Hage’s sentence is both procedurally and
substantively reasonable, and thus his conviction and sentence are
AFFIRMED.




       6  Notably, El Hage does not argue that the district court failed to recognize its
discretion under Kimbrough to vary from the 1:167 ratio based solely upon policy differences.
See United States v. Burns, 

, 862 (5th Cir. 2008) (holding that a defendant “is
entitled to have his sentence set by a judge aware of the discretion that Kimbrough has
announced”). Such an argument is thus forfeited, and we need not delve into whether the
district court failed to recognize that it had such discretion. See 

-
47; see also Fed. R. App. P. 28(a)(8)(A).
                                              13