Case: 16-60179       Document: 00514797327          Page: 1     Date Filed: 01/16/2019




           IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                    FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT United States Court of Appeals
                                                   Fifth Circuit

                                                                             FILED
                                                                         January 16, 2019
                                       No. 16-60179
                                                                          Lyle W. Cayce
                                                                               Clerk
JOSE SANTOS MEJIA, also known as Jose Santos Zavala-Mejia,

               Petitioner

v.

MATTHEW G. WHITAKER, ACTING U. S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,

               Respondent



                          Petition for Review of an Order of
                          the Board of Immigration Appeals


Before KING, DENNIS, and COSTA, Circuit Judges.
JAMES L. DENNIS, Circuit Judge:
       Jose Santos Mejia petitions for review of a decision of the Board of
Immigration Appeals (BIA) denying his motion to reopen his removal
proceedings so that he could apply for asylum, withholding of removal, and
protection under the Convention Against Torture (CAT). We dismiss in part
for lack of jurisdiction and deny in part. 1




       1 We previously issued an opinion dismissing Mejia’s claim of lack of notice as a ground
for reopening his original removal proceedings for lack of jurisdiction. See Mejia v. Sessions,

(5th Cir.), withdrawn by unpublished order, 16-60179 (5th Cir. June 20, 2018).
This opinion supersedes our prior opinion.
    Case: 16-60179     Document: 00514797327   Page: 2   Date Filed: 01/16/2019



                                No. 16-60179
                                      I
     Mejia, a native and citizen of Honduras, entered the United States on
August 30, 2004, without having been admitted or paroled after inspection by
an immigration officer. Immigration authorities served Mejia in person with
a Notice to Appear (NTA) in removal proceedings and subsequently released
him. The NTA did not provide a date for Mejia’s hearing. When a hearing date
was later set, a notice of the hearing (NOH) was not sent to Mejia.          In
November 2004, an immigration judge (IJ) in Texas held an in absentia
hearing, found Mejia subject to removal, and ordered him removed to
Honduras. The removal order stated that Mejia did not receive a NOH because
he failed to provide his address to the immigration court. In November 2010,
immigration authorities apprehended Mejia, and he was removed to Honduras
in December.
     Mejia reentered the United States in May 2011.            In June 2014,
immigration authorities again apprehended Mejia, and the Department of
Homeland Security reinstated his prior removal order. Mejia claims that he
did not receive a copy of the reinstatement order until October 24, 2014. On
the same day, Mejia filed a motion to reopen his prior removal proceedings to
apply for asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the CAT,
which he claims he filed before he received notice of the reinstatement of his
prior removal order.    Mejia argued that his motion to reopen should be
considered timely because he did not receive notice of his removal hearing and
because, according to him, country conditions in Honduras had materially
changed.
     The IJ denied Mejia’s motion. The IJ concluded that Mejia was not
entitled to notice of the 2004 removal hearing because he failed to provide a
valid address to the immigration court. The IJ further found that Mejia failed
to show a material change in country conditions. Finally, the IJ determined
                                      2
    Case: 16-60179     Document: 00514797327       Page: 3   Date Filed: 01/16/2019



                                    No. 16-60179
that Mejia was not eligible for sua sponte reopening by the immigration court.
Mejia appealed to the BIA, and the BIA upheld the IJ’s denial of reopening for
essentially the same reasons the IJ provided. Mejia now petitions this court
for review of the BIA’s decision.
                                         II
      Mejia challenges the BIA’s denial of his motion to reopen. Generally, the
Immigration and Naturalization Act (INA) allows a party to file one motion to
reopen deportation proceedings no later than ninety days after the date on
which the final administrative decision was entered in the proceedings. See
8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(7)(A), (D)(i). Here, Mejia filed his motion to reopen in 2014,
approximately ten years after the immigration court issued his prior removal
order in 2004.    His motion to reopen therefore exceeded the ninety-day
statutory deadline.
      There are a number of exceptions to the statutory deadline, under which
an otherwise untimely motion to reopen may be granted.                 Three such
exceptions are relevant here. First, an individual’s motion to reopen on the
basis that he did not receive proper notice of his initial removal proceeding can
be filed at any time. See 

Second, there is no time limit
for a motion to reopen if it is made for purposes of applying for asylum or
withholding of removal “based on changed country conditions arising in the
country of nationality, if such evidence is material” and could not have been
presented at the previous proceeding. 

Finally, the BIA
may reopen removal proceedings at any time on its own motion. See Mata v.
Lynch, 

, 2153 (2015) (citing 8 C.F.R § 1003.2(a)). Mejia argues
that the BIA should have granted reopening on all three grounds. We address
each of these grounds in turn.




                                         3
    Case: 16-60179    Document: 00514797327     Page: 4   Date Filed: 01/16/2019



                                 No. 16-60179
                                       A
      First, Mejia argues that the BIA abused its discretion in denying his
motion to reopen because, he asserts, he was improperly denied notice of the
hearing in his original removal proceedings. See 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(b)(5)(C)(ii).
He challenges the BIA’s finding that he did not provide his address to the
immigration court and the BIA’s conclusion that he was therefore not entitled
to notice.
      We must first determine whether we have jurisdiction to review the
BIA’s denial of Mejia’s motion to reopen despite Mejia’s lack-of-notice
argument. We examine our jurisdiction on our own motion when necessary.
Green Tree Servicing, L.L.C. v. Charles, 

, 639 (5th Cir. 2017)
(citing Hill v. City of Seven Points, 

, 169 (5th Cir. 2000)).
Generally, our jurisdiction to review final orders of removal, under
§ 1252(a)(1), “encompasses review of decisions refusing to reopen or reconsider
such orders.” 

; § 1252(b)(6). However, two potential
barriers to our jurisdiction exist here: (1) the statutory prohibition on review
of removal orders after their later reinstatement contained in § 1231(a)(5); and
(2) our circuit’s requirement that a petitioner show a gross miscarriage of
justice to succeed on a collateral attack on a removal order.
      Section 1231(a)(5) provides that, “If the Attorney General finds that an
alien has reentered the United States illegally after having been removed . . . ,
the prior order of removal is reinstated from its original date.”      8 U.S.C.
§ 1231(a)(5). In Rodriguez-Saragosa v. Sessions, 

(5th Cir. 2018),
we left open the question whether a motion to reopen may be brought despite
this provision where the basis for reopening is lack of notice of an in absentia
removal 

. As we noted in Rodriguez-Saragosa, “the
Ninth Circuit construed § 1231(a)(5) to allow the BIA to consider an alien’s
motion to reopen a removal order that had been entered in absentia,” because
                                       4
    Case: 16-60179     Document: 00514797327      Page: 5   Date Filed: 01/16/2019



                                  No. 16-60179
of “‘due process concerns’ that arise where an alien first learns of a removal
order against her after that order has already been reinstated, and” because
there exists “a specific statutory provision authorizing an alien who did not
receive notice of an in absentia removal order to file a motion to reopen
independently of the general motion-to-reopen statute.” 

v.
Sessions, 

, 1002–03 (9th Cir. 2018)).           Furthermore, as we
acknowledged in Rodriguez-Saragosa, § 1231(a)(5)’s effect of stripping
appellate jurisdiction is subject to the INA’s “savings provision for
constitutional claims or questions of 

; see § 1252(a)(2)(D)
(carving out from any provision “[that] limits or eliminates judicial review . . .
review of constitutional claims or questions of law raised upon a petition for
review filed with an appropriate court of appeals”). Although Mejia necessarily
knew of his prior removal order because he had previously been removed, the
in absentia removal order he challenged through his motion to reopen
nonetheless implicates due process and legal questions, because he contends
that the prior order is invalid for lack of notice. Therefore, we have jurisdiction
and may review the BIA’s denial of Mejia’s motion to reopen based on lack of
notice under § 1252(a)(2)(D).
      Additionally, Mejia is not required to show a gross miscarriage of justice
to trigger jurisdiction. Under this court’s precedent, we lack jurisdiction to
consider a collateral attack on an underlying order of removal unless the
petitioner demonstrates that he has exhausted administrative remedies and
that the initial removal proceedings constituted a “gross miscarriage of
justice.”   Ramirez-Molina v. Ziglar, 

, 514 (5th Cir. 2006).
However, as the government concedes, we recognized in Rodriguez-Saragosa
that “[m]otions to reopen are not ‘collateral’; they are attempts to revisit an
order made within the same matter, akin to an appeal or motion for
reconsideration.” 

n.1. Therefore, Mejia
                                        5
    Case: 16-60179      Document: 00514797327   Page: 6   Date Filed: 01/16/2019



                                 No. 16-60179
is not required to show extraordinary circumstances for us to have jurisdiction
over his petition for review, and instead we may proceed to review the merits
of “the justifications expressed by the agency at the time of its ruling.”
Budhathoki v. Nielsen, 

, 515 (5th Cir. 2018).
      We review the denial of a motion to reopen under a “highly deferential
abuse-of-discretion standard . . . .” Gomez–Palacios v. Holder, 

,
358 (5th Cir. 2009). “[We] must affirm the BIA’s decision as long as it is not
capricious, without foundation in the evidence, or otherwise so irrational that
it is arbitrary rather than the result of any perceptible rational approach.” 

may not overturn the BIA’s factual findings unless the evidence
compels a contrary conclusion.” 

only the order of the BIA unless,
as here, the IJ’s decision “has some impact on the BIA’s decision,” Mikhael v.
I.N.S., 

, 302 (5th Cir. 1997), in which case we review both, see
Wang v. Holder, 

, 536 (5th Cir. 2009).
      A NTA or notice of a change in time or place of removal proceedings
should be personally served, but may be mailed when personal service is not
feasible. See 8 U.S.C. § 1229(a)(1) and (2). Failure to appear at a removal
proceeding results in issuance of a removal order in absentia if the Government
shows removability “by clear, unequivocal, and convincing evidence” and
receipt of written notice under § 1229(a)(1) or (2). 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(b)(5)(A).
However, written notice is not required if the individual subject to such
proceedings fails to provide an address as required by § 1229(a)(1)(F). See 

An in absentia removal order may be rescinded upon a
motion to reopen filed at any time if the individual subject to removal shows
he did not receive notice in accordance with § 1229(a)(1) or (2).        See 

      The BIA found that, under § 1229(a)(1)(F) and § 1229a(b)(5)(B), Mejia
bore the obligation to inform the immigration court of his correct address.
                                       6
     Case: 16-60179       Document: 00514797327          Page: 7     Date Filed: 01/16/2019



                                       No. 16-60179
Because he did not do so, the BIA determined he was not entitled to notice of
the hearing before he was removed in absentia.
       Mejia contends that the evidence reflects that he notified ICE officers
that he was going to live with his mother, and that the officers confirmed the
correct address of his mother. As the BIA noted, however, the evidence in the
record is equivocal regarding the information Mejia provided to immigration
authorities upon his release in 2004. The record shows that agents released
Mejia due to lack of detention funds. He told them that he was en route to his
mother’s house but provided no address, only a phone number. When agents
called Mejia’s mother, she provided an address that conflicted with the address
they found in the public records. The evidence does not indicate whether
agents confirmed which was the correct address or what, if anything, they did
with the information. Moreover, as the BIA found, the NTA informed Mejia in
writing of his obligation to provide a current address to the immigration court.
Contrary to Mejia’s contention, the lack of clarity in the record does not require
remand: an ambiguous record does not compel a conclusion contrary to the
BIA’s determination that Mejia was not entitled to reopening based on lack of
notice. 2 See 

.
       The BIA therefore acted within its discretion in declining to reopen
Mejia’s in absentia removal proceedings based on lack of notice. See 8 U.S.C.
§ 1229a(b)(5)(C)(ii).




       2 Mejia also avers that a federal regulation required ICE to communicate his address
to the immigration court. Aside from the question of whether Mejia provided ICE an address
in light of his mother’s provision of an incorrect address, Mejia has failed to exhaust this
argument by presenting it to the BIA, and this court thus lacks jurisdiction to address it. See
Omari v. Holder, 

, 318 (5th Cir. 2009).

                                              7
     Case: 16-60179       Document: 00514797327          Page: 8     Date Filed: 01/16/2019



                                       No. 16-60179
                                              B
       Mejia next contends that the BIA abused its discretion in denying his
motion to reopen because, he claims, conditions in Honduras had materially
changed. See 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(7)(C)(ii). “In determining whether there has
been a material change in country conditions, the BIA compares ‘the evidence
of country conditions submitted with the motion to those that existed at the
time of the merits hearing below.’” Zhenghao Liu v. Holder, 457 F. App’x 446,
447 (5th Cir. 2012) (quoting In re S-Y-G, 24 I. & N. Dec. 247, 253 (BIA 2007)).
       Here, the BIA agreed with the IJ that Mejia failed to show changed
conditions in Honduras, concluding that Mejia’s new evidence established only
a “continuation of essentially the same conditions” of “gang violence, crime,
and extortion” in Honduras. In his petition for review, Mejia contends that his
evidence, in fact, shows a “steady increase in both gang-related violence and
the Honduran government’s inability or unwillingness to effectively deal with
that violence.”
       We do not reach the merits of this claim, because we conclude we lack
jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1231(a)(5). Mejia’s claim that the BIA did not
properly assess his evidence of changed country conditions in Honduras is a
question of fact. 3 See Zhu v. Gonzales, 

, 595–96 & n.31 (5th Cir.
2007) (this court lacks jurisdiction to review determinations based on
assessment of facts and circumstances of a particular case, including in the
context of changed conditions); see also Lemus v. Lynch, 611 F. App’x 813, 815



       3 Mejia’s contention that the reinstatement order came after “the motion [to reopen]
and does not preclude it,” and that the Governent did not argue before the BIA that that
§ 1231(a)(5) applied to his motion, fail. Section 1231(a)(5) expressly provides that a prior
order of removal is reinstated “from its original date” and “is not subject to being reopened.”
This language forecloses Mejia’s argument that § 1231(a)(5)’s mandate does not apply to
reopening proceeding that are pending at the time of the reinstatement. Moreover, Mejia’s
objection that the Government did not raise this issue before the BIA is irrelevant, as
§ 1231(a)(5)’s limitations are jurisdictional, 

.
                                              8
    Case: 16-60179    Document: 00514797327     Page: 9   Date Filed: 01/16/2019



                                 No. 16-60179
(5th Cir. 2015) (“Whether the BIA improperly weighed or ignored evidence
regarding changed-conditions in [the country of origin], or whether the
evidence established changed country conditions, are questions of fact, and do
not raise a constitutional or legal question.”); Beau-Soleil v. Holder, 548 F.
App’x 161, 162 (5th Cir. 2013) (“[W]hether conditions in a country have
changed and the examination of those conditions present issues of fact outside
of our jurisdiction.”). Thus, we lack jurisdiction to consider it. See 8 U.S.C.
§ 1231(a)(5), § 1252(a)(2)(D); 

–96.
                                       C
      Finally, Mejia challenges the BIA’s conclusion that he was not eligible
for sua sponte reopening. See 8 C.F.R § 1003.2(a). As Mejia acknowledges,
this court lacks jurisdiction to review the BIA’s discretionary decision not to
invoke its sua sponte authority to reopen a case because there is “no legal
standard against which to judge” that decision. Enriquez-Alvarado v. Ashcroft,

, 250 (5th Cir. 2004).     Mejia argues, however, that the BIA
deprived him of due process by mischaracterizing the facts of the case and
disregarding his claims. Because Mejia raises a constitutional claim, for which
there is a governing legal standard, this court has jurisdiction to consider it.
Cf. 

that the BIA violated his due process rights is
unavailing, however, as this court has held that no liberty interest exists in a
motion to reopen, and therefore due process claims are not cognizable in the
context of reopening proceedings. See Altamirano-Lopez v. Gonzales, 

, 550–51 (5th Cir. 2006).
                                       D
      Mejia makes a number of other claims that cannot, on their own, support
reopening. He asserts that the BIA ignored a statement by the IJ that his
motion to reopen would be denied as a matter of discretion “even assuming
changed country conditions,” and he claims this statement was based on a legal
                                       9
   Case: 16-60179     Document: 00514797327     Page: 10   Date Filed: 01/16/2019



                                 No. 16-60179
error. Because, as previously explained, we lack jurisdiction to review the
BIA’s determination that Mejia has not established a material change in
country conditions, we need not address this claim.
      Next, Mejia argues that he has established his eligibility for asylum,
withholding of removal, and protection under the CAT. To the extent he
maintains that meritorious claims of eligibility for relief independently entitle
him to reopening beyond the statutory deadline, Mejia cites no authority and
provides no explanation for this proposition. Any such argument is therefore
forfeited. See, e.g., SEC v. Life Partners Holdings, Inc., 

, 784 (5th
Cir. 2017) (deeming a party’s challenge forfeited for inadequate briefing).
      Finally, Mejia contends that the BIA violated “established motion
procedure” when it denied his motion to reopen because, he argues, he
established prima facie eligibility for relief. However, to the extent Mejia
contends that a prima facie case for relief can serve as an exception to the
ninety-day filing deadline for motions to reopen, he provides no support for this
proposition.
                                       III
      For the foregoing reasons, the petition is DISMISSED in part for lack of
jurisdiction and DENIED in part.




                                       10